Index

References to illustrations are in italics, e.g. 16.

Abel, Theodore, 32 antisemitism, 6–7, 11, 23, 24–26, 27–28, Abyssinia, invasion (1935), 115 109–110, 133, 134, 149–164, 167–174 Adenauer, Konrad, 216 Final Solution, 149–150, 158–174, agricultural policy, 98–99 214–220, 228 Ahnenerbe (Ancestral Heritage), 90 pre-war policies, 83–86 air force see Luftwaffe (German air force); Antwerp, 200 Royal Air Force (British) appeasement, 115, 119, 125–126 air war, 134–135, 185–187, 204, 227, 228 Arab nationalism, 213–214 moral issues, 172, 186–187 architecture, 87–88 Allied war strategy, 145–146, 172, Arendt, Hannah, 155, 168 182–184, 185, 198–200 aristocracy, loss of political power, 197 Aly, Götz, 152 armaments industry, 98, 99, 100–101, Amann, Max, 27 187–188, 190–191, 201–203 Améry, Jean, 173 army (Reichswehr, Wehrmacht) Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), conscription, 114 115, 227 loyalties, 52, 54, 203, 205 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 170 plots against Hitler, 118–119, 195–196 annexations, 117–119, 227 technological innovation, 201–203 Austria, 117–118,COPYRIGHTED 227 war crimes, MATERIAL 126–127, 132, 140–141 Czechoslovakia, 118–119 in the Weimar Republic, 15–16 Poland, 92, 124–127 “Aryans,” x, 5, 70–78, 171–172 Anschluss, 117–118, 227 “asocials,” 80–81, 83 Anti-Comintern Pact (1937), 117 assassination plots, 161, 192, 193, anti-intellectualism, 76–77 194–197, 228

Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths, First Edition. Catherine Epstein. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Atlantic, Battle of the (1939–1945), Bormann, Martin, 60, 203, 204, 207 183–184 Bouhler, Philipp, 153, 154 Auschwitz, 158–161, 163–164, 165–166, Brack, Viktor, 153 167, 170, 172, 173, 228 Brandt, Karl, 153 Austria, 6, 114, 117–118, 227 Braun, Eva, 207 during World War I, 7–8 Braun, Wernher von, 202 autarky (Four-Year Plan), 100–102 Brecht, Berthold, 51 authoritarianism, 2, 14, 39–40, 49, 50–52 Breker, Arno, 87 autobahn system, 105–106 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 9–10 Broszat, Martin, 112 Babi Yar, 228 Browning, Christopher, 158, 168–169 Backe, Herbert, 142 Brundage, Avery, 116 balance of payments, 99–100 Brüning, Heinrich, 33–34, 37, 38, 226 Balkans, 136 Bühler, Josef, 159–160 Baranowski, Shelley, 104–105 Bulge, Battle of (1944), 200, 228 Barbarossa, Frederick I, 4, 136–137 Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of Barmen Declaration (1934), 108 German Girls), 74–76, 128 Battle of Britain (1940), 134–135 Battle of the Atlantic, 183–184 Canaris, Wilhelm, 196 Battle of the Bulge (1944), 200, 228 Casablanca Conference (1943), 195, 228 Bavaria, 23, 24–29, 57 Catholic Center Party, 14–15, 33, 47–48 Beauty of Labor (Schönheit der Arbeit), 103 Catholicism, 7, 49, 51, 108–110, 129, Beck, Ludwig, 118 153–154, 172 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28–29, 53, 225 Caucasus, 180, 184–185 Belarus, 198 censorship, 46, 51–52, 169, 170–171 Belgium, 131 book burning, 51, 226 Berghof, 62 film industry, 89–90 Berlin, 87–88, 134–135 self-censorship, 191 Olympic Games, 82–83, 115–116, 227 Center Party (Catholic Center Party), Berlin Wall, fall of, 212–213 14–15, 33, 47–48 Bielski brothers, 169 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 6 biology, research programs, 92 Chamberlain, Neville, 118–119 Birkenau, 164 charismatic leadership, 31, 32, 63–65 Bismarck, Otto von, 2–3 Chełmno, 