BOSTON LATIN SCHOOL ISSUE 2011 - 2012

C<>

WE THE CATAPULTANS of Boston Latin School, in order to illuminate scientific processes, phe- nomena, and recent developments, pique interest in the sciences, combine the contemporary with the classical, and secure the blessings of knowledge to ourselves and our fellow classmates, do maintain and publish this Catapulta science newsletter for the entire BLS committee.

You can contact us (questions, comments, article ideas, submissions, etc.) by email at: [email protected] Delicious

Destruction BY ANDREW SUN Meat production also leads Meat’s impact on the it would have the same CLASS II to greenhouse gases being environment is easily seen effect as removing 7.6 mil- put into the atmosphere. from studies done on the lion cars. Another study in Why does a person choose Factories require a large topic. According to a report Japan states that producing to be vegetarian? You likely amount of energy, and the done by the Environmental 2.2 pounds of beef requires hear that it is healthier, or animals themselves produce Working Group, if every the same amount of carbon that eating meat is not mor- the greenhouse gas methane American does not eat meat dioxide that the average al. However, another huge when digesting. and cheese one day a week, European car produces every reason against the consump- 155 miles. tion of meat is the disastrous Most of us are already environmental effects of its eating too much meat: the production. average American eats two Much of the grain times the recommended in the world today is used amount of protein. So next to feed animals, which is a time you’re ordering some- very inefficient process. To thing at a restaurant, think get the same number of calo- about the consequences ries of meat as calories of of getting something with grain, several times of this meat, and maybe even try amount of grain is required. a vegetarian option. You To get this grain, thousands http://blog.ga.naturesgardendelivered.com/ would be doing the earth a of square miles of tropical http://www.popsci.com/ huge favor. rain forests are being cut down. Unlikely Sources Inspire New Inventions BY NICOLE GILDEA by intricately crossed, metal- air, could be used in products rous pitcher plants because CLASS III lic, hollow tubes that are a ranging from battery elec- of their slippery, cylindri- mere 100 nanometers thick trodes to insulation in the cal leaves that slide insects The World’s Lightest Mate- (1,000 times thinner than a near future. down into the plant. Aizen- rial strand of hair). This unique berg placed a lubricating When people think of material is not only light, but A Super Slippery Substance film within a spongy layer of lightweight materials, items also strong, shock-absorbent, As winter progresses, Teflon. The result repelled such as Styrofoam or cotton and capable of recovering its people will probably notice both water and oil-based balls usually come to mind. shape after compression. the temperature dropping materials. Most people do not think of Another interesting below 32°F. Colder weather SLIPS is unique be- metal. Surprisingly, metal is fact is that scientists looked leads to ice, and everyone cause it never gets dirty since a component in the world’s at examples of architecture knows how slippery ice is. nothing can adhere to it. lightest material. Researches in their development of Imagine, though, a surface This creative invention can from HRL, The California micro-lattice. The Golden more slippery than ice, a be beneficial in the future. Institute of Technology, and Gate Bridge and Eiffel Tower surface to which nothing can It could be used for several the University of California, inspired the material’s cel- stick. Joanna Aizenberg and purposes, such as making oil Irvine have collaborated to lular architecture because of her colleagues at Harvard re- pipes more efficient or as a create micro-lattice. This their lightness and strength. cently invented SLIPS (Slip- coating on airplanes to repel super light material has a Micro-lattice, approximately pery Liquid Infused Porous ice. Perhaps, even, people micro-lattice structure, which one hundred times lighter Surface). Their invention was can finally get that last drop is formed than Styrofoam and 99.9% influenced by carnivo- of ketchup out of the bottle. Antimatter - ticle; for every kg of matter, other, the magnetic bonds us go to earth-like planets, there is one kg of antimat- like the fabled Pandora, or Science Fiction? ter. To explain the seeming holding the pieces of mat- go exploring the Andromeda absence of antimatter in our ter together is released, de- galaxy. BY ALEX HSIA universe, he proposed that scribed by Einstein’s famous However, despite all CLASS IV there was another universe equation e=mc^2. It says that the possibilities antimatter It may now seem as if the made completely out of anti- the energy (e) produced by presents, there has not been world of science fiction is matter. this annihilation of matter becoming reality. Antimat- Antimatter, when it is equal to the mass of the sufficient research into the ter, called by some the “fuel comes into contact with mat- objects (m) multiplied by the production and actions of an- of science fiction” may now ter, produces a very powerful speed of light squared (c^2). timatter. Despite being able be coming of use in the real explosion. It is guessed, by That’s a lot of energy. The to produce small quantities world. Antimatter, the all- looking at light from distant speed of light is 300,000,000 of antimatter in large particle powerful energy that pow- stars billions of years ago, m/s, and that squared is accelerators, we are not yet ered spaceships like the USS that in the very early mil- 90,000,000,000,000,000 able to make antimatter at ENTERPRISE and gave liseconds of the universe, (that’s 90 quadrillion!). In an affordable and substantial robots energy to think freely, rate. Living in a world made is now being considered to of matter, containing anti- be used in a potential space- matter is another issue. Pro- ship that might bring man totypes have been made that to Mars, or even out of our can store up to 1000 atoms galaxy. of antimatter, yet require Antimatter is a type liquid nitrogen cooling and of atom that has the opposite complex magnetic fields. In properties of atoms that make addition, 1000 atoms is a of all the matter we see; all http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/ miniscule amount. The width of antimatter’s protons and of your hair is 500,000 at- negatively charged, all of its there were large amounts of application to our modern oms wide. Although so much electrons positively charged. antimatter and matter being world, a space shuttle takes power can be made from It was first conceived in produced, and large explo- 1,000,000 gallons of solid antimatter, 1000 atoms is a 1928 by an English physicist sions constantly happening. rocket fuel propellant in small amount by any scale. by the name of Paul Dirac. For some mysterious rea- addition to the 500,000 of If more time and re- Dirac was trying to solve a son, apparently, matter had liquid hydrogen and oxygen search is put into the study of problem in quantum phys- a slight lead, probably just to just get to the reaches of antimatter, we may one day ics; to find an equation that one atom out of billions, and earth’s gravitational pull. be able to travel off into the explained the movement of annihilated all the antimatter, With a piece of antimatter the distant galaxies long dreamt an electron in an atom. In his producing the matter-filled size of a dime, a rocket could of in science fiction; we may equation, there was an inter- universe that we have today. go to the same place, do the be able to solve the world’s esting problem. Just as the In particle accelerators, sci- same things. growing energy crisis. We square root of a number can entists can artificially create The uses for antimat- may even be able to move be both positive and nega- antimatter. This provides new ter are limitless. They could to a different planet or have tive, his equation said that an knowledge that we may be replace all current energy the ability to go searching for electron could have both a able to use to great benefit. sources, as antimatter is more other life. Will it be practical positive value and a negative Antimatter may be the clean, efficient than nuclear fission. in 500 years, 100 years, or value. Up to that point, it almost limitless power source They could power rockets maybe even 50 years? When- that we are looking for; it that will bring us to Mars ever the time, antimatter will was unheard of that a particle may be the answer to inter- in a matter of days, using undoubtedly be a great inno- could have negative energy. stellar travel. As the matter gamma ray bursts to propel vation for mankind. He concluded that, for every particles and antimatter par- spacecraft at mind-boggling particle, there is an antipar- ticles are annihilating each speeds. They could even let Biotechnology and Forensics: Using Biology to Solve Crimes

