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FARIDA BENIA.Pdf الجــوــــهىريــت الجــسائـــريـت الــديـوـقـراطـيـت الــشـعـبــيــــت RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE وزارة الـــتـعــلـــيـــن الـــعـــالــــــي و الةـــــحـــــث الــــعـــــلـــــــمــــي MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE جـــامـــعــــة فـــرحـــاث عــــبـــاش- كـــ ـلِّــيــة العــــلــوم – قـــســــن الـــبــيـــولـــوجــــيا - شـــــطـــيف UNIVERSITÉ FERHAT ABBAS- FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES- DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE - SÉTIF Thèse EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT D’ÉTAT ES- SCIENCES OPTION : BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Thème Étude de la faune entomologique associée au chêne vert (Quercus ilex L.) dans la forêt de Tafat (Sétif, Nord-est d’Algérie) et bio-écologie des espèces les plus représentatives Présentée par : Farida BENIA Devant le jury composé de: MM KAABACHE M. Professeur (UFASétif) Président KHELIL M. A Professeur (Univ Tlemcen) Directeur de thèse BOUHRAOUA R.T. Professeur (Univ Tlemcen) Examinateur BOUNECHADA M. Docteur (UFASétif) Examinateur PUJADE-VILLAR J. Professeur (Univ Barcelone) Invité d’honneur Soutenue le …………… 2010 الجــوــــهىريــت الجــسائـــريـت الــديـوـقـراطـيـت الــشـعـبــيــــت RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE ٔسارج انـــرـؼــهـــٛـــى انـــؼـــانــــــٙ ٔ انثـــــحـــــث انــــؼـــــهـــــــًــــٙ MINISTÈRE DE L‟ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE جـــايـــؼــــح فـــزحـــاخ ػــــثـــاص- ـِّكـــمــٚــح انؼــــهــٕو – قـــظــــى انـــثــٛـــٕنـــٕجــــٛا - طـــــطـــٛف UNIVERSITÉ FERHAT ABBAS- FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES- DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE - SÉTIF Thèse EN VUE DE L‟OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT D‟ÉTAT ES- SCIENCES OPTION : BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Thème Étude de la faune entomologique associée au chêne vert (Quercus ilex L.) dans la forêt de Tafat (Sétif, Nord-est d‟Algérie) et bio-écologie des espèces les plus représentatives Présentée par : Farida BENIA Devant le jury composé de: MM KAABACHE M. Professeur (UFASétif) Président KHELIL M. A Professeur (Univ Tlemcen) Directeur de thèse BOUHRAOUA R.T. Professeur (Univ Tlemcen) Examinateur BOUNECHADA M. Docteur (UFASétif) Examinateur PUJADE-VILLAR J. Professeur (Univ Barcelone) Invité d‟honneur Soutenue le …………… 2010 Dédicaces Dédicaces Je dédie ce travail à la mémoire de mon père, de ma chère sœur Dr Djahida et de mon petit frère Hamza, Maman qui m’accompagne partout par ses prières que Dieu me la garde, ma nièce Amira-Heidi, ma sœur Assia, Hadj Mohamed et le petit Bechir, mes sœurs et leurs maris, mes frères et leurs femmes, mes neveux et nièces, toute ma famille. tous mes étudiants. i Remerciements Ma première gratitude s‟adresse au Professeur Khelil Md. A. de l‟Université de Tlemcen. C‟est sous sa direction que ce travail a été accompli. Je voudrai qu‟il trouve ici toute ma reconnaissance pour ses encouragements, ses conseils, ses recommandations, le temps qu‟il m‟a consacrée et sa bienveillance. Que Monsieur le Professeur Kaabache M. de l‟Université de Sétif trouve ici l‟expression de ma profonde