163, 173, 228 Blackbourn, David, 3 children blacks, persecution of, 12, 80, 99 Hitler Youth, 50–51, 73–76 Blitz (1940–1941), 134–135, 227 massacres of, 157, 162–163, 198, Blitzkrieg, 125–126, 131–132 205–206 Bloch, Eduard, 22 Christian values, 6, 55, 107, 109–110, 195 Blomberg, Werner von, 46, 52, 54, 117 Churchill, Winston, 135, 195, 203, 228 Bloxham, Donald, 173 citizenship, 84–85 bombing raids, 172, 185–187, 204, 228 civil liberties, 47, 59, 226 on Britain, 134–135, 227 civil service, 50, 52, 60–62, 191, 226 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 108 civilians, massacres of, 126–127, 141, book burning, 51, 226 144–145, 156–164, 167–169,

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197–198, 205–206 see also Darwin, Charles, 5 Final Solution death camps, 158, 159, 161–164, 165, 170, Clausewitz, Carl von, 131 173 see also concentration camps coercion, 36, 49, 97–98, 103, 107, 191, Death’s Head units, 58–59 204–205 decolonization, 213 collective consumption, 102–107 Decree for the Protection of the German colonialism, 4–5, 142–145, 173 People (1933), 46 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 16, democracy, 10–11, 13, 14–17, 18–19, 31 46–50, 196–197, 213, 216 resistance to Third Reich, 110–111 denazification, 214–217 suppression of, 46, 47, 48 Denmark, 130, 131 “Community Aliens,” 78–86, 88 Depression, 33–34 community groups, Nazification of, Der ewige Jude (film), 90, 150 50–51 Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor compulsory sterilization, 79–80, 83 Front), 102–105 concentration camps, 58–59, 81, 110, 111, Diary of Anne Frank, 218 133, 173, 226, 228 Die Rothschilds (film), 90 forced labor, 88, 133, 160–161, disabled, “euthanasia” of, 152–154 163–164, 188–191, 218–219 displaced persons, 211–212, 217–218 medical experiments on prisoners, 163, Dix, Otto, 51 166–167, 215 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 114 treatment of POWs, 126, 132, 133, Dönitz, Karl, 207 140–141, 188–189 Dora-Mittelbau camp, 190–191 see also death camps Dresden, 204, 228 Concordat (1933), 109 Drexler, Anton, 25, 27 Condor Legion, 117 Dreyfus Affair, 6 Confessing Church, 108 conscription, 114, 227 East Germany, 212–213, 215–216, 218 conservation, 105–107 Eastern Europe conservatives, 39–40, 111, 195 Nazi occupation of, 127–130, 139–145 constitution, 2–3, 5, 36, 47–48, 225, 226 Russian front, 136–139, 180–182 coups d’état, attempted, 15–16, 118–119 after World War II, 211–213, 215–216, 218 Beer Hall Putsch, 28–29, 53, 225 Ebert, Friedrich, 15 courts, legality of, 59–60, 191 Eckart, Dietrich, 27 crimes against humanity, 162–163, economy, 98–107, 111, 113, 187–193 167–169, 173–174, 214–217 collective consumption, 102–107 criminal biology, 80–81 effect of war reparations on, 12–13, cruises, 103–104, 105 16–17, 33–34, 37, 99–100 currency devaluation, 99–100 imports and exports, 99–100 Czechoslovakia, 118–119, 197–198 industrialization, 3 military production, 201–203 D-Day landings (1944), 198–200, 228 and slave labor, 160–161, 163–164, Dachau, 58, 226 189–191, 218–219 Danzig, 11, 125, 129 Wall Street Crash, 32–33, 226 Darré, Walther, 99 Weimar Republic, 16–17, 18, 225, 226

