PC-6/B2-H4 Airplane Flight Manual Doc. No. 1820 at Revision 8
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AMA FPG-9 Glider OBJECTIVES – Students Will Learn About the Basics of How Flight Works by Creating a Simple Foam Glider
AEX MARC_Layout 1 1/10/13 3:03 PM Page 18 activity two AMA FPG-9 Glider OBJECTIVES – Students will learn about the basics of how flight works by creating a simple foam glider. – Students will be introduced to concepts about air pressure, drag and how aircraft use control surfaces to climb, turn, and maintain stable flight. Activity Credit: Credit and permission to reprint – The Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA) and Mr. Jack Reynolds, a volunteer at the National Model Aviation Museum, has graciously given the Civil Air Patrol permission to reprint the FPG-9 model plan and instructions here. More activities and suggestions for classroom use of model aircraft can be found by contacting the Academy of Model Aeronautics Education Committee at their website, buildandfly.com. MATERIALS • FPG-9 pattern • 9” foam plate • Scissors • Clear tape • Ink pen • Penny 18 AEX MARC_Layout 1 1/10/13 3:03 PM Page 19 BACKGROUND Control surfaces on an airplane help determine the movement of the airplane. The FPG-9 glider demonstrates how the elevons and the rudder work. Elevons are aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of the elevator (used for pitch control) and the aileron (used for roll control). Thus, elevons at the wing trailing edge are used for pitch and roll control. They are frequently used on tailless aircraft such as flying wings. The rudder is the small moving section at the rear of the vertical stabilizer that is attached to the fixed sections by hinges. Because the rudder moves, it varies the amount of force generated by the tail surface and is used to generate and control the yawing (left and right) motion of the aircraft. -
Glider Handbook, Chapter 2: Components and Systems
Chapter 2 Components and Systems Introduction Although gliders come in an array of shapes and sizes, the basic design features of most gliders are fundamentally the same. All gliders conform to the aerodynamic principles that make flight possible. When air flows over the wings of a glider, the wings produce a force called lift that allows the aircraft to stay aloft. Glider wings are designed to produce maximum lift with minimum drag. 2-1 Glider Design With each generation of new materials and development and improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of gliders The earlier gliders were made mainly of wood with metal has increased. One measure of performance is glide ratio. A fastenings, stays, and control cables. Subsequent designs glide ratio of 30:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel led to a fuselage made of fabric-covered steel tubing forward 30 feet while only losing 1 foot of altitude. Glide glued to wood and fabric wings for lightness and strength. ratio is discussed further in Chapter 5, Glider Performance. New materials, such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, glass reinforced plastic (GRP), and Kevlar® are now being used Due to the critical role that aerodynamic efficiency plays in to developed stronger and lighter gliders. Modern gliders the performance of a glider, gliders often have aerodynamic are usually designed by computer-aided software to increase features seldom found in other aircraft. The wings of a modern performance. The first glider to use fiberglass extensively racing glider have a specially designed low-drag laminar flow was the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-24 Phönix, which first flew airfoil. -
Keck Study Airships; a New Horizon for Science”
Keck Study Airships; A New Horizon for Science” Scott Hoffman Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems May 1, 2013 Military Aircraft Systems (MAS) Melbourne FL 321-951-5930 Does not Contrail ITAR Controlled Data Airship “Lighter than Air” Definition Airplanes are heavier than air and fly because of the aerodynamic force generated by the flow of air over the lifting surfaces. Balloons and airships are lighter-than-air (LTA), and fly because they are buoyant, which is to say that the total weight of the aircraft is less than the weight of the air it displaces.1 The Greek philosopher Archimedes (287 BC – 212 B.C.) first established the basic principle of buoyancy. While the principles of aerodynamics do have some application to balloons and airships, LTA craft operate principally as a result of aerostatic principles relating to the pressure, temperature and volume of gases. A balloon is an unpowered aerostat, or LTA craft. An airship is a powered LTA craft able to maneuver against the wind. 1 NASA Web site U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission http://www.centennialofflight.gov/index2.cfm Does not Contain ITAR Controlled Data Atmospheric Airship Terminology • Dirigible – Lighter-than-air, Engine Driven, Steerable Craft • Airship –Typically any Type of Dirigible – Rigid –Hindenburg, USS Macon, USS Akron USS Macon 700 ft X 250 ft – Semi-Rigid – Has a Keel for Carriage and Engines • NT-07 Zeppelin Rigid – Non-Rigid – Undercarriage and Engines Support by the Hull • Cylindrical Class-C – “Blimp” – Goodyear, Navy AZ-3, Met Life Blimp, Blue Devil Simi-Rigid -
