Estrutura Da Comunidade Fitoplanctônica De Pesqueiros Da Região Metropolitana De São Paulo, SP, Em Dois Períodos: Primavera E Verão

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Estrutura Da Comunidade Fitoplanctônica De Pesqueiros Da Região Metropolitana De São Paulo, SP, Em Dois Períodos: Primavera E Verão REGINA CÉLIA GENTIL Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica de pesqueiros da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, em dois períodos: primavera e verão Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. São Paulo 2007 REGINA CÉLIA GENTIL Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica de pesqueiros da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, em dois períodos: primavera e verão Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. CÉLIA LEITE SANT’ANNA São Paulo 2007 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Gentil, Regina Célia G338e Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica de pesqueiros da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, em dois períodos: primavera e verão / Regina Célia Gentil -- São Paulo, 2007. 186 p. il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2007 Bibliografia. 1. Algas. 2. Fitoplâncton. 3. Pesqueiros. I. Título CDU 582.26 “Ando devagar, porque já tive pressa e levo esse sorriso, porque já chorei demais.... Cada um de nós compõe a sua história e que cada ser em si, carrega o dom de ser capaz e ser feliz”. (Almir Sater) “Ponho sempre Deus diante de mim, pois Ele está a minha direita não vacilarei”. (Sl 15:8) Aos meus pais Otávio e Maria, com amor. iii Agradecimentos Agradeço de coração a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram a realizar este trabalho: Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, por ter me concedido a vida, que em todos os momentos sempre me deu forças e compreensão para saber aguardar o “momento certo”, que me mostra a cada dia que a paciência, a perseverança e, principalmente, o amor e a fé, são elementos essenciais para conseguirmos seguir em frente. Agradeço à Dra. Célia Leite Sant’Anna por sua orientação, pela correção do manuscrito e pela paciência que teve comigo na etapa final do trabalho. A competência e dedicação com que realiza seu trabalho muito me admira e me inspira. Obrigada também por sua amizade e compreensão que foram fundamentais para que eu desse “conta do recado”. À Dra. Katharina E. Esteves pesquisadora do Instituto de Pesca, que permitiu meu ingresso junto ao Projeto Temático. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). À Dra. Cacilda Thais J. Marcante pesquisadora do Instituto de Pesca por me ajudar com informações sobre os pesqueiros. Ao Conselho de Desenvolvimento Técnico e Científico (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado e respectiva taxa de bancada, cujo auxílio foi fundamental para que pudesse realizar a pesquisa. À diretoria do Instituto de Botânica que me propiciou a realização deste estudo através da utilização de seus laboratórios. À coordenação de pós-graduação do Instituto de Botânica, nas pessoas da Dra. Sônia M. C. Dietrich e Dra. Solange C. Mazzoni-Viveiros pela dedicação em sempre aprimorar o curso. À Marcinha, da secretaria de pós-graduação pela competência com que sempre me atendeu, por sua amizade e dedicação. Aos funcionários da biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica pelas informações e auxílio prestados na busca de referências bibliográficas. À Maria Helena pela confecção da ficha catalográfica. Às doutoras Andréa Tucci, Denise de Campos Bicudo e Maria do Carmo Carvalho, pelas importantes contribuições durante o exame de qualificação. Às doutoras Denise Navas Pereira, Maria do Carmo Carvalho, Maria Teresa de P. Azevedo e Diclá Pupo Santos pelas valiosas críticas e sugestões na defesa de tese, a fim de aprimorar a versão final do trabalho. Aos pesquisadores da Seção de Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica: Dra. Célia Leite Sant’Anna, Dra. Maria Teresa Paiva, Dra. Luciana Retz, Biol. Sílvia Melcher, Dra. Andréa Tucci, iv Dra. Diclá Pupo, Dra. Sílvia Pita, Dra. Nair, Dra. Mutue, pelo apoio durante todo o período de convivência na seção. Aos funcionários da Seção de Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica: Manu, Elizete, Neusete, Neide e José Domingos, pelo auxílio prestado, pela amizade e pela conversa agradável na hora do café. Aos estagiários da Seção de Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica: Lílian, Fernanda (Célia), Fernando, Fernanda (Nair), Diógena, Marcina, Denise, Dani, Rodrigo, Cleber, Camila, Aline, Valéria, Cléber e Marquinhos pela amizade e convívio. À Luisiana por ajudar na identificação de uma “bendita” diatomácea. À Silvinha Sant’Anna pela amizade e bom humor nas conversas durante as caronas. As amigas Dani e Denise, pela amizade sincera, pelo convívio, pelo apoio, por sempre estarem