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Edelweiss Pirates, 193 forest conservation, 106 education, 76–77, 109 Four-Year Plan, 100–102 Eichmann, Adolf, 158, 215 France, 227–228 Eicke, Theodor, 58 antisemitism, 6, 133 Einstein, Albert, 50, 91 colonial army units, 11–12, 99 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 198, 199 foreign policy, 114–115, 118–119, Eisner, Kurt, 24 125–126 El Alamein, Battle of (1942), 228 invasion and occupation, 131–134, 156 elections, 14–15, 32, 34–37, 38–39, 46–47, liberation of, 198–200, 228 114, 226 occupation of German territory, 11–12, Eley, Geoff, 3 225 Elsner, Georg, 192 during World War I, 7–9 Enabling Act (1933), 47–48, 226 Franco, Francisco, 117 Enemies (film), 90 Frank, Anne, 134, 218 environment, 105–107 Frank, Hans, 27 Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 7 (Gobineau), 5 Frederick I, “Barbarossa,” 4, 136–137 eugenics, 5–6, 71–72, 79–80, 129, 166, 189 Freisler, Roland, 191, 194, 196 European Union, 213 Frick, Wilhelm, 46, 48, 50, 57–58 “euthanasia,” 90, 109, 152–154 Friedländer, Saul, 25 ewige Jude, Der (film), 90, 150 Friedrich, Jörg, 186 expansionism, 116–119 Fritsch, Werner von, 52, 117 exports, 99–100 Fromm, Friedrich, 196 fundamentalism, 213–214 fascism, 14 Feder, Gottfried, 25 Galen, Clemens August, Cardinal von, federalism, 61 153–154 Feinde (film), 90 gassing, 153–154, 157–158, 163, 165, 228 film industry, 89–90, 150–152 Gauleiters, 60–61, 128, 129, 204 Final Solution, 149–150, 158–174, Gellately, Robert, 191 214–220, 228 Geneva Convention, 126 perpetrators, 162–163, 167–169, genocide, 5, 149–174, 217, 228 173–174, 214–217 Gerlach, Christian, 152, 159 resistance to, 165 German-Africans (“Rhineland bastards”), Finland, 130 12, 80 Flossenbürg, 88 German Christians, 107–108 food shortages, 101, 133, 140–141, 142, German Democratic Party (DDP), 15 152, 154, 161, 169, 187, 189, 204 German Labor Front (DAF), 102–105 forced labor, 88, 133, 160–161, 163–164, German National People’s Party (DNVP), 188–191, 218–219 32, 46, 48 foreign policy, 114–119, 124–125, 152, German People’s Party (DVP), 33, 49 226–227 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact German Empire, 4–5 (1934), 114, 125, 227 and public opinion, 115, 119, 172 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact foreign workers, 188–189 (1939), 124–125, 227

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Germany Harnack, Arvid, 192 constitution, 2–3, 5, 36, 47–48, Harrer, Karl, 25 225, 226 health policy, 78 Third Reich see Third Reich Heimkehr (film), 90 unification, 2–3, 225 Heine, Heinrich, 51, 84 Weimar Republic see Weimar Republic hereditary illness, and sterilization, 79–80 before World War I, 2–7 Herero people, 5 during World War I, 7–14, 225 Herf, Jeffrey, 152, 213–214 after World War II, 211–213, 214–217 Hess, Rudolf, 27, 60, 63 Gestapo, 57, 58, 111, 171, 191 Heydrich, Reinhard, 56, 57, 159, 161, Gewarth, Robert, 144–145 164, 197 ghettos, 154–155, 158, 165, 169–170, 227, 228 Himmler, Heinrich, 53, 55–59, 81, 82, Gleichschaltung (Coordination), 50–52, 117 127–128, 129, 189–190, 203, 204 Globocnik, Odilo, 158 administrative duties, 191 Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de, 5 and the Final Solution, 156–158, Goda, Norman, 135 159–164, 167 Goebbels, Joseph, 1, 30, 39, 50, 116, 142, suicide, 207 203–204, 207 Hindenburg, Paul von, 8, 9, 10, 33, 38, 39, censorship, 51, 89–90 40, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54, 226, 227 and the film industry, 91–92 Hitler, Adolf “Total War” speech (1943), 179, 228 antisemitism, 23, 24–25, 30, 151–152 Goerdeler, Carl, 111, 195 assassination attempts, 192, 194–197, 228 Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, 