NASA Styrofoam Tray Glider.Pdf
RIGHT FLIGHT Objectives The students will: Construct a flying model glider. Determine weight and balance of a glider. Standards and Skills Science Science as Inquiry Physical Science Science and Technology Unifying Concepts and Processes Science Process Skills Observing Measuring Collecting Data Inferring Predicting Making Models Controlling Variables Mathematics Problem Solving Reasoning Prediction Measurement Background On December 17, 1903, two brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, became the first humans to fly a controllable, powered airplane. To unravel the mysteries of flight, the Wright brothers built and experimented extensively with model gliders. Gliders are airplanes without motors or a power source. 52 Aeronautics: An Educator’s Guide EG-2002-06-105-HQ Building and flying model gliders helped the Wright brothers learn and understand the importance of weight and balance in air- planes. If the weight of the airplane is not positioned properly, the airplane will not fly. For example, too much weight in the front (nose) will cause the airplane to dive toward the ground. The precise balance of a model glider can be determined by varying the location of small weights. Wilbur and Orville also learned that the design of an airplane was very important. Experimenting with models of different designs showed that airplanes fly best when the wings, fuselage, and tail are designed and balanced to interact with each other. The Wright Flyer was the first airplane to complete a controlled takeoff and landing. To manage flight direction, airplanes use control surfaces. Elevators are control surfaces that make the nose of the airplane pitch up and down. A rudder is used to move the nose left and right. -
National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report
National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Location: Big Bear City, CA Accident Number: LAX02LA252 Date & Time: 08/13/2002, 1120 PDT Registration: N50BK Aircraft: Cessna S550 Aircraft Damage: Destroyed Defining Event: Injuries: 7 None Flight Conducted Under: Part 135: Air Taxi & Commuter - Non-scheduled Analysis On a final approach to runway 26 the flight crew was advised by a flight instructor in the traffic pattern that a wind shear condition existed about one-quarter of the way down the approach end of the runway, which the flight crew acknowledged. On a three mile final approach the flight crew was advised by the instructor that the automated weather observation system (AWOS) was reporting the winds were 060 degrees at 8 knots, and that he was changing runways to runway 08. The flight crew did not acknowledge this transmission. The captain said that after landing smoothly in the touchdown zone on Runway 26, he applied normal braking without any response. He maintained brake pedal pressure and activated the engine thrust reversers without any response. The copilot said he considered the approach normal and that the captain did all he could to stop the airplane, first applying the brakes and then pulling up on the thrust reversers twice, with no sensation of slowing at all. Considering the double malfunction and the mountainous terrain surrounding the airport, the captain elected not to go around. The aircraft subsequently overran the end of the 5,860 foot runway (5,260 feet usable due to the 600 displaced threshold), went through the airport boundary fence, across the perimeter road, and came to rest upright in a dry lakebed approximately 400 feet from the departure end of the runway. -
General Engine and Wing Anti-Ice System
Cessna Citation XLS - Anti-Ice & De-Ice Systems GENERAL The airplane utilizes a combination of engine bleed air, electrical heating elements and pneumatic boots to accomplish anti-ice/deice functions. The anti-ice system consists of bleed air heated engine inlets, wing leading edges, and fan spinner and stators. Electric heating elements are used for pitot- tubes, static ports, a true airspeed (TAS) probe and an angle-of-attack probe. The horizontal stabilizer is deiced by pneumatic boots. Windshield anti-ice is provided by electrical heating. All anti-ice systems should be turned on when operating in visible moisture and the indicated RAT is +10°C or below. NOTE • Icing conditions exist when the indicated RAT on the ground and for takeoff is +10°C or below; the indicated RAT in flight is +10°C or below; and visible moisture in any form is present (such as clouds, fog with visibility of one mile or less, rain, snow, sleet or ice crystals.) • Icing conditions also exist when the indicated RAT on the ground and for takeoff is +10°C or below when operating on ramps, taxiways or runways where snow, ice, standing water, or slush may be ingested by the engines or freeze on engine nacelles or engine sensor probes. ENGINE AND WING ANTI-ICE SYSTEM Bleed air flows continuously through the fan spinner whether the anti-ice system is activated or not. When the wing/engine anti-ice three position switches (one for each engine) are positioned to ON ENGINE, bleed air flows through the applicable engine inlet and engine stators. -