gratitude pour ses encouragements, l‟intérêt qu‟il a manifesté à mon travail et surtout de me faire l‟honneur de présider le jury. Je l‟en remercie infiniment. J‟exprime toute ma reconnaissance à Monsieur le Professeur Bouhraoua R.T. chef de département foresterie de l‟Université de Tlemcen pour avoir accepté de faire partie du jury et surtout d‟avoir été à l‟origine de ma volonté pour terminer ce travail. Je le remercie de tout cœur. Mes vifs remerciements au Docteur Bounechada M, de l‟Université de Sétif, pour ses encouragements, son aide, son soutien tout le long de mon parcours et d‟avoir accepté de faire partie du jury. Mes remerciements les plus sincères vont particulièrement au Professeur Juli Pujade i Villar du laboratoire de Biologie Animale de l‟Université de Barcelone, pour m‟avoir fait bénéficier de sa compétence, pour le temps précieux qu‟il a bien voulu m‟accorder, pour son accu eil au laboratoire, les conseils qu‟il m‟a prodiguée, son aide sans limites, sa bonté, pour avoir éveillé ma curiosité pour les insectes gallicoles, et l‟honneur d‟assister à la présentation de mes résultats et d‟y porter une appréciation. Ce travail n‟aurait pas eu lieu sans l‟aide inestimable des services forestiers de la wilaya de Sétif, de Bougaa et de Sétif ville. Que Mr Belguidoum, Mr Allache, Mr Lasledj Aziz, Melle Yadjel et tout le personnel de la circonscription de Sétif et de Bougaa trouvent ici l‟expression de ma grande reconnaissance. Je les remercie beaucoup. Mes sincères remerciements s‟adressent au Docteur Adjabi Smail de l‟Université de Bejaia, pour son aide en statistiques, sa patience et sa disponibilité. Je lui exprime toute ma gratitude. Je remercie également toutes les personnes qui m‟ont apportée leur soutien tant moral que physique en particulier, mon neveu Dr Benia Hadj - ii Md d‟Allemagne, Mme Claire Villemant du musée d‟histoire naturelle de Paris qui m‟a permis d‟enrichir ma bibliographie, Dr Diafat A. Mr. Bounar R, Mr Mebarkia, A, chargé de la pédagogie au niveau du département d‟Agronomie, Dr Khennouf chef de département de Biologie, Dr Djirar, N , Pr Fenni M, Dr Hafsi M et tout le personnel, enseignants et travailleurs, des départements de Biologie et d‟Agronomie ainsi que tout le personnel du laboratoire de Biologie Animale de l‟Université de Barcelone. Je ne terminerai pas sans remercier de tout coeur la famille du Professeur Pujade et en particuliers Palmira pour son accueil et sa gentillesse. iii هلخــــص انغاتح انٕطُٛح "طافاخ" انًرٕاجذج فٙ تهذٚح تٕڤاػح، ذرًٕقغ فٙ طثقح حٕٚٛح يُاخٛح شثّ رطثح. ْذِ انغاتح انطثٛؼٛح ذرًٛش ترُٕع خصائصٓا . شجزج انثهٕط اﻷخضز ).Quercus ilex L( ذحرم يا ٚقزب يٍ 80 ٪ يٍ غطائٓا انُثاذٙ . ْذِ انشجزج انقٕٚح ٔ انًقأيح ٔ انجذ يفٛذج ذخضغ نؼٕايم ضارج يرؼذدج ذرظثة فٙ قرهٓا . انحشزاخ، يثم Phyllophagous أXylophagousٔ أٔ انحشزاخ ياصح انُظغ، ْٙ ٔاحذج يٍ ػٕايم اﻹذﻻف . انرحهٛم انحٕٛ٘ اﻷَرًٕنٕجٙ نهكائُاخ انحٕٛاَٛح فٙ غاتح طافاخ يكـٍَّ يٍ جزد يجػًٕح يؼرثزج يٍ إَٔاع انحشزاخ . ْذِ اﻷَٕاع ذى جؼًٓا خﻻل انخزجاخ انؼهًٛح انرٙ ذ ًّد تػ ٍٛايٙ 2002 ٔ 2008. ذثٛـٍُّ َرائج انرحهٛم ٔجٕد 14 أَظًح يٕسػح ػهٗ 125 أطزج ذحرٕ٘ ػهٗ 231 ػَٕا ككم، يُٓا 170 حشزج ذى ذصُٛفٓا . خًظح أَظًح رئٛظٛح، Coleoptera ْٙٔ، Lepidoptera ٔ ،Diptera ،Hemiptera ،Hymenoptera، ذًثم ٔحذْا أكثز يٍ ػَٕ 150ا. يٍ جٓح أخزٖ، ٔفقظ تـ 10 إَٔاع، اﻷَظًح Thysanoptera ،Psocoptera ،Collembola، Dermaptera ،Nevroptera ،Zygentoma ،Dictyoptera ،Trichoptera يًثهح تشكم ضٛؼف . دراطح دُٚايكٛح انًُٕ انؼذد٘ ٚثٍٛ أٌ ْذِ اﻷَٕاع ذكٌٕ فٙ أقصٗ َشاطٓا فٙ شٓز٘ يا٘ ٔ جٕاٌ. انذراطح انثٕٛإٚكٕنٕجٛح ﻹثٍُٛ يٍ اﻷَٕاع انًصُفح انـDiptera( Dryomyia lichtensteini( ٔ انـ Hymenoptera) Mesopolobus lichtensteini) ذـُظْز أًَٓا أحادٚا انجٛم، ٔ أ ٌّ ال ـDryomyia ْٕ يؼفـٍِّ تًُٛا انـ Mesospolobus ْٕ طـُفٛم نٓذِ انحشزج َفظٓا . ٔ يٍ تٍٛ اﻷَٕاع اﻷكثز ذًثٛﻻ يٍ حٛث أصانرٓا، ُٚخص تانذكز انـ Hymenoptera انؼًفـٍِّ انذ٘ ٚهؼة دٔرا ْايا . إَٔاع انحشزاخ انؼًفـُِّح يثم vilageliui ،Plagiotrochus razeti ،Plagiotrochus gibbosus Plagiotrochus yeusei،Plagiotrochus تانزفقح يغ يؼاٚشٓا Synergus crassicornis اكرشفد ﻷٔل يزج فٙ أفزٚقٛا . أٚضا انُٕع Plagiotrochus amenti، انؼًرثز ػانٙ انضزر، ٚذكز ذٕاجذِ ﻷٔل يزج فٙ انجشائز . ْذا انُٕع انذ٘ ؼُٚٓذ نّ ذزاتطّ يغ تهٕط انفهٍٛ ٔجذ فٙ انثهٕط اﻷخضز، ٚحرًم أٌ ذكٌٕ انزٚاح طثة ذُقهّ . انُٕع ٚ Orussus taorminensisج ّزد كذنك نهًزج اﻷٔنٗ فٙ انجشائز، ٔنكٍ نهًزج انثاَٛح فٙ أفزٚقٛا . ْذا انُٕع ْٕ يٍ ػائهح انـ Orussidae انرٙ ذؼذ يٍ طفٛهٛاخ ٚزقح انـ Coleoptera، كانـ Buprestidae ٔ انـ Hymenoptera. أخٛزا ٔنٛض آخزا، ٚجذر تانذكز أٌ غاتح طافاخ غُٛح تانكائُاخ انحٛح انًجٕٓنح ٔانرٚ ٙظرٕجة دراطرٓا . iv Résumé La forêt domaniale de Tafat, dans la commune de Bougaa, est située dans l‟étage bioclimatique subhumide. Elle est naturelle et présente une physionomie très variée. Le chêne vert ( Quercus ilex L.) occupe 80% du recouvrement végétal. Cet arbre robuste et résistant est soumis à de multiples facteurs de dégradation dont celui des Insectes qui peuvent etre phyllophages, xylophages ou suceurs de sève. L‟analyse biotique de la faune entomologique de cette forêt a permis de dresser un inventaire représentant les espèces récoltées au cours des sorties effectuées de l‟année 2002 à l‟année 2008. Les résultats ont permi de mettre en évidence la présence de 14 ordres répartis en 125 familles comportant 231 espèces dont 170 ont été déterminées. Cinq ordres principaux, Coléoptères, Hyménoptères, Hémiptères, Diptères et Lépidoptères représentent à eux seuls 152 espèces, tandis que les Collemboles, Psocoptères, Thysanoptères, Trichoptères, Dictyoptères, Zygentoma, Nevroptères, Dermaptères et Orthoptères sont peu représentatifs avec un nombre d‟espèces inférieur à 10. L‟étude de la dynamique des populations a montré que les espèces sont à leur optimum au mois de Mai et Juin. L‟etude bio-écologique de deux espèces Dryomyia lichtensteini (Diptère) et Mesopolobus lichtensteini (Hyménoptère) permet d‟avancer que ces deux espèces sont univoltines et que Dryomyia est gallicole tandis que Mesopolobus est parasitoide de ce même insecte. Parmi les espèces les plus représentatives par leur originalité, citons les Hyménoptères gallicoles dont le rôle n‟est pas à négliger ; Parmi ces gallicoles, pour la première fois ont été citées au niveau du continent Africain les espèces Plagiotrochus gibbosus, Plagiotrochus razeti, Plagiotrochus vilageliui, Plagiotrochus yeusei accompagnée de son commensal Synergus crassicornis non connu dans le même continent. L‟espèce Plagiotrochus amenti citée pour la première fois en Algérie et très nuisible, est inféodée au chêne liège, mais retrouvée sur le chêne vert, transportée par le vent et l‟espèce Orussus taorminensis de la famile
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