BY JACK TAN house, covered all the mir- murder cases today is DNA scene. The cells contain- CLASS I rors, and bludgeoned every- biotechnology. While the ing the DNA are dipped in a On a warm morning in June one to death using an axe. genetic makeup of humans lysing solution, effectively 1912, Mary Peckham, a Known today as the infa- is remarkably similar, every bursting the cells and leav- neighbor of the Moore resi- mous Villisca Axe Murders, single person has a distinct ing the DNA fragments dence wakes up to an unusu- this crime is one of the most set of DNA that distinguishes exposed. But lab technicians al silence. The Moore family famous cold cases that re- one from another. In fact, the frequently have to work with are early risers, however, that main unsolved to this day. odds of someone having the extremely small fragments morning, there was nothing As the search for the perpe- same set of DNA as another of DNA, so how do they but stillness. Peckham, curi- trator in Villisca continues person are one in a quadril- analyze something if it is so ous about why the Moores to baffle forensic analysts, lion! small that even a microscope were not awake, walks over advancements in biology has How is DNA processed, you has trouble pinpointing it? to the Moore residence and made such crimes extremely may ask. Well, first, the DNA The answer lies in the next discovers something shock- difficult to pull off today. The must be extracted from the step of the process, which ing. That previous night, key to how scientists solve cells containing DNA frag- is to amplify the amount of someone has entered the even the most gruesome of ments found at the crime DNA. (continued on pg 3) (cont.) figure out what is useful. The than larger pieces of DNA, stored in the government’s Amplification of DNA is key here is to make a DNA so what results is DNA that is massive DNA database. done through a chemical profile through a lab process separated from each other on The science behind DNA process called polymerase called gel electrophoresis. the basis of size. These DNA biotechnology is fairly new chain reaction (PCR). In Because DNA is negatively fragments are then scanned and new discoveries are cur- this process, a heat resistant rently being made everyday enzyme is added to the DNA to strengthen the system even and the DNA is heated to more. Because of the nature separate the double-stranded of identical twins having an DNA. After the separation, exact same pair of DNA, this the DNA is rapidly cooled, system is not entirely fool- allowing a primer attached proof, but no matter what to the DNA to begin making flaws this system might have, new DNA cells that comple- the ability for scientists to ment the strands from the take something from a crime previous cell. As the process scene and be able to pinpoint of heating and cooling con- someone with 99.9% accu- tinues, millions of DNA can racy is a remarkable leap in be made from a single piece solving murder cases. Such http://investigation.discovery.com/tv/extreme-forensics/forensics-dictionary-406x258.jpg of hair. a system was not in place in But, even after amplifica- charged, running a negative with a laser and a DNA pro- 1912 during the Villisca Ax tion, scientists still only have current through a gel-like so- file is created on a computer, Murders, allowing the mur- a pile of DNA that is still lution will effectively move allowing the lab technician to derer to walk away from the useless. You may wonder the DNA. Smaller sized compare evidence from the crime scene easily without what how lab technicians can DNA tend to move faster crime scene to individuals being detected.

