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ui Annotated Key to the Identification of Commonly Occurring and Dominant Genera of Algae Observed in the Phytoplankton of the United States GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2079 An Annotated Key to the Identification of Commonly Occurring and Dominant Genera of Algae Observed in the Phytoplankton of the United States By PHILLIP E. GREESON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2079 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1982 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 81-600168 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract_______________________________________ 1 Introduction _________________________________________ 1 Acknowledgment _ ___________________________________ 3 Taxonomic key to the identification of commonly occurring and dominant genera of algae observed in the phytoplankton of the United States ___________ 9 Descriptions of the genera _______________________________ 14 Chlorophyta ______________________________________ 14 Actinastrum __________________________________________________ 14 Ankistrodesmus _______________________________________________ 16 Chlamydomonas _______________________________________________ 18 Chodatella ____________________________________________________ 20 Coelastrum ___________________________________________________ 22 Cosmarium ___________________________________________________ 24 Crucigenia ___________________________________________________ 26 Dictyosphaerium ______________________________________________ 28 Golenkinia ___________________________________________________ 30 Kirchneriella _________________________________________________ 32 Micractinium _________________________________________________ 34 Oocystis _____________________________________________________ 36 Pandorina ___________________________________________________ 38 Pediastrum ___________________________________________________ 40 Scenedesmus __________________________________________________ 42 Schroederia __________________________________________________ 44 Selenastrum __________________________________ 46 Sphaerocystis ___________________________________ 48 Tetraedron ____________________________________ 50 Tetrastrum ___________________________________ 52 Euglenophyta _____________________________________ 54 Euglena _____________________________________ 54 Trachelomonas _________________________________ 56 Chrysophyta ______________________________________ 58 Achnanthes ___________________________________ 58 Amphora ______________________________________ 60 Asterionella __________________________________ 62 Cocconeis ____________________________________ 64 Cydotella ____________________________________ 66 Cymbella _____________________________________ 68 Diatoma _____________________________________ 70 Dinobryon ___________________________________ 72 Epithemia _____________________________________ 74 Eunotia ______________________________________ 76 Fragilaria ___________________________________ 78 Gomphonema ___________________________________ 80 Gyrosigma ___________________________________ 82 in IV CONTENTS Page Descriptions of the genera-Continued Chrysophyta- Continued Melosira _____________________________________________________ 84 Navicula _____________________________________________________ 86 Nitzschia ____________________________________________________ 88 Pinnularia ___________________________________________________ 90 Rhoicosphenia ________________________________________________ 92 Stephanodiscus ________________________________________________ 94 Surirella _____________________________________________________ 96 Synedra _____________________________________________________ 98 Tabellaria ____________________________________________________ 100 Pyrrophyta ___________________________________ 102 Glenodinium _________________________________________________ 102 Peridinium ___________________________________________________ 104 Cryptophyta ____________________________________ 106 Chroomonas __________________________________________________ 106 Cryptomonas _________________________________________________ 108 Cyanophyta ___________________________________ 110 Agmenellum __________________________________________________ 110 Anabaena ____________________________________________________ 112 Anacystis ____________________________________________________ 114 Aphanizomenon ________________________________ 116 Cylindrospermum _______________________________ 118 Gomphosphaeria ________________________________ 120 Lyngbya _____________________________________ 122 Oscillatoria ___________________________________ 124 Phormidum ___________________________________ 126 Raphidiopsis __________________________________ 