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Synopsis of Biological Data on Sarotherodon Galialeus

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Synopsis of Biological Data on Sarotherodon Galialeus FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 90 FIRS/S90 (Distribution restricted) SAST -. galilaeus - 1,70(59),052,02 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON Sarotherodon galllaeus F O FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ' ROME, 1974 DOCUMENTS OF THE FISHERY RESOURCES DOCUMENTS DE LA DIVISION DES RES- DOCUMENTOS DE LA DIRECCION DE RECURSOS DIVISION OF FAO DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES SOURCES HALIEUTIQUES DU DÉPARTEMENT PESQUEROS DEL DE'ARTAMENTO DE PESCA DES PECHES DE LA FAO DE LA FAO Documents which are not official FAO publications Des documents qui ne figurent pas parmiles Esta Dirección publica varias series de documentos areissuedinseveralseries.They are given a publications officielles de la FAO sont publiés dans que no pueden consideraras como publicaciones restricted distribution and this fact should be indicated diversesséries.lisfont seulementl'objetd'une oficiales de la FAO. Todos ellos tienen distribución if they are cited. Most of them are prepared as distribution restreinte, aussi convient-il de le préciser limitada, circunstancia que debe indicarse en el caso working papers for meetings, or are summaries of lorsque ces documents sont cités,Ils'agit le plus de ser citados. La mayoría de los tituba que figuran informationfor useofMember Governments, souvent de documents de travail préparés pour des en dichas series son documentos de trabajo prepara- organizations, and specialists concerned. These series réunions, ou de résumés d'information à l'intention dos para reuniones o resúmenes de información are the following: des gouvernements des pays membres, ainsi que des destinados a los estados miembros, organizaciones y organisations et spécialistes intéressés. Ces séries sont especialistas interesados. Estas series son las siguientes: les suivantes: FAO Fisheries Report FIR/R (No.1 FAO Fisheries Circular FIR/C (No.1 FAO Fisheries Synopsis FIR/S lNo.l FAO, Rapports sur les pêches FAO, Circulaire des pêches Synopsis FAO sur les pêches FAO Informes de pesca Circular de Pesce de la FAO Sinopsis FAO sobre la pesca Specialgroupa of synopsesareidentifiedby Des catégories spéciales de synopses sont identifiées Grupos especiales de ainopais se distinguen con symbols followed by classification numbers based on à l'aide de symboles suivis des chiffres de classification las siglassiguientes,seguidaspornúmeros de indexed code of 'ASFA": basés surie code d'indexation de la « ASFA e: clasificación que se basan enlasclaves delos índices de la «ASFA»: SAST Data concerning certain species and fish SAST Données sur certaines espèces et populations SAST Datos relativos a ciertas especies y stocks de poissons poblaciones MAST Information on methods and subjects MAST Renseignementssurdesméthodeset dessuiets MAST Sinopsis sobre métodos y materias OT Oceanographic data OT Données océanographiques OT Sinopsis sobre oceanografía IT Limnological data IT Données limnologiques IT Sinopsis sobre limnologla FAO Fisheries Technical Papers FIR /T (No.1 Documents techniques FAO sur les pêches Documentos técnicos de la FAO sobre la pesca Special groups of Technical Papers are identified by: Des catégories spéciales de documents techniques Grupos especiales de documentos técnicosse sont identifiées è l'aide des symboles suivants: identifican por las siglas siguientes: RE Indexed lists of experta and institutions drawn RE Listes indexées d'experts et institutions tirées RE Listas indices de expertos y de instituciones from Registers maintained by theFishery des registres tenus à jour par la Division des tomadas de los registros que se llevan en la Resources Division ressources halieutiques Dirección de Recursos Pesqueros IN Provisional editions of inventories andlists IN Editions provisoires des listes et inventaires IN Ediciones provisionales de los inventarios y of fishery data stored and maintained by the concernantles donnéessur lespêches listas dedatosde pescaacumulados y FAO Fishery Data Centre accumulées et mises à iour par le Centre guardados por el Centro de Datos Pesqueros de données halieutiques de la FAO de la FAO CB Listsofperiodicals,specialsectionsof CB Listes de périodiques, des sections spéciales CB Listas de periódicos, secciones especiales de "Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts de la eAquatic Sciencesand Fisheries la eAquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracta IASFA)," special bibliographies and papers Abstracts IASFAI», das bibliographies parti- IASFA)«, bibliograflaa especiales y trabajos concerning documentation problems culières et des articles sur les problèmes de relativos a los problemas de documentación documentation MFS Provisionaleditionsof "FAO Manualsin MFS Editions provisoires des «Manuels FAO de MFS Ediciones provisionales de los «Manuales de Fisheries Science" science halieutiques la FAO de Ciencias Pesqueras» WAFR Provisional reviews of fisheries resources and WAFR Synthèses provisoires dea ressources halieuti- WAFR Reselias provisionales de los recursos their level of exploitation, by regions or by ques et leur niveau d'exploitation, préparées, pesquerosy de su estadoactualde species groups, within the WorldAppraisal par régions ou groupes d'espèces, dans le explotación, por regiones o por grupos de of Fishery Resources system cadre du Programme mondial pour l'évaluation especies, en el marco del sistema mundial des ressources halieutiques para la evaluación de los recursos pesqueros Some documents also have another identification, Certains documenta portent parfois d'autres numé- Algunos documentos tienen también otra identi- if,for example, they have been contributed toa ros-d'identification, par exemple s'ils Ont été préparés ficación si, por ejemplo, son contribuciones a una meetingfor which papers have been numbered pour uneréuniondontleadocuments ontété reunión cuyos documentos han sido marcados con according to another system, marqués à l'aide d'un autre système. arreglo a otros sistemas. FAOFisheries Synopsis iTo. 90 FIRS/S90 (Distribution restricted) SÄST - S, aliiaeus - 1,70(59) 052,02 OThOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA OIT Sarotherodon galilaeus Prepared by R .P. JOENSON Sasketchewan Fisheries Laboratory 122 Sasko Research Cowicil Bujldin 30 Campus Drive, Sasketoon Sasketchewan, Canada FOOD ABD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATIONOF TITEUNITED NATIOI'TS Rome, July1974 PREPARATION 0F THIS SLNOPSIS Sarotherodon galilaeus is one of the most widespread. oichlid. species on the African continent, f orming a basis for many fisheries, both in Africa and. Israel,Much attention has therefore been paid. to this species and the resulting literature was considered, sufficiently extensive for the compilation of a synopsis. The author, during his work on the fisheries of Kainji Lake under the auspices of FAO/TJNDP Project DP/NIR/66/524, had occasion to make extensive personal observations on this fish, and as a result, compiled the literature into the present synopsis. The draft synopsis was technically edited. by R. Welcomnie, of the Aauatic Resources Survey and Evaluation Service of the FAO Department of Fisheries. The author is extremely grateful to Dr. E. Trewavas of the British Museum (Natural History) for contributinf Section 1(Identity) and. for her critical and encouraging comments on the remaindor of the text. Particular thanks are also due to the personnel of the Kainji Lake Research Project for their assistance in the collection of material and. data, Distribution: Bibliographic entry: FAO Department of Fisheries Johnson, R,P.(1974) FAO Regional Fisheries Officers FAO Fish.Synop,, (90):pag.var. Regional Fisheries Councils and Commissions Synopsis of biological data on Selector SI Sarotherodon alilaeus Author Pisces, Cichlidae,Biological synopsis. Africa and Asia Minor - freshwater environments. Taxonomy and morphology. Distribution - geographic and differential. Hybrids. Life history - nutrition, growth, behaviour. Ecology. Fishing equipnent, areas, seasons, operations, catch effort, selectivity. Protection and management - fishery regulations. Fish culture - stocks, spawning, feeding, ponds, harvest, Selected. bibliography, FIRS/S90 S. galilaeus iii C ON TENT S Page No. i IDENTITY 1:1 1.1Nomenclature i 1.11Valid naine 1,12Objective synonymy 1 .2Taxonomy 1.21Affinities i 1.22Taxonomic status 2 1.23Subspecies 2 1.24Standard common naines, vernacular names 6 1.3Morphology 6 1.31External morphology 6 1 .32Cytomorphology* 1.33Protein specificity 6 1.34Blood analysis 6 2 DISTRIBUTION 2:1 2.1Total area 1 2.2Differential distribution 4 2.21Spawn, larvae and juveniles 4 2.22 Adults 4 2.3Determinants of distribution changes 4 2.31Current 4 2.32Substrate 5 2.33Vegetation 5 2.34Depth 2.35Turbidity 5 2.36Salinity 5 2.37Temperature 5 2.38Oxygen requirements 6 2.39Predation 6 2.4Hybridization 6 2.41Hybrids .6 2.42Influence of natural hybridization in eco1o' and morpholog'y* 3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 3:1 3.1Reproduction i 3.11Sexuality 3.12 Maturity 1 3.13Mating 3.14Fertilization 3 3.15Gonads 3 3.16Spawning 6 3.17Spawn 7 iv FIRS/S90 S. galilaeus Page No. 3.2 Pre-aclult phase 3:8 Embryonic phase and 3,21 8 3.22 Larval phase 3.23 Adolescent phase 8 3.3 Adult phase 9 3.31 Longevity 9 3.32 Hardiness 9 3.33 Competitors 3.34 Predators 9 3.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries and abnormalities 9 3.4 Nutrition and growth 10 3.41Feeding 10 3.42 Food ii 3,43 Growth 12 3.714 Metabolism 15 3.5Behaviour 15 3.51 Migrations and local movements 15 3.52Schooling i 3,53 Responses to stimuli 15 4 POPULATION 4:1 4,1 Structure i 4.11 Sex ratio 4.12Age composition 4.13 Size composition 4.2Abundance and density 4.21 Average abundance i 4.22 Changes in abundance i
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