A Challenge to Theistic Evolution from Biblical and Scientific Perspectives
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A Challenge to Theistic Evolution from Biblical and Scientific perspectives Simon Perfitt Laurie Broughton Foreword by Adrian Pickett First published 2021 by Dawn Christadelphian Publications 5 Station Road, Carlton, Nottin ha!, N"# $A%, &'(' Printed and bound in "reat )ritain Set in Ni!bus Sans * All e!phases in Scripture +uotations ha,e been added by the authors' All Scripture +uotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken -ro! the .oly )ible, New /nternational 0ersion®, N/01' Copyri ht ©134$, 1345, 135#, 2011 by )iblica, /nc'1 &sed by per!ission o- 6onder,an' All ri hts reser,ed worldwide' www'7onder,an'co! %he 8N/09 and 8New /nternational 0ersion9 are trade!arks re istered in the &nited States Patent and %rade!ark :;ce by )iblica, /nc.1 /S)N 345<1<54#505<#$<# Co,er desi n = Perfitt Copyri ht Si!on Perfitt and *aurence )rou hton 2021 ii Foreword %his book asks an i!portant +uestion? has science pro,ed that "od did not create li-e in six days, but, instead, used a !uch lon er process o-ten described as A%heistic e,olutionAB Could this subtle interpretation be consistent with the messa e o- redemptionB Followin the enormous increase o- knowled e o- li-e and the uni,erse, is it still reasonable -or a 21st century belie,er to accept the astoundin miracle o- creation in Cust six daysB %heistic e,olution has been the subCect o- other publications' .owe,er, A Challen e to %heistic =,olution ,ery help-ully e@amines the topic -ro! two standpoints in a sin le book that will be welcomed by a wide readership, re ardless o- scientific knowled e or interest' First, could creation as described in the )ible really be a broad !etaphor -or li-e havin de,eloped o,er lon aeons, ently o,erseen by "od in a process now called Ae,olutionAB :r does the Bible itsel-, e@plicitly, e@clude this idea by o-t-repeated recollections o- li-eDs ori in throu hout ScriptureB A-ter all, these allusions are interwo,en with essential -eatures o- "odDs oEer o- redemption, the principal subCect o- .is book. /t is evident that !any parts o- :ld and New %estaments are in,ol,ed here, and their meanin -or creation is thorou hly reviewed in the first part o- the book' After lookin at the theistic e,olution ar ument -ro! within "odDs word, the book then asks i- science actually shows that e,olution could ha,e happened' Find-ul that the theory o- e,olution was first postulated around 2500 years a o and then de,eloped by Garwin and others -ro! the early 0ictorian period onwards, it is obvious that the theory ori inated lon be-ore the enetics re,olution and, predictably, carries hu e weaknesses in its many assumptions' %hus, it is clearly necessary to e,aluate e,olution, theistic or otherwise, a ainst the yardstick o- 21st century knowled e, and that is precisely what this work comprehensi,ely does' %he conclusion the authors draw -ro! the Bible and science is that Christians may confidently proclai! complete -aith in a creation o- si@ days as recorded in the first two chapters o- the Book o- "enesis and confirmed throu hout "odDs word' Adrian Pickett 11H12H20 iii Dedication and acknowledgements Ie acknowled e with ratitude all the help and stren th that we ha,e recei,ed -ro! our .ea,enly Father in writin this book' %his book is dedicated to all o- "odJs children who stri,e to honour .i! and the truth o- his Iord while li,in in a world that increasin ly does neither' No book is written Cust by those whose na!es appear on the co,er and so we also want to acknowled e our indebtedness to !any brothers and sisters and particularly the -ollowin -or their help and encoura e!ent, which has enabled this book to co!e to -ruition' Fro! Si!on Perfitt? to Ste,e /r,in and Guncan South ate -or their honesty about !y early eEorts K/ hope so!eone will read it nowLMN to Anna Cra,en and Claudia %o!kins -or their constructi,e criticis! and -or pickin !e up when the writin Cust see!ed too hardN to Oohn Feadows -or sayin that on readin a later dra-t he didnJt want to stopN to !y coPauthor and ood -riend -or his hard work and dedication includin sortin out our technical !uddlesN and to those who attended Swanwick Study Ieekend 2020 who said they would hold !e to account to et !y bit done P the prospect o- public sha!e can be a power-ul dri,erL Fro! *aurie Brou hton? to a nu!ber o- people -or plou hin throu h the scienti>c stuE, and pullin !e up o,er a nu!ber o- errorsN to Ste,e /r,in -or his encoura e!ent and work sortin out the publishin detailsN to !y coPauthor and ood -riend -or his ,ery necessary and un,arnished criticis! o- !y eEortsN and particularly to Oulie, !y belo,ed, -aith-ul and endlessly patient sister wi-e, who went throu h the te@t with an ea le eye -or all sorts o- nonPse+uiturs, o!issions and ra!!atical errors' iv Table of Contents Pre-ace''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''viiii Abbreviations?''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''xiiii Part 1: Theistic E,olution from a Biblical perspecti,e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 Chapter 1: Introduction'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$ Chapter 2: Is Theistic E,olution really a ‘problem’?''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4 Chapter 3: Why do Theistic E,olutionists doubt the historical reliability of Genesis 1–3?'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''13 Chapter 4: What do Theistic E,olutionists belie,e about Gen. 1–3?''''''''''''''''21 Chapter 5: Is Genesis a book of historical truth, or merely of its timeB''''''''''''2$ Chapter 6: A Theistic E,olutionary understanding of the creation of Adam and E,e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''$3 Chapter 7: A Theistic E,olutionary understanding of Paul’s teaching about Adam''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5$ Chapter 8: A Theistic E,olutionary understanding of Adam and biblical death''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''R3 Chapter 9: Conclusion to the Theological Arguments''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''53 Part 2: Theistic E,olution from a Scientific perspecti,e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''95 Chapter 10: Introduction'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''34 Chapter 11: Some Basic Issues'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''103 Chapter 12: Commonly Accepted Fallacies'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''121 1: That fossils show a steady increase in the complexity of or anisms''''12$ 2: That we can trace human ‘origins’ from apes'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''132 3: That all biologists accept that micro-e,olution explains macro-e,olution''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''141 4: That mutations provide changes which impro,e the or anism'''''''''''''14# 5: That natural selection impro,es or anisms''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''15# 6: That Vestigial Or ans show e,olution'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''154 7: That embryology recapitulates the e,olution of the or anism'''''''''''''''162 v 8: That there was a Last Uni,ersal Common Ancestor (*UCAM''''''''''''''''16$ 9: That rocks can be accurately dated''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''16R 10: That biological (or any) information can be generated by random processes''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''175 11: That life could arise spontaneously''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''180 12: That the Galapagos finches and the Peppered Moth show macro-e,olution''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18R Chapter 13: Contra-e,olutionary evidence'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''199 1. The mechanism of flower fertilisation'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''201 2. The bat’s wing and the other necessary changes in the batJs body'''''20# 3. The enucleation of the red blood cell''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''204 4. Feathers and the fli ht of birds'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''211 5. The pentadactyl limb''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''214 6. The gecko'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''219 7. The design ‘problem’''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''222 8. Con,ergent e,olution''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''225 9. The testimony of cladism''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''225 10. The top ten problems with neo-Darwinian e,olution'''''''''''''''''''''''''''231 Chapter 14: Some Philosophical and Sociological Issues'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''234 Philosophical Issues'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''235 Sociological Issues'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''245 Chapter 15: Conclusion to the Scientific arguments'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''254 Chapter 16: A Final Appeal''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''261 Appendices''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''265