128 Glossary_________________________________________ 130 Selected references ___________________________________ 133 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1-4. Drawings of: 1. Ac^mosfrram _______________________ 15 2. Ankistrodesmus _____________________ 17 3. Chlamydomonas _____________________ 19 4. Chodatella _______________________ 21 5. Photomicrograph of Coelastrum _________________ 23 6, 7. Drawings of: 6. Cosmarium ________________________ 25 7. Crucigenia _________________________ 27 8. Photomicrograph of Dictyosphaerium _____________ 29 9, 10. Drawings of: 9. Golenkinia _________________________ 31 10. Kirchneriella _______________________ 33 11, 12. Photomicrographs of: 11. Micractinium _______________________ 35 12. Oocystis __________________________ 37 13. Drawing of Pandorina _______________________ 39 CONTENTS FIGURES 14, 15. Photomicrographs of: 14. Pediastrum ___________________________________ 41 15. Scenedesrmcs __________________________________ 43 16-20. Drawings of: 16. Schroederia ___________________________________ 45 17. Selenastrum __________________________________ 47 18. Sphaerocystis _________________________________ 49 19. Tetraedron ___________________________________ 51 20. Tetrastrum ___________________________________ 53 21-25. Photomicrographs of: 21. Euglena ______________________________________ 55 22. Trachelomonas ________________________________ 57 23. Achnanthes ___________________________________ 59 24. Amphora _____________________________________ 61 25. Asterionella ___________________________________ 63 26, 27. Scanning electronmicrographs of: 26. Cocconeis _____________________________________ 65 27. Cydotella _____________________________________ 67 28-30. Photomicrographs of: 28. Cymbella _____________________________________ 69 29. Diatoma ______________________________________ 71 30. Dinobryon ____________________________________ 73 31. Scanning electronmicrograph of Epithemia ________________ 75 32. Drawing of Eunotia ___________________________________ 77 33-35. Photomicrographs of: 33. Fragilaria ____________________________________ 79 34. Gompkonema __________________________________ 81 35. Gyrosigma ____________________________________ 83 36. Scanning electronmicrograph of Melosira __________________ 85 37-40. Photomicrographs of: 37. Navicula _____________________________________ 87 38. Nitzschia ________________________ 89 39. Pinnularia _______________________ 91 40. Rhoicosphenia _______________________ 93 41. Scanning electronmicrograph of Stephanodiseus _______ 95 42. Photomicrograph of Surirella __________________ 97 43. Drawing of Synedra ________________________ 99 44, 45. Photomicrographs of: 44. Tabellaria _______________________ 101 45. Glenodinium _______________________ 103 46-48. Drawings of: 46. Peridinium ________________________ 105 47. Chroomonas ________________________ 107 48. Cryptomonas ______________________ 109 49-52. Photomicrographs of: 49. Agmenellum _______________________ 111 50. Anabaena ________________________ 113 51. Anacystis __________________________ 115 52. Aphanizomenon ________________ ____ 117 53, 54. Drawings of: 53. Cylindrospermum ____________________ 119 54. Gomphosphaeria ____________________ 121 VI CONTENTS Page FIGURES 55, 56. Photomicrographs of: 55. Lyngbya ____________________ _ 123 56. Oscillatoria ___________________________________ 125 57, 58. Drawings of: 57. Phormidium _____________________ _ 127 58. Raphidiopsis ________________ 129 TABLES TABLE 1. List of algal genera observed in the phytoplankton of the United States __________________________________ 4 2. Commonly occurring genera of algae observed in the phytoplankton of the United States ____________ __ 6 3. Dominant genera of algae observed in the phytoplankton of the United States __________________________________ 7 4. Taxonomic groupings of commonly occurring and dominant genera of algae of the United States ______________ _ 8 A Note on the Illustrations in this; Book:' The drawings of alga genera shown in figures redrawn from originals in Smith, 1950, pub­, lished by the McGraw-Hill Book Company and are shown here under license from McGraw-Hill ine scanning electron-micrographs were made by Bruce W. Lium and W. Thomas Shoaf III, U.b. Geological Survey. The photomicroaraphs were made by the author. " AN ANNOTATED KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMMONLY OCCURRING AND DOMINANT GENERA OF ALGAE OBSERVED IN THE PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE UNITED STATES By PHILLIP E. GREESON ABSTRACT In early 1979, a retrieval was made for all phytoplankton data contained in the com­ puterized data file of the U. S. Geological Survey. The retrieval revealed the analytical results
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