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Asian-American Baseline Essay: Social Science

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Asian-American Baseline Essay: Social Science Portland Public Schools Geocultural Baseline Essay Series ASIAN-AMERICAN BASELINE ESSAY: SOCIAL SCIENCE By Dr. Mounir A. Farah & Aseel Nasir Dyck Mounir Farah Dr. Mounir A. Farah is a research historian, associate professor of curriculum and instruction, and Associate Director of the Middle East Studies Program at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. He was born and raised in Syria. He obtained his undergraduate and Ph.D. degrees in the United States. Dr. Farah has lectured at many national and international conferences. He was a consultant to World Bank and European Union projects in Jordan and to the Jordanian Ministry of Education. He was named Outstanding History Scholar-Teacher in New England and was a recipient of the Connecticut Social Studies Annual Award. He is a contributing writer to several books and has authored numerous articles and reviews. Dr. Farah is senior author of World History: The Human Experience and co-author of Global Insights: People and Cultures. Aseel Nasir Dyck Aseel Nasir Dyck was born, raised and educated in Iraq. She is a historian and librarian with graduate degrees from the American University of Beirut and the University of California at Berkeley. She has worked extensively in university libraries worldwide and has been involved in several curriculum projects, educational resources, and multicultural educational activities for the past two decades. Most recently, she has worked as a consultant to the Portland School District. Version: 1999-12-22 PPS Geocultural Baseline Essay Series AUTHORS: Farah & Dyck SUBJECT: Social Science ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Asian-American Social-Science Baseline Essay developed within the Portland School District’s Curriculum Department under the able leadership of Carolyn M. Leonard, Multicultural/Multiethnic Education Coordinator, and Mariam Baradar, Asian-American Resource Specialist. We owe an enormous debt of gratitude to both for their unwavering support in initiating and sustaining this project. We also are grateful to a team of Asian-American scholars and educators. The following principal consultants reviewed and commented upon the manuscript: Dr. Shirley Hune, Professor and Associate Dean, University of California, Los Angeles Dr. Firuz Kazemzadeh, Professor Emeritus, Yale University Dr. D. W. Y. Kwok, Professor, University of Hawaii Dr. Narasingha Sil, Professor, Western Oregon State College Juanita Tamayo-Lott, Tamayo-Lott Associates, Silver Spring, Maryland Other educators and Asian-American community leaders who deserve special recognition for their contributions to this essay include: Dr. Dale Bishop, Professor, Columbia University; Dr. Jack Boas, Pacific University; Dr. Tracy Dillon, Professor, Portland State University; Dr. Timothy P. Fong, Professor, Holy Names College, Oakland, California; Varoujan Gazarian; Dr. Gregory F. Goekjian, Professor, Portland State University; Dr. Dundar F. Kocaoglu, Professor, Portland State University; Dr. Junghee Lee, Professor, Portland State University; Dr. Jon Mandaville, Professor, Portland State University; Serop Nenijian; Dr. Joseph Nguyen; Dr. Cao Anh Quan, Department of Education, State of Florida; Dr. Nasrollah Rassekh, Professor Emeritus, Lewis and Clark College, Portland; Dr. Hyong Rhew, Professor, Reed College, Portland; and Wajdi Said, Muslim Educational Trust, Portland. In addition, we thank a number of educators within the Portland School District for their helpful suggestions in reviewing the Asian-American Baseline Social-Science Essay. They include David Aiken, Joseph Chang, Norman Eng, Jim Hanna, Pam Hootan, Kanta Luthra, Luis Machorro, Shirley McBride, Vinh Nyuyen, Charles Shi, and Dr. Minh Tran. To all these dedicated individuals, we wish to express our gratitude. Finally, we thank our families whose trust and support sustained our efforts. Mounir A. Farah Aseel Nasir Dyck i AUTHORS: Farah & Dyck SUBJECT: Social Science Asian-American Social-Science Baseline Essay Critical Topics 1. Most people in the world profess religions and philosophical outlooks that originated and developed in Asia. 2. Some of the earliest known and most advanced civilizations developed in ancient and medieval times on the continent of Asia. 3. A number of Asian inventions and products continue to affect the daily lives of people: e.g., the wheel, compass, magnet, porcelain, the phonetic alphabet, a measurement system based on units of 60, Hindu-Arabic numerals, zero, algebra and the introduction of various cereals, fruits, spices, and other plants. 4. The people of Asia constitute a complex, multiracial, multiethnic and multicultural group; yet may share one or more of the following: language, alphabet, belief system, philosophy, heritage, values, and customs. 5. Trade and travel routes transfer ideas and technologies as well as products. 6. Most Asians struggled against predominantly European colonialism which dominated vast areas of the Asian continent in the last several centuries. 7. U.S. foreign policy and military involvement have affected much of Asia. 8. Emigration from Asia to the United States began in the second half of the 19th century. 9. Due to U.S. federal and state laws as well as social discrimination, Asian- Americans as a geocultural group and as specific ethnic groups have experienced prejudice and racism. 10. The contributions of Asian-Americans have enriched the quality of life in the United States. ii AUTHORS: Farah & Dyck SUBJECT: Social Science CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1 WEST ASIA .................................................................................................................. 6 The Spiritual Heritage of West Asia..................................................................... 6 Zoroastrianism ........................................................................................... 6 Judaism ..................................................................................................... 7 Christianity.................................................................................................. 9 Islam........................................................................................................... 12 Historical Highlights of West Asia ........................................................................ 14 Early Civilizations........................................................................................ 14 Medieval Times .......................................................................................... 18 Modern Times............................................................................................. 21 West Asians in the United States........................................................................ 25 Arab-Americans.......................................................................................... 2 5 Armenian-Americans.................................................................................. 2 8 Turkish-Americans...................................................................................... 30 Iranian-Americans ...................................................................................... 31 NORTH and CENTRAL ASIA........................................................................................ 35 Mongols of North and Central Asia ...................................................................... 36 Turkish Peoples of North and Central Asia .......................................................... 38 Tibet..................................................................................................................... 40 SOUTH ASIA ................................................................................................................ 43 The Spiritual Heritage of South Asia.................................................................... 43 Hinduism .................................................................................................... 43 Buddhism ................................................................................................... 45 Islam........................................................................................................... 47 Sikhism....................................................................................................... 47 Historical Highlights of South Asia ....................................................................... 49 Early Indian Civilizations............................................................................. 49 Gupta Age .................................................................................................. 50 Mogul Civilization........................................................................................ 52 Colonial Rule .............................................................................................. 53 The Road to Independence ........................................................................ 54 South Asians in the United States........................................................................ 56 Before 1965................................................................................................ 56 Recent Arrivals ........................................................................................... 58 iii AUTHORS: Farah & Dyck SUBJECT: Social Science EAST ASIA.................................................................................................................... 64 The Spiritual
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