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Potato Diversity at Height: Multiple Dimensions of Farmer-Driven In-Situ

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Potato Diversity at Height: Multiple Dimensions of Farmer-Driven In-Situ Poner el Lomo???? Potato Diversity at Height: multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Stef de Haan Stef 2 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Stef de Haan Stef Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 3 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.J.G. van der Maesen Hoogleraar Plantentaxonomie, leerstoelgroep Biosystematiek Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren: Dr. Ir. C. J. M. Almekinders Universitair Docent, leerstoelgroep Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling Wageningen Universiteit Dr. M. Bonierbale Head Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement International Potato Center (CIP), Peru Dr. G. Thiele Head Impact Enhancement International Potato Center (CIP), Peru Promotiecommissie: Prof. Dr. E.F. Smets Universiteit Leiden Prof. Dr. A. Niehof Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Ir. P.C. Struik Wageningen Universiteit Dr. Ir. L. Visser Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen, Wageningen, Nederland Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Biodiversiteit 4 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Stef de Haan Stef Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 16 maart 2009 des namiddags te half twee in de Aula Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 5 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Stef de Haan PhD thesis Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2009 With references - with summaries in English, Dutch and Spanish. ISBN: 978-90-8585-331-2 6 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes for Rosa and Milenafor Andean farmers and their legacyto Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 7 8 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes Table of Contents List of Tables 15 List of Figures 19 List of Boxes 21 1 Introduction 23 1.1 Justification 23 1.2 Conceptual framework 23 1.2.1 Inventory of diversity 24 1.2.2 Farmers’ classification 24 1.2.3 Land use practices and patterns 25 1.2.4 Farmer seed systems 25 1.2.5 Food systems 26 1.3 Research questions and thesis objective 26 1.4 Research methods 27 1.4.1 Germplasm collection 27 1.4.2 On-farm trials 27 1.4.3 Greenhouse facilities 28 1.4.4 Laboratory 28 1.4.5 Characterization of in-situ cultivar populations 28 1.4.6 Surveys 28 1.4.7 Sampling exercises 28 1.4.8 Ethnobotanical inquiry 29 1.4.9 Participatory cartography 29 1.4.10 Nutrition and dietary intake 29 1.4.11 Research ethics 29 1.5 Study area 29 1.5.1 A brief history 29 1.5.2 Present situation 30 1.5.3 Research communities 30 1.6 The potato crop 32 1.7 The people 33 1.8 Organization of the thesis 33 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 9 2 Species, morphological and molecular diversity 35 of Andean potatoes in Huancavelica, central Peru 2.1 Introduction 36 2.1.1 Diversity in the field 36 2.1.2 Cultivated potato species 36 2.1.3 Characterization of infraspecific diversity 37 2.1.4 In-situ and ex-situ populations 37 2.1.5 Objectives 37 2.2 Materials and methods 38 2.2.1 In-situ collections for characterization 38 2.2.2 Ploidy counts and species identification 38 2.2.3 Morphological characterization 38 2.2.4 Molecular characterization 41 2.2.5 Comparison of morphological and molecular analysis 42 2.2.6 Comparison of the in-situ and ex-situ collection 42 2.3 Results 43 2.3.1 Species diversity of in-situ collections 43 2.3.2 Morphological diversity of in-situ collections 47 2.3.3 Molecular diversity of in-situ collections 49 2.3.4 Comparison of molecular and morphological diversity of in-situ collections 54 2.3.5 Comparison of molecular diversity of in-situ and ex-situ collections 55 2.4 Discussion and conclusions 56 3 Indigenous biosystematics of Andean potatoes: 59 folk taxonomy, descriptors and nomenclature 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Defining and comparing indigenous biosystematics 60 3.1.2 Indigenous biosystematics as indigenous knowledge 61 3.1.3 Indigenous biosystematics of Andean potatoes in literature 62 3.2 Materials and methods 66 3.2.1 