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Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in practice in the Kagera Basin Lessons learned for scaling up at landscape level Results of the Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) Cover photo: ©FAO / James Batchelor Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in practice in the Kagera Basin Lessons learned for scaling up at landscape level Results of the Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2017 Recommended citation: FAO 2017. Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in practice in the Kagera Basin. Lessons learned for scaling up at landscape level - Results of the Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 440 pp. First edition, 2017 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109403-7 © FAO 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Table of Contents Forewords ...................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... ix Acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................... xi Introduction ...................................................................................................xv Preface .........................................................................................................xxvii Farmer field school (FFS) approach for successful learning and uptake of adapted sustainable land and agro-ecosystem 1 management technologies at farm and ecosystem levels ................1 1.1 Enhancing farmers’ capacities through participatory learning for sustainable land and agro-ecosystem management, the impact of farmer field school approach in adoption of watershed management practices ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Improvement of soil fertility through compost techniques. The contribution of quality compost to improved soil fertility ..................25 1.3 Crop-livestock integration to improving farms and livelihoods. A case of discovery-based SLM FFS methodology in Missenyi and Bukoba Districts, Kagera, Tanzania ...........................................................35 1.4 Impact of horticultural production on the food security of farmers in watershed communities ............................................................................47 1.5 Impacts of farmer field schools on sustainable land management and changes in attitudes in Burundi ..........................................................55 1.6 Opportunities and challenges for transformation of farmer field school groups into cooperatives in the Kagera TAMP, Uganda ................. 69 SLM IN PRACTICE IN THE KAGERA BASIN iii Conclusion Theme 1 - Farmer field school for learning and uptake ............79 Catchment planning and local governance for integrated 2 land resources management .....................................................................87 2.1 Participatory integrated watershed management for sustainable food security in Burundi .............................................................................91 2.2 Enhancing water availability through an integrated watershed management approach in selected sites in Tanzania ...............................103 2.3 Land use plans for sustainable management of natural resources in Uganda .....................................................................................................115 2.4 Importance of land-use planning in supporting sustainable land management – Ngara District, Kagera Region, Tanzania .........................131 2.5 Soil erosion control: terraces, ditches and vegetative strips combined in Karambo and cattle track rehabilitation in Gatebe II micro- catchments, Rwanda ............................................................................... 143 2.6 Stabilizing riverbanks using bamboo - the case of the Kayokwe- Waga-Ruvyironza watershed complex .................................................... 155 Conclusion Theme 2 - Lessons learned from catchment planning ...........165 Agro-ecosystem management for multiple benefits (production, SLM, climate and biodiversity and ecosystem 3 services) .........................................................................................................169 3.1 Reducing woodland degradation and restoring agro-ecosystems through agroforestry, landscape management and energy conserving technologies in Rwanda ........................................................ 175 iv 2 - SLM IN PRACTICE IN THE KAGERA BASIN 3.2 Promotion of improved cooking stoves by the Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (TAMP) project to strengthen community livelihoods .............................................................................185 3.3 Impacts of agroforestry in enhancing and promoting sustainable land management in Missenyi, Karagwe and Kyerwa Districts in the Kagera Region, Tanzania ..........................................................................195 3.4 Enriching soils in the Kagera Basin, Rwanda through soil erosion control structures (bench terraces), fodder production, manure management and efficient fertiliser use ..................................................207 3.5 Farm diversification, agroecological intensification and agrobiodiversity for enhanced resilience and sustainability .................... 219 3.6 Outcomes and impacts of the adoption of sustainable land management technologies on carbon sequestration in two micro- catchments in Mbarara District, Uganda ................................................229 Conclusion Theme 3 - Recommendations for multiple benefits scaling up through and agro-ecosystem management approach ........... 237 Diagnostics and impact assessment at farm-household, 4 catchment and ecosystem scales ..........................................................243 4.1 Experiences and lessons learnt in application of LAnd Degradation Assessment in drylands (LADA) methodological approach and tools for local level assessment. The case of Kyazi micro catchment Missenyi District in Tanzania .................................................................... 247 4.2 Assessment of land degradation and technologies for improved land management - The determinants of land degradation in selected districts in Uganda ...................................................................................259 4.3 Cost-benefit analysis of contour bunds stabilized with lemon grass, pineapples, farmyard manure and grass mulch in banana farming in Tanzania .................................................................................................. 273 SLM IN PRACTICE IN THE KAGERA BASIN v 4.4 Assessment of the impact of sustainable land management technologies on food security and livelihoods .........................................285 4.5 Assessing ecosystem services at a territorial scale – options for policy making, planning, and monitoring in the Kagera River Basin .......297 4.6 Assessing the up-scaling of sustainable land management and the associated GHG benefits under the Kagera TAMP Project ........................307 Conclusion and recommendations Theme 4 - How multiple-scale diagnostics and assessments enhance project planning and uptake and impact on policy design and implementation .................................. 319 Inter-sectoral cooperation, planning and policy for 5 addressing transboundary land resources management ...............325 5.1 Transboundary issues on land degradation related to livestock management and movements across the Kagera River Basin .................329 5.2 Rehabilitation of degraded rangeland pastures caused by transboundary livestock movements .......................................................343 5.3 The situation of land and natural resources conflicts in the Kagera River Basin ...............................................................................................353
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