168 Berlin Olympics, 116 Göring, Hermann, 27, 46, 47–48, 57, 106, birth and early life, 22–23, 225 207, 227 as Chancellor, 46–54, 226 governance, 50–52, 60–65, 117, 158–161, 199 cultural policies, 51–52, 86–91 Great Britain economic policies, 98–107, 111, 113 air war, 134–135, 172, 185–187, 204 educational policies, 76–77, 109 foreign policy, 4, 114–115, 117, and the Final Solution, 158–161 118–119, 125–126, 227 foreign policy, 113–119, 124–125, military strategy, 172, 182–184, 145–146, 152, 226–227 198–200 as Führer, 54–55, 60–61, 63–64, 199, during World War I, 9 203, 227 Great Inflation, 16–17 lifestyle, 37, 62–63 Greece, 136 Mein Kampf, 23, 24, 62, 226 Greiser, Arthur, 128, 129 military strategy, 123–124, 125–127, Greiser, Ingrid, 155 130–132, 134–135, 145–146, Groener, Wilhelm, 15 180–182, 183–185, 199, 200, Gropius, Walter, 51 201–205, 227 Gypsies see Roma prison sentences, 29, 30, 226 relations with Gauleiters, 60–61 Halder, Franz, 137, 138 relations with SA, 52–54 Hamburg, 186, 187, 228 speeches, 26, 28, 32, 151–152 Handel, Georg Friedrich, 90 suicide, 207, 228 Harlan, Veit, 150 during World War I, 23–25

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Hitler, Klara, 22 refugees, 86, 158, 217–218 Hitler Youth, 31, 73–76, 193 resistance to Third Reich, 155, Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen), 169–170, 171–172 168 slave laborers, 160–161, 163–164, Holocaust (Shoah), 149–164, 167–174, 189–191 218–219, 228 Soviet Jews, 156–158 Homecoming (film), 90 violence against, 49, 85–86, 126–127, homelessness, criminalization of, 80–81 133, 134, 227 homosexuals, 17–18, 79, 81–82, 166 Holocaust (Shoah), 149–164, Hossbach Memorandum (1937), 117, 227 167–174, 218–219, 228 Hugenberg, Alfred, 32, 46 Jud Süss (film), 90, 150 Hull, Isabel, 5 July 20 plot (1944), 194–197, 228 human experiments, 163, 166–167, 215 Jung, Edgar, 53 human rights, 126, 217–218 Hungarian Jews, 164 Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 29, 53 hyperinflation, 16–17, 33–34 Kaplan, Marion, 85 Kapp, Wolfgang, 16 Ich Klage an (I accuse) (film), 90 Kerrl, Hanns, 108 IG Farben, 163–164 Kershaw, Ian, 65, 112, 171 imports, 99–100 Klee, Paul, 51 infrastructure, 105–106, 186–187, Koch, Erich, 142 190, 204 Kovner, Abba, 169 inheritance rights, 99 Kraft durch Freude (Strength Through intelligence operations, 56, 58, 137, 183, Joy), 103–105, 205 184, 199, 203 Kriegsmarine (German Navy 1935– Inter-Allied Reparations Committee, 12 1945), 15, 183–184, 202 international law, 214–218 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass, Islamic fundamentalism, 213–214 1938), 85–86, 227 Israel, 213, 218 Kursk, Battle of (1943), 185, 228 Italy, 14, 185, 215 foreign policy, 114, 117, 118, 124 labor unions, 15, 31, 226 suppression of, 48, 50, 111–112 Jackson, Robert H., 214 Lammers, Hans-Heinrich, 62 Japan, 117, 124, 146 Lang, Fritz, 51 Jaskot, Paul, 88 Lange, Herbert, 157–158 jazz, 90–91 Law Against Dangerous Habitual Jehovah’s Witnesses, 110 Criminals (1933), 81 Jewish Combat Organization (ZOB), 170 Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Jewish Councils, 155 Hereditary Diseases (1933), 79–80, Jews 83 persecution of, 6–7, 11, 83–86, Law for the Protection of German Blood 126–127, 149–158, 166–167, and Honor (1935), 84 173–174, 226, 228 Law for the Restoration of the Polish Jews, 126–127, 154–156, Professional Civil Service (1933), 161–164 50, 52, 226