Folk taxonomy 66 3.2.2 Folk descriptors 68 3.2.3 Nomenclature 68 3.3 Results 69 3.3.1 Folk taxonomy 69 3.3.2 Folk descriptors 78 3.3.3 Nomenclature 82 3.4 Discussion and conclusions 87 10 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 4 Annual spatial management of potato 91 diversity in Peru’s central Andes 4.1 Introduction 92 4.1.1 Agroecosystems 92 4.1.2 Cropping and labor calendars 92 4.1.3 Field scattering 92 4.1.4 Spatial patterning of species and cultivars 93 4.1.5 Objectives 94 4.2 Materials and methods 94 4.2.1 Cropping and labor calendars 94 4.2.2 Field scattering 95 4.2.3. Genotype by environmental management 95 4.3 Results 96 4.3.1 Labor and cropping calendars 96 4.3.2 Field scattering 99 4.3.3 Genotype by environmental management 107 4.4 Discussion and conclusions 114 5 Land use and potato genetic resources 117 in Huancavelica, central Peru 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Materials and methods 119 5.3 Results 120 5.3.1 Land-use tendencies 120 5.3.2 Rotation designs and intensity 123 5.3.3 Sectoral fallow systems 125 5.4 Discussion and conclusions 130 6 Farmer seed systems and infraspecific diversity 133 of potato in Peru’s central Highlands 6.1 Introduction 134 6.1.1 Farmer seed systems and infraspecific diversity 134 6.1.2 Storage of infraspecific diversity 134 6.1.3 Seed health 134 6.1.4 Seed exchange 135 6.1.5 Seed stress and resilience 136 6.2 Materials and methods 136 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 11 6.2.1 Sampling of seed lots 136 6.2.2 Incidence of potato viruses 137 6.2.3 Survey of household seed exchange 137 6.2.4 Surveys of seed exchange at markets and fairs 137 6.2.5 Survey of seed procurement after a severe frost 137 6.3 Results 139 6.3.1 Storage of infraspecific diversity 139 6.3.2 Seed health 141 6.3.3 Seed exchange 142 6.3.4 Impact of frost and responses to seed stress 150 6.4 Discussion and conclusions 156 7 The role of biodiverse potatoes in the human diet in 161 central Peru: nutritional composition, dietary intake and cultural connotations 7.1 Introduction 162 7.1.1 Food systems and biodiversity 162 7.1.2 Nutritional composition 162 7.1.3 Nutrition and dietary intake 163 7.1.4 Cultural connotations 165 7.2 Materials and methods 165 7.2.1 Nutritional composition 165 7.2.2 Nutrition and dietary intake 167 7.2.3 Cultural connotations 168 7.3 Results 168 7.3.1 Nutritional composition 168 7.3.2 Dietary intake 174 7.3.3 Cultural connotations 178 7.4 Discussion and conclusions 180 8 Conclusions: implications for externally driven R&D-oriented 183 in-situ conservation and areas of future research 8.1 Conservation of species and cultivars 183 8.1.1 Species, cultivar and allelic diversity 183 8.1.2 Genetic erosion and changing cultivar pools 184 8.1.3 Future documentation 184 8.2 Interface between farmer and formal classification 185 8.2.1 Folk and formal taxonomy 185 12 Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 8.2.2 Folk descriptors and nomenclature 185 8.3 Annual spatial patterns of conservation 186 8.3.1 Time: cropping and labor calendars 186 8.3.2 Space: the cropping environment 186 8.3.3 Adapting to a changing environment 187 8.4 Land use and conservation 187 8.4.1 Tendencies 187 8.4.2. Rotations 187 8.5 Farmer seed systems 188 8.5.1 Storage 188 8.5.2 Seed health 188 8.5.3 Seed procurement 188 8.5.4 Seed system resilience 189 8.5.5 Linking formal and farmer seed systems 189 8.6 Food systems 189 8.6.1 Nutritional composition 189 8.6.2 Dietary intake and nutrition 190 8.6.3 Cultural connotations 190 8.6.4 Linking nutrition and biodiversity 190 8.7 Towards effective R&D-oriented conservation 190 8.7.1 From policy commitment to practice 190 8.7.2 Learning from diverse grassroots experiences 191 References 192 Abbreviations 208 Glossary 211 Appendices 218 Appendix I. Formal morphological potato descriptors, characters, values, and their 218 environmental stability Appendix II. Vernacular names in Quechua, Aymara, and Spanish for wild potato 221 species Appendix III. Vernacular names of wild potato species in Quechua, Aymara, and 222 Spanish, and the formal species and regions for which they were reported by Carlos Ochoa Potato diversity at height: Multiple dimensions of farmer-driven in-situ conservation in the Andes 13 Appendix IV.
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