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Etnološka Biblioteka Knjiga 47 Etnološka biblioteka Knjiga 47 Urednik Miroslav Niškanović Recenzenti Dr Ivan Kovačević Dr Dragana Antonijević Recenzentska komisija Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Prof. dr Vesna Vučinić Dr Ljiljana Gavrlilović, viši naučni saradnik Dr Mladena Prelić, naučni saradnik Uređivački odbor Prof dr Mirjana Prošič-Dvornić (Northwood University Midlend, SAD), prof. dr Ivan Kovačević (Filozofski Fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu), prof dr Dušan Drljača, Beograd, prof. dr Mladen Šukalo (Filološki fakultet Univerziteta u Banja Luci, RS, BiH), prof. dr Bojan Žikić, docent (Filozofski Fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu), dr Petko Hristov (Etnografski institut s Muzej, BAN, Sofija, Bugarska), dr Mladena Prelić (Etnografski institut SANU, Beograd), dr Miroslava Lukić-Krstanović (Etnogrfski institut SANU, Beograd), prof. dr Dimitrije O. Golemović (Fakultet muzičke umetnosti, Beograd) Štampanje publikacije finansirano je iz sredstava Ministarstva nauke i zaštite životne sredine Republike Srbije NAŠ SVET, DRUGI SVETOVI Antropologija, naučna fantastika i kulturni identiteti. Uredio Bojan Žikić Beograd 2010 Predgovor Zbornik radova Naš svet, drugi svetovi. Antropologija, nau- čna fantastika i kulturni identiteti nastao je na osnovu radova, predstavljenih na istoimenom naučnom skupu, koji su organizo- vali Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu i Centar za etnološka i antropološka istraživanja tog fakulteta u decembru 2009. godine. Organizaciju skupa, kao i štampanje ovog zbornika, finansijski je pomoglo Ministarstvo za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Republike Srbije, kojem se organizatori zahvaljuju na tome. Skup je zamišljen kao analitički susret diskursa etnologije i antropologije sa diskursom naučne fantastike, uglavnom iz antropološke perspektive, naravno. Identitet, tačnije kulturni identitet, predstavlja deljeno svojstvo ta dva diskursa: baveći se ljudskim kulturama, etnolozi i antropolozi se bave kulturnim identitetom ponajviše, zapravo, u bilo kojoj formi; sa druge strane, suštinska nakana naučne fantastike jeste dočaravanje stvarnosti koja se razlikuje od sveta u kojem živimo, a sredstvo kojim se to postiže, opet, jeste konstruisanje odgovarajućih identitetskih tvorevina, koje korespondiraju, zapravo, sa našim, "ovozemaljskim" predstavama o tome šta i kako određuje neku osobu, neku grupu ljudi, sredinu u kojoj žive, način na koji se odnose prema drugim sličnim grupama, vrednosti koje su u 6 Predgovor temelju njihovog života, odnosno kulturnog ustrojstva i društve- ne organizacije itd. Autori naučnofantastičnih dela upotrebljavaju postupak konstrukcije identiteta na isti način kao što se to čini od strane pripadnika onih ljudskih zajednica, koji se legitimišu kao takvi upravo na osnovu postojanja askripcije i deskripcije (kulturnog) identiteta, pri čemu pojedinci u stvarnom svetu mogu baštiniti različite i nekada suprotstavljene identitete u sopstvenom određenju, odnosno javnom predstavljanju, baš kao što i junaci naučnofantastičnih dela bivaju predstavljeni u tom smislu na zbunjujući način, ponekad, koji može da uputi na pomisao o izvesnom oksimoronskom karakteru njihovog identiteta, a što se najčešće dâ razrešiti analitičkim praćenjem kulturne komunika- cije, koja se ostvaruje na taj način. Naučna fantastika može da posluži kao nešto nalik labora- toriji etnologiji i antropologiji u tom smislu, tim pre što dozvo- ljava mogućnost praktično neograničenog kombinovanja svih onih elemenata, koji ulaze u konstrukt kulturnih identiteta, uključujući tu i neke, koji ne postoje u stvarnosti, ali koji, upo- trebljeni sa "stvarnim" elementima identitetske konstrukcije, mogu poslužiti kao plodno tlo za naučno razmišljanje o ljudskoj kulturnoj i društvenoj egzistenciji. To je naročito bitno danas, u vremenu u kojem nas suočavaju sa raznovrsnom kvantifikaci- jom, sa svođenjem čitave kulture na numeričke deskripcije ljudskih aktivnosti – koje su nerazumljive i onima koji mere i nama kojima kažu da smo izmereni, a koje predstavljaju ele- mente za konsturkciju nekih novih identiteta, do sada neprepo- znatljivih u kulturnim kognitivnim mapama, slično identitet- skim tvorevinama u naučnoj fantastici. Polje mogućih istraživanja znatno je šire od onoga, koje je moglo biti obuhvaćeno naučnim skupom i ovim zbornikom, svakako, odakle tekstovi koji su pred čitaocima predstavljaju Bojan Žikić 7 pokušaj utvrđivanja nekih elemenata za konstruisanje tog polja, pre, negoli davanje odgovora na pitanja, koja se javljaju u problemskoj triangulaciji antropologija-naučna fantastika- kulturni identitet. U Beogradu, 2010. godine Prof. dr Bojan Žikić Dejan Ognjanović Niš [email protected] PROPAST SVETA NIJE ŠTETA: MOTIV KATASTROFE U ROMANIMA DŽ. G. BALARDA Apstrakt: Ovaj rad bavi