The Design and Development of a Human-Powered
THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A HUMAN-POWERED AIRPLANE A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Division "by James Marion McAvoy^ Jr. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology June _, 1963 A/ :o TEE DESIGN AND DETERMENT OF A HUMAN-POWERED AIRPLANE Approved: Pate Approved "by Chairman: M(Ly Z7. /q£3 In presenting the dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology, I agree that the Library of the Institution shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission to copy from, or to publish from, this dissertation may he granted by the professor under whose direction it was written, or, in his absence, by the dean of the Graduate Division when such copying or publication is solely for scholarly purposes and does not involve potential financial gain. It is under stood that any copying from, or publication of, this disser tation which involves potential financial gain will not be allowed without written permission. i "J-lW* 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his most sincere appreciation to Pro fessor John J, Harper for acting as thesis advisor, and for his ready ad vice at all times. Thanks are due also to Doctor Rohin B. Gray and Doctor Thomas W. Jackson for serving on the reading committee and for their help and ad vice . Gratitude is also extended to,all those people who aided in the construction of the MPA and to those who provided moral and physical sup port for the project. -
Rubber Band Helicopter Engineering Challenge
National Aeronautics and Space Administration STEM LEARNING: Advanced Air Mobility: Rubber Band Helicopter Engineering Challenge Educator Guide www.nasa.gov 2 | ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY: RUBBER BAND POWERED HELICOPTER ENGINEERING CHALLENGE (EDUCATOR GUIDE) OVERVIEW In this lesson, students build a rubber band powered helicopter and use it to explore Newton’s third law and how it’s seen with the torque caused by rotating propellers. Using the engineering design process, students will experiment with, test, and modify their helicopter to achieve a goal. Objectives Student Prerequisite Knowledge Students will be able to: Before beginning this lesson, students should be familiar • Explain how Newton’s third law of motion plays a with: role in rotary-winged flight • Newton’s third law of motion • Describe how a propeller’s design determines the direction of the thrust it creates • Use the engineering design process to modify a design to achieve a prescribed goal Standards Materials Next Generation Science Standards Each group requires the following materials: Disciplinary Core Ideas • Propeller • MS-PS2-2 Motion and stability: Forces and • Rubber band interactions • Craft stick • Paper clip Cross Cutting Concepts • Tape • Systems and system models • Cardstock • Cause and effect • Scissors Science and Engineering Practices • Developing and using models • Constructing explanations and designing solutions Preparation F Print one student guide for each group or provide access to it digitally F Gather enough materials for each group F Place two piece of painter’s tape above the launch point to represent bounds of the helicopters’ goal. One should be 1.5 meters above the launch point and the other should be 2 meters above the launch point. -
The Wright Brothers Played with As Small Boys
1878 1892 The Flying Toy: A small toy “helicopter”— made of wood with two twisted rubber bands to turn a small propeller—that the Wright brothers played with as small boys. The Bicycle Business: The Wright brothers opened a bicycle store in 1892. Their 1900 experience with bicycles aided them in their The Wright Way: investigations of flight. The Process of Invention The Search for Control: From their observations of how buzzards kept their balance, the Wright brothers began their aeronautical research in 1899 with a kite/glider. In 1900, they built their first glider designed to carry a pilot. Wilbur and Orville Wright Inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright placed their names firmly in the hall of great 1901 American inventors with the creation of the world’s first successful powered, heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight Ohio with a pilot aboard. The age of powered flight began with the Wright 1903 Flyer on December 17, 1903, at Kill Devil Hills, NC. The Wright brothers began serious experimentation in aeronautics in 1899 and perfected a controllable craft by 1905. In six years, the Wrights had used remarkable creativity and originality to provide technical solutions, practical mechanical Birthplace design tools, and essential components that resulted in a profitable aircraft. They did much more than simply get a flying machine off the ground. They established the fundamental principles of aircraft design and engineering in place today. In 1908 and 1909, they demonstrated their flying machine pub- licly in the United States and Europe. By 1910, the Wright Company was of Aviation manufacturing airplanes for sale. -