Darwin’s Upheaval tion. The true danger of an and excommunication, or absolute morality lies in its respectfully depart from the of immutability. By definition, doctrine. Unfortunately and true followers of an absolute expectedly, the latter result is the Absolute Morality morality (such as any of the the least frequent, as demon- that may hinder society, be world’s religions) must never strated by history and most BY WILLIAM CORBETT CLASS I they impractical, immoral, or abandon their belief system; religious texts themselves. seemingly incorrigible. to do so would contradict the Christianity is not nearly In 1859, British naturalist In Darwin’s time and core principle, and thus they alone in its cruelty as a belief Charles Darwin published beforehand, more so than would no longer be follow- system. However, the world’s a work that would contest today, society was dominated ers of the religion, -ism, or three related monotheistic convictions regarded as by religious ideologies. The philosophy. The Apostolic religions of Judaism, Christi- indisputable truths in his era. Catholic Church held tyranny Constitution of the Vatican anity, and Islam are the most On the Origin of Species over Europe until the 16th lays out this basic principle prominent modern examples turned scientific and religious century, when certain oth- itself: “The Personal Ordina- of morally antiquated ab- theories on their heads, di- ers adopted Protestantism in riate is governed according solute moralities. The holy chotomizing their roles in reaction to Catholics deviat- to the norms of universal law scriptures of all three of world culture forever more. ing from the original teach- and the present Apostolic these ancient belief systems Darwin’s masterpiece Origin ings of the Bible. Although Constitution and is subject are swelling with command- of Species was a rebellion there is no Protestant equiva- to the Congregation for the ments that should horrify against a world-view that is lent to the Pope, on a large Doctrine of the Faith, and anyone who believes in equal now regarded as characteris- scale Protestants experience the other Dicasteries of the treatment of innocent indi- tically fundamentalist. The the same type of dictator- Roman Curia in accordance viduals. The trend begins full title being On the Origin ship: they must adhere to the with their competencies. It is in the Old Testament, which of Species by Means of Natu- group’s dogma if they are also governed by the Com- commands a slew of detest- ral Selection, or the Preser- to remain a part of the faith. plementary Norms as well able behaviors, very promi- vation of Favoured Races These ideologies sought (and as any other specific Norms nent of which is the mistreat- in the Struggle for Life, the still seek) to provide follow- given for each Ordinariate” ment of homosexuals. “If work chronicled a new kind ers with an “absolute moral- (Vatican Constitution, Article there is a man who lies with of experiment; Darwin’s ity”, meaning an unquestion- II). This passage represents a male as those who lie with painstakingly documented able belief system decided a woman, both of them have evidence scientifically but- upon at one time that aims the idea that even if there committed a detestable act; tressing his theories of evolu- to encompass all possible ever proves to be a flaw in they shall surely be put to tion and natural selection laid causes for moral dilemma an absolute morality, an death. Their bloodguiltness the foundation for sciences unforeseen circumstance for is upon them” (Leviticus and sociologies of the future. and to show people how to which the system provides no 20:13). The New Testament The story of Darwin, as well behave. While the motive guidance, or new evidence follows with much of the as the Darwinian application behind such an endeavor contradicting the moral or same, as well as blatant sex- of the scientific method, might be righteous, this type factual integrity of the sys- ism. “Wives, submit to your exemplifies the rational pro- of belief system is impracti- tem, followers are either left husbands as to the Lord. For cedure necessary for the tri- cal in the real world, which stranded with an obsolete, the husband is the head of the umph of truth in the upheaval is always changing and thus untrustworthy ideology, wife...wives should submit to of antiquated ideals inciting cause for adapta- forced to endure shunning their husbands in everything”

