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The Problem of Teaching Twofold Love: Christian Education and a Culture of Peace in the Great Lakes Region

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The Problem of Teaching Twofold Love: Christian Education and a Culture of Peace in the Great Lakes Region THE PROBLEM OF TEACHING TWOFOLD LOVE: CHRISTIAN EDUCATION AND A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION By EMMANUEL MUAMBA KAMUANGA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject PRACTICAL THEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF AP PHILLIPS JOINT PROMOTER: PROF KASONGA WA KASONGA MARCH 2008 I Student number: 3440-364-7 I declare that: THE PROBLEM OF TEACHING TWOFOLD LOVE: CHRISTIAN EDUCATION AND A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted from have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _________________________ ___________________ Rev. Emmanuel Muamba Kamuanga March 5, 2008 II EPIGRAPH Your Holiness and My Loneliness I was hungry and you held meetings to discuss my hunger. I was imprisoned and you crept of quietly to pray for my release. I was persecuted and you explained to me how Christ was persecuted. I was sick and you knelt down and thanked God for your health. I was homeless and you preached to me of spiritual shelter of the love of God. I was lonely and you left me alone to pray for me. You seem so holy and I’m still very lonely (Green, as quoted by Pazmino, 1988: 54). III ABSTRACT Practical theology has society as its horizon and should not be limited to a clerical paradigm because Christianity is not limited to a church but its horizon is the whole of society. In line with this understanding of practical theology, this study is a contribution to Christian education for a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region (the DRC, Rwanda and Burundi). Millions of people have been slaughtered in this region where Christianity is the main religion. The Church in this region has lost its credibility and is seen as contributing to a culture of violence through its church leaders and parishioners. This study focuses on the research question: Can teaching twofold love contribute to a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region? The thesis has empirically argued that the cause of turmoil in the Great Lakes region is the lack of twofold love, which has disguised itself in all evils known in the region, such as corruption, hegemony, predation, indirect rule, divide and rule, tribalism, fetishism, mass killings, prostitution, over-trust in modernism and breaking God’s Ten Commandments, more than anything else. Humankind finds it difficult to love the neighbour like oneself and this lack of neighbourly love causes unrest in this region. The discussion in chapter three has empirically demonstrated through educational psychology that teaching is love of the learner. Therefore, an effective teacher should be able to give loving care to the learner's spiritual, physical and social needs, in a specific context. This is what Jesus did through verbal and behavioural media (Byrskog, 1994: 321). Such a liberationist teaching that should avoid pouring socially irrelevant knowledge on the learner is still an urgent need in the Great Lakes region. Christian education in this region has been learnt in a rote manner without educating Christians to be problem solvers. The fourth chapter makes practical suggestions on how to deal with the dilemmas of teaching Christian education in the region. Thus the study has empirically confirmed the research hypothesis that an effective teaching of twofold love can contribute to a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region. IV KEY TERMS Practical theology, education, Christian education, teaching, learning, twofold love, peace, culture, educational psychology, Jesus’ method of teaching, capitalism and socialism. V DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to: God, who has saved me through the Lord Jesus Christ, and has provided the bedrock upon which this thesis and I rest. My mother, Marguerite Bilonda wa Muamba, who educated me in the ways of the Lord, came to support me in Jesus’ Field in Bunia (DRC), and died there in 1994. My beloved deceased father, Frédéric Kamuanga, who educated me in the ways of the Lord and gave me the name of Emmanuel, and died when I was 12 years old. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the mentorship, support and encouragement from professors, family, institutions and friends, to whom I owe a special debt of gratitude. I would particularly like to mention the following persons and institutions: I would like to thank first of all my promoter, Prof. Andrew Paul Phillips, who to a large extent, more than anybody else, shaped my theological formation and guided my development as a practical theologian. His partnership and friendship helped me to conquer many obstacles on the way, and helped to make studying and research at the University of South Africa more enjoyable. Since the early days of my research, Dr Kasonga wa Kasonga, who served as my joint promoter, has been unfailingly kind and generous in terms of advice, references and, above all, encouragement His critical reflections, encouragement and prayers have helped me tremendously in overcoming obstacles along the way. I wish to express my deep appreciation and sincere thanks to my beloved, deceased father-in-law, Bishop Assani Baraka Koy, and his brother, Rev. Boo Koy, for their spiritual mentorship and love. I wish to convey my deepest gratitude to my wife, Josée B. Assani Muamba, and our 6 children, who have been prepared to live wherever my research has taken me, which has allowed me to grow in confidence in my writing. My wife is clever and cooperative. I am deeply indebted to Rev. Henri Jenkson from London, who founded my first local Congolese church in 1931, ordained me in Kisangani (DRC) as Rev. Pastor on Sunday, January 25, 1987, preached to me on twofold love, and reconciled the leaders of my divided church on the same day. From his preaching on this day of my ordination and church reconciliation, I got the inspiration for the subject of my doctoral thesis. The title of his sermon was: the love of God and one’s neighbour. My special thanks go to Rev. Ted Witmer and his wife, Dr Dana Witmer, from CrossWorld Canada, for their good example of true Christianity in Africa, demonstrated through actions of twofold love towards all Congolese in general, and towards my family in particular. This thesis is the fruit of their patience, love of God, love of their neighbour, spiritual maturity and financial support. I am deeply indebted to the beloved late Bishops and Reverend Pastors and parishioners of our churches founded in Kananga, Mbujimayi, Kisangani, Kinshasa and Bunia in the DRC. At the top of the list is the beloved late Bishop Ntumba Lupua Mukengeshayi from Kananga for his spiritual mentorship. I wish to convey my sincere appreciation and deep thanks to Leanne Brown, a UNISA librarian, for her English proficiency and dedicated, invaluable and wholehearted assistance with the excellent proofreading and editing of this entire thesis. I also express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Rebecca Oladipo, for having read and made important corrections in terms of grammar and syntax in chapter 1. I wish to sincerely thank the UNISA Finance Aid Bureau for their financial support to me since 2007. May God bless them. I have benefited from the kindness and generosity extended to me by Educating Africans for Christ, a wonderful Christian organisation that has helped me financially since 2007. I thank you very much indeed, Mrs Martha Ryburn Stainton, the Administrative Director of Educating Africans for Christ. I owe the Shalom University, where I was a lecturer for 14 years from 1985 to 1999, a special thanks for providing me with money and time which allowed me to pursue my doctoral research with ease. And through Rev. Lalima, the chairperson of the board of directors of this University, I would like to extend my very warm thanks to all the members of the Shalom University’s board of directors, and to the steering committee of the University, which is led by the rector, Dr Katho. I am especially appreciative of the kindness shown towards me by all the respondents from Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC, and missionaries from America, Great Britain, Wales and Canada, who answered the research questionnaire. I owe sincere thanks to Dr Ronald Muchmore, who was the Shalom University rector when I started teaching there in 1985. He was really a true spiritual mentor and encouraged me to teach the Greek of the New Testament. I am deeply indebted to all UFM and CrossWorld missionaries who worked with me, either at the Shalom University or in the DRC churches. Some of them are Rev. Alfred Larson, Dr Ken McMillan, Dr Billy McAllister, Dr Molyneux, Maizie Smyth (Sangasi), Genty from Haiti, Lydiard Carol etc. Based on what they were able to do in their own way, they did a very good job with regard to Congolese church structures. This thesis deals with all Christianity in the Great Lakes region, and not only a church or mission. They should feel proud of their work, although they were only a few in the Great Lakes region, while the need was so great. I am deeply indebted to all UN colleagues at UNESCO-PEER, where I have been working as the coordinator of the Culture of Peace Network Program for the Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa since 2000. Our different UNESCO directors, and especially Dr Nureldin Satti, Dr Mudiapassamy Devados and Paul Gomis, should find here my deep gratitude for their intellectual mentorship in helping me (through numerous UN-OCHA meetings, seminars, mentorship and experiences) to become a UN expert in education on the culture of peace, culture of dialogue, democracy, development and poverty alleviation.
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