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Law on Hereditary Landholding (1933), medical experiments, 163, 166–167, 215 99 Mein Kampf (1925), 23, 24, 62, 226 leadership styles, 30, 32, 63–65, 203 Meiser, Hans, 108 League of German Girls (BDM), 74–76, memory, 218–219 128 men, and reproductive policies, 71, 79, 80, League of Nations, 11, 18, 114, 115, 81, 189 213, 226 Mendelssohn, Felix, 90 Lebensraum, 116–119, 127–130 Mengele, Josef, 163, 167, 215 left-wing movements, 15–16, 24–25, Middle East, 213–214 31, 46–48 militarism, 13–14 resistance to Third Reich, 110–111, military equipment, production, 201–203 192–193 modernism, 17–18 during World War I, 9 Moltke, Helmuth von, 195 leisure activities, 103–105 Montgomery, Bernard Law (“Monty”), lesbians, 82 183, 199 Levi, Primo, 164 Moscow, Battle of (1941), 138–139, 180 Lévinas, Emmanuel, 174 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 90 Ley, Robert, 60, 102–103, 104 Müller, Ludwig, 107–108 Lichtenberg, Bernhard, 110 Munich, 24–25, 28–29, 189, 225 Lidice massacre, 197–198 Munich Agreement (1938), 118–119, 227 Liebknecht, Karl, 16 music, 91–92, 193 Linz, 22, 87–88, 118 Mussolini, Benito, 14, 185, 228 Lippe, 40 foreign policy, 114, 117, 118 Łódz,́ 154, 158 invasion of Abyssinia, 115 London, 134–135, 202, 227 Lubbe, Marinus van der, 47 National Socialist German Workers’ Party Ludendorff, Erich von, 8, 9, 10, 29 (NSDAP) see Nazi Party (NSDAP) Lueger, Karl, 6 nationalism, 3–5, 6–7, 25–26, 31, 167, Luftwaffe (German air force), 114, 195 134–135, 185–187, 227 navy, 4, 115, 183–184, 202 Lüttwitz, Walther von, 16 Nazi Party (NSDAP), 25–41 Luxemburg, Rosa, 16 early history, 25–32, 225 electoral support for, 36–37, 54, 114, Madagascar, 156 115, 118 Majdanek, 161 policy-making, 45–65, 76–77, 117, Malinowski, Stefan, 144–145 158–161 Manifesto of Twenty-Five Points, 26–27 race policies see race Mann, Thomas, 51 rise to power, 32–41 Manstein, Erich von, 131 and state bureaucracy, 50, 52, 60–62, Marr, Wilhelm, 6 204 Mauthausen, 88 use of propaganda, 28, 51–52, 54–55, Mayr, Karl, 25 87, 105, 116, 150–152, 196 media see also Third Reich censorship of, 51–52, 169, 170–171 Nebe, Arthur, 157, 158 foreign press, 49 Netherlands, 134, 218

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Neurath, Konstantin von, 116, 117 partisans, in occupied Europe, 133–134, “New Woman,” 17–18 141, 197–198 newspapers, censorship, 51–52, 169, party-state, 45–65 170–171 Pastors’ Emergency League, 108 Niemöller, Martin, 108, 111 Paulus, Friedrich, 228 Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht, Pearl Harbor (1941), 146, 228 1938), 85–86, 227 People’s Court, 59, 191, 194 Night of the Long Knives (1934), 52–54, Pétain, Philippe, 132–133 55, 227 Phony War (1939–1940), 130 Nisko Plan, 156 Pius XII, 172 Normandy landings (1944), 198–200, 228 plebiscites (referendums), 54, 114, 115, 118 North Africa, 182–183, 228 Pohl, Oswald, 189 Norway, 130–131 Poland NSDAP (National Socialist German foreign policy, 114, 124, 227 Workers’ Party) see Nazi Party invasion of, 92, 124–127 (NSDAP) Nazi occupation of, 127–130 Nuremberg, 87 persecution of Polish Jews, 126–127, Nuremberg Race Laws (1935), 84–85, 227 154–156, 161–164 Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946), 214–217 resistance to Third Reich, 155 after World War II, 212 ODESSA, 215 policing, 36, 55–61 Olbricht, Friedrich, 195–196 and the SS, 55–59, 191 Oldenburg, 109 suppression of