(continued on pg 4) (cont.) (Ephesians 5:22-24). Then, with this paradigm. There man himself, and Charles natural world around him, as additionally, it advocates the were, of course, natural- was meant to follow the well as careful, inward rea- murder of nonbelievers: “But ists and astronomers before same path into adulthood. In soning, he came to doubt all those enemies of mine who Darwin who deviated from 1827 at the age of eighteen that had been put before him. did not want me to be king the mainstream policies, but he was accepted to Christ’s Darwin’s introverted, con- over them -- bring them here Darwin’s pursuit in putting College at Cambridge where templative behavior despite and kill them in front of me” together Origin of Species students would embark to- his dogmatic, group-based (Luke 19:27). This line of was particularly ironic con- gether on a lifelong study of environment is a testament to scripture is mirrored almost sidering, first of all, his up- theology. By sending him to the strength of investigation identically all throughout bringing, which set him apart this school, his father, Rob- and cogent speculation. both the Koran and the Old from his contemporaries, as ert Darwin, sought to give Darwin later recounted Testament. well as in their eyes, as an him a structured system by this time of sober contempla- These are the kinds intriguing character. The which to abide, a reliable tion in his autobiography, of belief systems that gov- Darwin family was religious, community, and guidance which he wrote all through- erned the world in which just like nearly every fam- to follow. Young Charles, out his adult life, and was Darwin operated, and the ily in the 1800s. Erasmus however, was reserved and published in 1887, five years entire story behind Origin Darwin, Charles’s paternal pensive, and through his after his death. of Species starkly contrasts grandfather, was a clergy- private observations of the

“By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is supposed, -- that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the more incredible do miracles become, -- that the men at that time were ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us, -- that the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneous with the events, -- that they differ in many important details, far too important as it seemed to me to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies of eyewitnesses; -- by such reflections as these, which I give not as having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation[…] Thus disbelief crept over me at very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no distress, and have never since doubted even for a single second that my conclusion was correct. ” (Darwin 85)