Converting the Aircraft Passenger's Cabin to an Airship When There Is
International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace Volume 7 Issue 4 Article 2 2020 Converting the Aircraft Passenger’s Cabin to an Airship When There Is a Danger of Crash Abouzar Bahari PhD student of Payame Noor University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/ijaaa Part of the Aviation Safety and Security Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Bahari, A. (2020). Converting the Aircraft Passenger’s Cabin to an Airship When There Is a Danger of Crash. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.15394/ ijaaa.2020.1516 This Concept Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Converting the Aircraft Passenger’s Cabin to an Airship When There Is a Danger of Crash Cover Page Footnote A.Bahari: PhD student of Physics, Payame-Noor University Email: [email protected] This concept paper is available in International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace: https://commons.erau.edu/ijaaa/vol7/iss4/2 Bahari: Converting the Aircraft Passenger’s Cabin to an Airship When There Is a Danger of Crash Many different types of airlines have transported the people among the cities and countries in the world. However, although they have performed many appreciable services, they may face some faults/failures of their technical and/or safety systems during the flight that can endanger the people’s life. -
FAA-H-8083-3A, Airplane Flying Handbook -- 3 of 7 Files
Ch 04.qxd 5/7/04 6:46 AM Page 4-1 NTRODUCTION Maneuvering during slow flight should be performed I using both instrument indications and outside visual The maintenance of lift and control of an airplane in reference. Slow flight should be practiced from straight flight requires a certain minimum airspeed. This glides, straight-and-level flight, and from medium critical airspeed depends on certain factors, such as banked gliding and level flight turns. Slow flight at gross weight, load factors, and existing density altitude. approach speeds should include slowing the airplane The minimum speed below which further controlled smoothly and promptly from cruising to approach flight is impossible is called the stalling speed. An speeds without changes in altitude or heading, and important feature of pilot training is the development determining and using appropriate power and trim of the ability to estimate the margin of safety above the settings. Slow flight at approach speed should also stalling speed. Also, the ability to determine the include configuration changes, such as landing gear characteristic responses of any airplane at different and flaps, while maintaining heading and altitude. airspeeds is of great importance to the pilot. The student pilot, therefore, must develop this awareness in FLIGHT AT MINIMUM CONTROLLABLE order to safely avoid stalls and to operate an airplane AIRSPEED This maneuver demonstrates the flight characteristics correctly and safely at slow airspeeds. and degree of controllability of the airplane at its minimum flying speed. By definition, the term “flight SLOW FLIGHT at minimum controllable airspeed” means a speed at Slow flight could be thought of, by some, as a speed which any further increase in angle of attack or load that is less than cruise. -
Plane and Glider
Aircraft challenge Hoop glider v. paper airplane The experience: Note from Henry: The hoop glider is a funny looking aircraft, but it really flies! Physics Paper airplanes, hoop gliders, and real airplanes all work based on the same principles of physics. Throwing the hoop glider or paper airplane creates a forward moving force called thrust. In a real airplane, thrust comes from the propeller or jet engine. As the plane flies, air moves above and below the wings or hoops creating lift. Wing and hoop size matter for lift. There is friction between the air and the plane which creates drag. Plan shape, the aerodynamics, matters for drag. The final force at work when a plane flies is gravity, which will pull anything with mass back down to earth. Together, thrust, lift, Hoop glider drag, and gravity are what make planes and gliders fly. Materials: • straw • tape • index card (3x5) • scissors • ruler • optional: crayons, pens, or markers for decorating the hoops Directions: 1. Use the ruler to divide the index card into three sections that are 1-inch wide. 2. Cut along the lines to make three strips. Now is the time to decorate the hoops if you want a colorful glider. 3. Tape one strip together to make the small hoop. 4. Tape the other two strips together to make a larger hoop. 5. Tape the small hoop to one end of the straw. (This can be a little tricky.) 6. Tape the large hoop to the other end of the straw. Basic paper airplane Materials: • office paper, 8.5x11 size.