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Acqua Arma Stategica.Pdf Ad Anna Garofalo Hanno collaborato: Coordinamento editoriale: Omero Rampa Revisione testi: Annarita Laurenzi Progetto e elaborazione grafica: Ubaldo Russo Direttore Responsabile Marco Ciampini © 2009 Proprietà letteraria artistica e scientifica riservata Finito di stampare febbraio 2009 da Stilgrafica srl - Roma 4 Indice 7 Introduzione 8 Presentazione 9 Capitolo I - Acqua arma strategica 3 3 Capitolo II - Le dighe 7 5 Capitolo III - Europa 117 Capitolo IV - Medio Oriente 181 Capitolo V - Asia 217 Capitolo VI - Africa 251 Capitolo VII - America Latina 285 Capitolo VIII - L’uso dello strumento militare 301 Bibliografia 5 6 PREFAZIONE Perché l’acqua? La globalizzazione ha alterato radicalmente la nostra percezione della sicurezza e ha introdotto problemi e pericoli di portata internazionale e collettiva. Dopo il crollo del muro di Berlino, le minacce globali si caratterizzano per una complessità che non era mai stata raggiunta in preceden- za, con implicazioni di natura tecnologica, politica, ideologica, demografica e ambientale. In parti- colare, la minaccia demografico-sociale è determinata dalle esplosive differenze tra la crescita della popolazione e la ricchezza di risorse disponibile nelle varie regioni, con conseguenti movimenti migratori di massa che causano profondi cambiamenti sociali nei Paesi di destinazione. E la minac- cia ambientale è rappresentata dal crescente degrado delle condizioni naturali del pianeta e dal- l’esaurimento delle risorse vitali, come l’acqua. Quindi un’emergenza ambientale legata non solo all’inquinamento ma anche alla mancanza natura- le di risorse, alla povertà e ai particolari andamenti demografici. Agli inizi del XXI secolo, in piena civiltà post-industriale, almeno la metà della popolazione mondiale è costretta a vivere in carenza di risorse idriche, forse sufficienti al fabbisogno complessivo ma distribuite dalla natura in modo irre- golare. Le risorse vitali, se carenti, rischiano di essere causa di sciagure e guerre degne dell’epoca preistorica. E già in alcune regioni africane, così come in quelle mediorientali, il controllo e la gestio- ne della risorsa è causa di tensioni e conflitti. Non è forse ipotizzabile una "guerra per l’acqua" lungo il corso del Nilo, riserva idrica di Egitto, Sudan, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania e Zaire? Il Pakistan si alimenta dall’Indo, i cui affluenti nascono in India e il bacino fluviale del Giordano è diviso tra Giordania, Siria, Israele e Libano. La Turchia controlla il Tigri e l’Eufrate, da cui dipendo- no anche Siria e Iraq. Inoltre, la contesa per il controllo delle acque comuni può essere aggravata dalle attività inquinanti di alcuni di questi Paesi, a sicuro nocumento degli altri. Stiamo assistendo al riemergere di una geopolitica dell’acqua, apparentemente tipica dei Paesi in via di sviluppo e poco interessante per l’Occidente, ma sicuramente ben più tragica. In un contesto così complesso gli Stati stanno purtroppo dimostrando tutta la loro fragilità, e spesso la loro impotenza, lasciando intravedere lo spettro di un olocausto idrico. Nell’ambito della sicurezza, più precaria e dif- ficile da garantire, le fratture della globalizzazione finiscono per relativizzare anche l’insieme dei diritti umani, che diventano piuttosto un fattore di disturbo nel dialogo tra le parti. Purtroppo, il ricor- so sempre più frequente alla violenza tende a consolidare l’importanza dello strumento militare; inol- tre la mancanza di un ordine internazionale (in presenza di una diffusione irregolare del "potere mili- tare") determina conflitti più numerosi rispetto al passato. A fronte di un maggiore impegno comune per una più ampia diffusione del pluralismo democratico, non si è registrata una più accentuata sensibilità per la collaborazione internazionale in vista della soluzione dei problemi comuni all’umanità, in particolare quelli legati all’emergenza ambientale. All’interno di un contesto internazionale sempre più frammentato, la drammatica carenza delle risor- se vitali si pone come ulteriore elemento di instabilità (anche tra Stati ricchi e poveri e all’interno di quest’ultimi tra comunità ed etnie) in grado di ostacolare con forza la strada alla stabilità mondiale. L’elemento più caratterizzante delle future "guerre dell’acqua" è che esse potrebbero diventare stru- mento e causa della guerra stessa, non più attività bellica intervallata da fasi di apertura negoziale, ma in grado di causare impatti emotivi con gravi ripercussioni prevalentemente civili, ponendo, anco- ra una volta, lo strumento militare al centro di una delicata e complessa composizione tra le parti. L’Esercito, ultimo baluardo a difesa dei diritti umani, diventa un elemento importante per l’edifica- zione di una nuova sicurezza collettiva, a sua volta presupposto