Conversely, a person of blind the slightest; rejecting that every area of human study surge stopped short, and the faith, or, as Dawkins often which is bad, preserving and is no more than a means to pressure cooker set to roast. puts it, a fundamentalist, if adding up all that is good; an end: to be the best indi- Without variation, revolution, ever somehow convinced of silently and insensibly work- vidual member of a species differentiation, skepticism, having been proven wrong, is ing, whenever and wherever one can possibly achieve. objectivism, checks, and bal- much more likely to be dev- opportunity offers, at the And, as the dominant spe- ances, the world would cease astated by such a discovery improvement of each organic cies, as well as the species to become. Growth of any (as shown by countless on- being” (Darwin, 84). Unless with the most complex, most kind would be impossible, line support websites for reli- one falls prey to any type of powerful, most dynamically including the very phenome- gious people struggling with fundamentalism or absolute capable brain, humans can non responsible for the en- the emotional damage of morality, one may identify afford to enjoy the marvelous tire natural world, evolution their newfound disbelief, two through evaluation certain bi-product of evolution that itself. of which are included in the beliefs or even whole sys- is enjoyment in the pursuit of bibliography as evidence). tems of belief as irrational, knowledge. The very parameters of these useless, or even detrimental The revolutionary process ideologies condemn doubt to his or everyone’s wellbe- of Darwin’s work on Ori- of any kind, as displayed ing; congruently, all organ- gin of Species, as well as by a verse from the book of isms evolve by way of evalu- his discovery itself, natural the Bible, Hebrews, among ating adaptations, identifying selection, embodies the most a plethora of others. “Take their potential benefit or im- natural, basic, integral factor heed, brethren, lest there be pairment to the species, and of life’s existence on earth. in any of you an evil heart of eliminating those deemed We humans are constantly unbelief, in departing from unnecessary or harmful in learning about ourselves, the living God” (Hebrews exchange for adopting the morality as we define it, and 3:12). advantageous. Therefore, the world as we evolve and Natural selection itself given this clear and elegant discover through the sci- relies on the gene pools of parallel between ideological entific method. Thus, at no earth’s creatures vigorously and genealogical selection, point can one assert that his collecting indescribably copi- it is at the same time reason- perspective claims unilateral ous amounts of data, replicat- able and satisfying to regard jurisdiction over morality. ing and varying the data, and the scientific method as a Just so, when a society or passing it on to the next gen- natural occurrence. After all, absolute morality, such as eration. Just like the process humans are equally subject to Nazi Germany or the Catho- that natural selection mirrors, the laws of natural selection lic Church, claims to achieve not every variation, replica- governing all creatures, and the ultimate protocol from a tion, and surviving piece the process for determining practical, religious, or moral of data is useful, as Darwin the most desirable behaviors perspective by adopting all- quickly identified. “Natural (and in the case of humans, powerful, unquestionable selection is daily and hourly ideas) is entirely innate; for commandments, the flame scrutinizing, throughout the deliberation over philosophy, of unyielding improvement world, every variation, even science, history, policy, and is extinguished, the upward Pursue your Interests at the Museum of Science!

Free Film Fridays at the Mugar Omni Theater: Every Friday Lost Egypt: Ancient Secrets, Modern Science: See archae- throughout the month: March 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30, all Omni ologists uncover the city of builders of the world’s first sky- films are free for museum goers, thanks to MathWorks. Visi- scrapers: the pyramids. Who were the tens of thousands of tors can pick up free tickets at the Museum box office on people who built these massive structures? Modern science the day of the show only, first come, first served. Limit two illuminates our understanding of the ancient past in this ex- shows per guest. hibit, opening Sunday, May 27.

Geckos: Tails to Toepads: a temporary exhibit that introduces Explore the Universe: Live!: This live show in the Charles visitors to the remarkable diversity of these lizards with bold Hayden Planetarium enables visitors to take off with a Plan- back-lighted graphics, engaging interactives and living ex- etarium educator as your star pilot. Fly through the solar amples from around the world. Lush, naturalistic habitats system, Milky Way, and beyond as you explore cosmic mys- anchor the exhibition and draw audiences into the geckos’ teries, see how objects interact in space, and hear about mis- realm. Visitors can experience gecko night vision, listen to sions that are helping us understand the universe today. gecko voices, learn unusual facts from gecko experts, try to spot camouflaged geckos, and build a custom gecko for vari- Reproduced with Permission ous environments. The exhibition also presents cutting edge science, from the race to catalog and classify gecko diversity to unraveling the mysteries of gecko adhesion. On exhibit at the Museum January 22-May 6, 2012.