disponíveis a ouvir meus lamentos, minhas queixas, mas, sobretudo, por dividirem comigo as alegrias, as conquistas e serem presentes de Deus em minha vida. Dani, obrigada por me ajudar com a tabela de classificação!!!! À amiga Andréa Tucci, pelo apoio nas análises estatísticas, por sua amizade sincera e por me acolher em sua casa em Feira de Santana. Por sua sinceridade e paciência em me explicar aquilo que não conseguia entender. Obrigada amiga!!! À Silvia Melcher, pessoa muito meiga e sincera, obrigada pelas conversas agradáveis e por ter corrigido o “Abstract”, valeu! À amiga Luciana Dantas que sempre me incentivou e acreditou na minha capacidade, por sua sinceridade e amizade. A todos os amigos e amigas que de alguma forma me ajudaram com palavras de esperança, fé, amor e solidariedade. Aos amigos mais recentes da prefeitura: Verinha, Cleber, Sandra e Nilson, obrigada por segurarem a “barra” quando precisei me ausentar, o apoio e compreensão de vocês foram muito importantes. À Dra. Margarida A. G. Magalhães, supervisora da Suvis Santana, pelo seu apoio, amizade e compreensão. À Dra. Lourdes Bernadete, da Suvis Santana, pelo incentivo e amizade e sugestões. Ao querido Gui, por compreender minha ausência, principalmente na etapa final do trabalho, obrigada por sua amizade, carinho e amor que foram fundamentais para eu continuar. A minha família que é fundamental em minha vida: a minha irmã Yara pelo apoio e incentivo e, aos meus pais Maria e Otávio que sempre acreditaram na minha capacidade. Obrigada pelo carinho, atenção e amor. Também amo vocês! MUITO OBRIGADA A TODOS!!!!! v RESUMO – (Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica de pesqueiros da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, em dois períodos: primavera e verão). A demanda por áreas de lazer nos centros urbanos das regiões Sudeste e Sul levou ao crescimento de pesqueiros do tipo “pesque-pague”, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo. Contudo, os poucos trabalhos sobre esses empreendimentos enfocaram principalmente aspectos sociais e econômicos, com escassas informações a respeito da qualidade da água e das variáveis biológicas desses sistemas. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica e suas relações com as variáveis ambientais de 30 pesqueiros da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, visando contribuir com dados para subsidiar o manejo adequado desses corpos d'água tanto do ponto de vista ecológico como sanitário. Foram analisadas variáveis climatológicas, físicas, químicas e biológicas da água em duas épocas: primavera (setembro e outubro/2001) e verão (fevereiro e março/2002), utilizando-se para as correlações análise estatística multivariada. Foram dentificadosi 708 táxons para as duas épocas estudadas, distribuídos em nove classes (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophycae, Cyanobacteria, Chrysophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Xanthophyceae e Zygnemaphyceae). Tanto para a riqueza de espécies quanto para a densidade, a maior contribuição foi da classe Chlorophyceae, seguida de Cyanobacteria, nas duas épocas estudadas. A comunidade fitoplanctônica, bem como as variáveis ambientais não responderam à sazonalidade, mas refletiram o tipo de manejo empregado nos pesqueiros. Palavras-chave: Fitoplâncton, eutrofização, qualidade da água, pesqueiros. vi ABSTRACT – (Structure of the phytoplankton community of fishing ponds in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, S.P., at two periods: spring and summer). The demand for leisure areas in the urban centers of Southern and Southeastern Brazil has resulted in the increase of “fish and pay” enterprises, especially in the São Paulo State. However, the few existing works about this kind of enterprises focused mainly on social and economic aspects. Information regarding the water quality and the biological variables of these systems still remains very scarce. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to understand the structure of the phytoplankton community and its relation to the environmental variables of 30 recreational fishing ponds located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, aiming to contribute to the adequate management of these water bodies from the ecological as well as from the sanitary point of view. Climatic, physical, chemical and biological variables were analyzed at two periods: the spring (September-October/2001) and the summer (February-March/2002). Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to calculate the correlations between biological and environmental data. 708 taxa belonging to nine classes (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophycae, Cyanobacteria, Chrysophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Xanthophyceae and Zygnemaphyceae) were identified. In both
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