di un nuovo ordine internazionale sta- bile e riconosciuto. Generale di Divisione Michele Torres Capo V Reparto Affari Generali dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito 7 INTRODUZIONE Da diversi anni il pericolo di tensioni e conflitti causati dalla contesa sull’accesso e il controllo delle scarse risorse idriche è il tema principale dibattuto dagli analisti - politici, ambientalisti e militari - di tutto il mondo. Secondo le stime più recenti, nel giro di pochi decenni i cambiamenti climatici tra- sformeranno il nostro pianeta: vaste regioni desertiche, scioglimento delle distese di ghiaccio e grave contaminazione delle acque di superficie e delle falde. Le migrazioni demografiche forzate porteran- no instabilità, conflitti e violenza. Da Israele all’India, dalla Turchia al Botswana, le dispute si stan- no intensificando e presto potrebbero sfociare in veri e propri conflitti armati. Questo volume riper- corre, anche attraverso un corretto percorso scientifico, le criticità geopolitiche e ambientali delle regioni della Terra maggiormente coinvolte, dagli Stati Uniti all’America Meridionale, dall’Europa al Medio Oriente e dall’Africa all’Asia Centrale. La ricerca effettua una ricognizione particolareggiata dei più importanti corsi d’acqua contesi da diversi Paesi e ripercorre, sia dal punto di vista storico che giuridico, le più aspre cause di contrasto nello sfruttamento delle risorse. Anche il fenomeno delle dighe, in molti e drammatici casi motivo scatenante di gravi violazioni dei diritti umani, viene valutato come potente rischio di instabilità politico-sociale, attraverso il differen- te livello di minaccia rappresentato in funzione di interessi economici diversificati e complessi. La deviazione forzata dei corsi d’acqua, se si esprime in termini di contesa giuridica e diplomatica nei Paesi occidentali, si trasforma in contenziosi decisamente più critici in quelli in via di sviluppo, anno- verandoli insieme alle maggiori minacce per l’intera Comunità internazionale, dal terrorismo alla domanda globale di energia. Lo studio di Daniele Cellamare, oltre ad offrire una disamina esaustiva sulle contingenze, si presen- ta come interessante spunto di riflessione sul ruolo che potrà essere svolto dallo strumento militare, in particolare dall’Esercito, per la difesa dei diritti umani e dell’inalienabile esigenza di garantire la sicurezza dei bisogni primari. Le nuove sfide saranno costituite dalle metodologie e dalle tecniche in grado di fronteggiare i conflitti legati alla carenza delle risorse, con le drammatiche conseguenze poli- tiche e sociali che essa comporta. Lo scenario futuro, in considerazione dei cambiamenti climatici, si presenta con inondazioni, inquinamento e siccità dei terreni agricoli e l’Esercito dovrà essere in grado di fornire non solo un’adeguata assistenza all’attività di prevenzione, ma anche la capacità di assicurare una risposta rapida, con strumenti adeguati, oltre al supporto necessario alle complesse fasi di riconciliazione e ricostruzione. Completa il volume un corredo fotografico particolarmente ricco e una serie di didascalie che non sono estrapolate dal testo, ma contengono informazioni aggiuntive all’intero elaborato e si presenta- no particolarmente fruibili per il lettore più attento. La versatilità e la semplicità dell’esposizione - particolarmente apprezzabili in una tematica così complessa - rendono l’opera interessante sia per il militare che per lo studioso, che qui possono raggiungere la comprensione di un fenomeno nuovo ma purtroppo destinato a una drammatica crescita. La ricerca dell’autore è risultata attenta e aggiorna- ta, comprensiva degli aspetti culturali, sociali e etnici che travagliano le popolazioni già martoriate da conflitti sanguinosi e da croniche carenze di risorse. I dati relativi alle statistiche mondiali, così come i rapporti e gli studi dei ricercatori, provengono tutti da fonti ufficiali delle Nazioni Unite e le informazioni raccolte nelle didascalie sono state estrapolate dai maggiori quotidiani italiani e inter- nazionali, così come dai più importanti Istituti che da anni seguono con particolare attenzione la crisi internazionale delle risorse idriche. Il Direttore di “Rivista Militare” Col. Marco Ciampini 8 Acqua arma strategica CAPITOLO I Capitolo I Acqua arma strategica Il Rio delle Amazzoni è uno dei cinque grandi sistemi fluviali del nostro pianeta. Questo fiume dell’America Meridionale è lungo 6 280 km (considerando il suo ramo sorgentifero Ucayali) e dispone di un bacino di 7 050 000 km2. È il secondo corso d’ac- qua del mondo per lunghezza ed il primo sia per portata (da 60 000 a 200 000 m3/s) sia per bacino. Si forma in territorio peruviano dalla confluenza dei fiumi andini Maranon e Ucayali e si dirige ad Est, attraversando il Brasile sino all’Oceano
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