To The Arctic: Opening Friday, April 20 at the Mugar Omni Theater, To The Arctic is the ultimate tale of survival. This large-format film gives an unprecedented glimpse into the lives of a mother polar bear and her two seven-month-old cubs as they navi- gate the changing Arctic wilderness they call home. Capti- vating, adventurous, and intimate footage immerses you in this family’s struggle to survive in a frigid environment of immense glaciers, melting ice, spectacular waterfalls, and majestic snow-bound peaks. http://www.sciencedaily.com/ Yasunia BY KENT CHAN specimen and the sample lacked sufficient detail needed for CLASS II its identification. As a result, additional samples were collected and it was subse Many people may not find botany an interesting field, but new findings can certainly be noteworthy, as seen in the quently determined that the new specimens did not conform discovery of Yasunia, identified from samples gifted to the to any of the Neotropical genera of Lauraceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. What makes this discovery re- This discovery has excited many botanists, including Henk markable is that it is quite a rare occurrence that a new gen- van der Werff, head of the Monographic Studies Department era is identified, even though hundreds of plant species are at the Missouri Botanical Garden, who lauded the discov- identified every year. Generally in a new species, plants tend ery as “an extremely rare and exciting scenario.” He noted to have different minor characteristics than their closest rela- the rarity of such an occurrence, as a new genus is usually tives. However in a new genera, plants tend to have differ- “associated with only one species. It is very unusual to find ent major characteristics compared to their relatives, which two new species belonging to the same new genus. Yasunia contributes to its rarity. with two new species is one of those very rare cases.” What makes this discovery important is that the DNA of the two Although Yasunia was identified recently, it was actually dis- Yasunia species may ultimately alter the way we determine covered in 1993, when MBG staff member David Neill col- the classification of the plant family, which will bring major lected a sample in Ecuador. However, it was an undetermined changes in the field of botany. Solar Lamps – Making the World a Better Place One Lamp at a Time BY RONY THOMAS CLASS II

kerosene lamp burns for four hours a day, it discharges over 100kg of CO2 in a year. In addition, the potential health risks introduced by these lamps are just as appalling. Since most of these lamps are burned indoors, cases of fatal respiratory issues are very common in people, especially children who use these lamps to study. Just as widespread are stories of house fires and deaths related to burning these lamps. It may seem that there is no way for these people to escape from this poisonous reality. And that was the case until recently, when a cheap alternative, solar lamps, was introduced to replace these noxious lamps. Amit Chugh, the co-founder of Cosmos Ignite, a New Delhi based company, announced that they had created the “MightyLight”, a rugged, portable, water http://www.theismaili.org/ proof solar lamp that runs for 12 hours on a single charge and Think about a day in your life. How many times do you turn retails for only $25. This cost effective substitute not only on a light switch to instantly illuminate your surroundings? eliminates the environmental and health risks, but also saves Electricity is a necessity for our modern lives and yet it is the buyer a substantial amount of money in a short amount mind blowing to think that over 20% of the earth’s popula- of time when compared to kerosene lamps. And it is not just tion does not have the luxury of a light switch. According to Cosmos Ignite that markets this product. At the recent Light- the International Energy Agency, of the 7 odd billion humans ing Africa Conference held in Nairobi, it was estimated that on Earth, about 1.3 billion do not have access to electricity. there were about 50 companies promoting similar off-grid From the shantytowns of Africa to the rural villages of the lighting alternatives. What these companies have proven is Indian subcontinent and substandard housing colonies of that with a little motivation and innovative thinking, we can Latin America, people rely on kerosene and other fossil fuels, make the world a better place to live for everyone, one lamp as their primary source of light. This form of “dirty light” at a time. burns nearly 77 billion liters of fuel as well as $38 billion of its impecunious users annually. The burning of such fuels on a large scale is truly “dirty” as it releases immense amounts of green house gases into the atmosphere. If one

EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORS-IN-CHIEF WRITERS

Kent Chan II Rony Thomas II Emily Chang I Andrew Sun II Jack Tan I LAYOUT EDITORS William Corbett I Alex Hsia IV Tony Tang II Nicole Gildea III

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://blog.ga.naturesgardendelivered.com/?p=352 http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-11/worlds-lightest-material-9999-percent-air http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/prop12apr99_1/ http://investigation.discovery.com/tv/extreme-forensics/forensics-dictionary-406x258.jpg http://www.theismaili.org/assets/8/3900.jpg http://images.sciencedaily.com/2011/03/110330192548-large.jpg