se procesom otuđenja našeg sveta i njegovim pretvaranjem u tuđinski, radikalno drugačiji, kao i uticajima tog proce- sa na psihu i identitet junaka romana Dž. G. Balarda. Naučno-fantastič- ni romani ovog pisca retko se dešavaju na drugim planetama. Umesto toga, radnja po pravilu opisuje našu planetu koja, pod dejstvom kata- strofičnih uticaja, preobražava svoj pojavni (ali i suštinski) oblik, utiču- ći time i na nastajanje jedne nove psihologije. Za primere se prevas- hodno navode Balardovi romani Potopljeni svet i Kristalni svet, u koji- ma površina planete biva potopljena, odnosno kristalizovana. U radu se izučava retorika katastrofe i apokalipse, i kontrastira se sa Balardovom vizurom koja u radikalnim promenama ne vidi samo pogubnu opasnost i štetu, nego i nove estetske (nadrealne) i evolutivne potencijale. Tako- đe se naglašava filozofska vizura primenjena na materijal i tematiku koji su do tada, a i od tada, pretežno bivali predmetom senzacionali- stičkih, avanturističkih, jednodimenzionalnih romana katastrofe i/ili fantastike. Umesto grčevite borbe za povratak na staro, koja dominira takvim delima, Balardovi romani se odvažuju u ispitivanje novog, ne- poznatog i radikalno drugačijeg, i prigrljujući katastrofu zapravo poka- zuju pune žanrovske potencijale naučne fantastike da progovori ne o drugim, već o našem svetu; ne o vanzemaljcima, nego o ljudima. Slika- jući apokaliptična pustošenja u neutralnim ili čak pozitivnim tonovima, Balard zapravo govori o potrebi suštinskog reorganizovanja i redefini- sanja postojećeg sveta. 10 Dejan Ognjanović Ključne reči: katastrofa, otuđenje, apokalipsa, evolucija, potop, nadre- alizam, SF, mit, Balard "Možda ja tragam za izvesnim utopijama, stvarima, prostorom za ljudsku čast i poštovanje, za prostranstvi- ma koja još nisu oskrnavljena, planetama koje još ne postoje, za prostranstvima iz snova." – Werner Herzog – Romani Dž. G. Balarda ne bave se drugim svetovima u kon- vencionalnom naučnofantastičnom ključu, u smislu smeštanja radnje na druge planete i u druge galaksije. Njihov ambijent je najčešće – planeta Zemlja. Međutim, taj ambijent otuđen je – ili očuđen – na određen način, najčešće kroz neku vrstu katastrofe, koja značajno menja prepoznatljivu pojavnost "našeg" sveta, pretvarajući ga u "tuđinski". Katastrofičnost Balardovih romana dvojaka je. U svojim ranijim delima ovaj engleski pisac posezao je za motivima manje ili više konvencionalnih katastrofa: od po- topa u Potopljenom svetu (The Drowned World, 1962), preko Suše (The Burning World, 1964 aka The Drought, 1965) pa do misteriozne kristalizacije svekolike prirode u Kristalnom svetu (The Crystal World, 1966). U romanima koji su usledili za nji- ma, katastrofa više nema formu prepoznatljive prirodne nepogo- de, već se pre ispoljava kroz svojevrsnu metaforičku opustoše- nost ambijenta a naročito likova u njima, čija je psihologija "po- merena" i abnormalna. Ovakav svet (a)moralne, visoko-tehnolo- gizovane pustoši naročito preovladava u romanima Sudar (Crash, 1973), Betonsko ostrvo (Concrete Island, 1974) i Izlo- žba zverstava (The Atrocity Exhibition, 1969), mada se javlja i u gotovo svim narednim Balardovim romanima. Propast sveta nije šteta... 11 Ovaj rad se usredsređuje na motiv katastrofe u užem smislu reči, kakav je prisutan u Balardovim ranijim romanima, i svoje primere i ilustracije nalazi u romanima Potopljeni svet i Kristal- ni svet. Cilj rada je da izuči retoriku katastrofe i apokalipse i po- kaže njen smisao u kontekstu opusa ovog pisca, kao i u kontek- stu žanra naučne fantastike. Osnovna teza je da katastrofa u Ba- lardovim delima ima radikalno drugačije značenje i smisao u odnosu na njima prethodeće, ali i poznije romane SF-a. Ukratko rečeno, umesto grčevite borbe za povratak na staro, koja domi- nira drugim SF delima sa temom katastrofe, Balardovi romani se odvažuju u ispitivanje novog, nepoznatog i radikalno druga- čijeg, i prigrljuju katastrofu kao radikalni zaokret čiji uticaj nije nužno negativan. Katastrofa u tim romanima čak može biti sti- mulativna za protagoniste koji su spremni da "novum" u eko- sferi susretnu i dočekaju "novumom" u sopstvenoj psiho-sferi, odnosno da svoje unutrašnje biće prilagode spoljašnjem okruže- nju. Drugim rečima, Balardovi romani nisu o uništenju niti o pokušajima uspostavljanja statusa quo, već o transformaciji, preobražaju i neminovnom evolutivnom skoku. O tome je i sâm Balard jasno govorio: Obično se ove priče o katastrofama tretiraju kao da to jesu ka- tastrofe, tretiraju se bukvalno, i svi beže prema brdima ili tako nešto. Ako će da zahladni, svi navlače kapute. Ja koristim ovu formu zato što svesno želim da je izokrenem naopačke – to je čitava poenta mojih romana. Njihovi junaci, iz sopstvenih psi- holoških razloga, prigrljuju taj konkretni preobražaj. To su pri- če o krupnim psihičkim transformacijama
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