dissent, 46, 47, 48, 76, Olympia (film), 89, 116 110–113, 191, 194, 196–197 Olympic Games (1936), 82–83, 115–116, 227 Polish Home Army, 228 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 5 Pope (Pius XII), 172 one-party rule, 45–65 Porsche, Ferdinand, 105 Operation Barbarossa (1941), 136–139 prisoners, 58–59, 81, 110, 160–167 Operation Gomorrah (1943), 186, 187, 228 death marches, 206 Operation Reinhard (1941–1943), forced labor, 88, 160–161, 163–164, 161–164 188–191 Operation Tannenberg (1939), 126 medical experiments on, 163, 166–167, Operation Torch (1942), 183, 228 215 Operation Valkyrie (1944), 195–196 treatment of POWs, 126, 132, 133, Oradour-sur-Glane, 198 140–141, 188–189 Ordinary Men (Browning), 168–169 professional organizations, Nazification of, Ostforschung, 92 50–51 Overy, Richard, 186, 201 propaganda, 28, 51–52, 54–55, 87, 105, Owens, Jesse, 116 116, 150–152, 196 Protestantism, 107–108 package tours, 103–105 Prussia, 38, 49–50, 57, 105, 129, 201, 212, 226 Palestine, 86, 213 public opinion, 97–113 Papen, Franz von, 38, 39–40, 41, 46, 53, 226 on censorship, 52, 90–91 paramilitary groups, 14, 27–28, 36, 37, on economic and environmental policy, 49–50, 52–54, 55, 56 97–107

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on education policy, 77 Reich Citizenship Law (1935), 84–85 against euthanasia, 153–154 Reich Food Estate, 99 on the Final Solution, 155, 169, Reich Labor Service, 91, 98, 106–107 170–172 Reich Nature Protection Law (1935), on foreign policy, 119 106–107 SA violence, 36, 49, 53–54 Reichenau, Walther von, 52, 54, 139–140 purges, 50, 52, 196–197, 226 Reichstag fire (1933), 47, 59, 226 Reichswehr see army Quisling, Vidkun, 130–131 Reinhardt Plan, 98–99 religion and politics, 6–7, 47–48, 63, race, xi, 69–93 107–110, 129, 195 see also Jews antisemitism, 6–7, 83–86, 109–110, reparations (World War I), 12–13, 16, 149–164, 167–174 33–34, 37, 99–100 “Aryans,” x, 70–78, 171–172 reproductive policies, 71–72, 79–80, 129, civil service purges, 50, 52 166, 189 and colonialism, 4–5, 144–145, 173 research agendas, Nazi influence on, “Community Aliens,” 78–86 91–92 concentration camps, 58–59, 81, 88, 91, Resistenz, definition, 112 226, 228 restitution (World War II), 218–219 eugenics, 5–6, 71–72, 79–80, 129, 166, 189 Rhineland, 11–12, 80, 115, 227 Final Solution, 149–150, 158–174, 228 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 117 resistance to, 153–154, 155, 165, Riefenstahl, Leni, 54–55, 89 169–170, 171–172 Ritter, Robert, 83 German-Africans (“Rhineland Robert und Bertram (film), 90 bastards”), 12, 80 Röhm Affair (Night of the Long Knives, ghettos, 154–155, 158, 165, 169–170, 1934), 52–54, 55, 227 227, 228 Röhm, Ernst, 27, 37, 52–53, 55 and the Olympic Games, 115–116 Roma, 82–83, 164–166 Roma, 82–83, 164–166 Rommel, Erwin, 182–183, 196, 198 scientific racism, 5–6, 83, 92 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 135, 145–146, Slavs, 128–129, 139–145 195, 203, 228 SS policy, 56 Rosenberg, Alfred, 27, 141–142 and treatment of POWs, 126, 132, Rothschilds, Die (film), 90 133, 140–141, 189 Royal Air Force (British), 134–135, 172, Rademacher, Franz, 156 185–187, 204, 228 radio broadcasts, 51, 170–171 Russia, 6, 7–8, 9–10 see also Soviet Union rape, as war crime, 206 Raubal, Geli, 37 SA (Sturmabteilung), 27–28, 36, 37, Ravensbrück, 59, 167 49–50, 52–54, 55, 56, 227 rearmament, 98, 99, 100–101, 114–119 Saar region, 11, 114, 227 Red Army, 137–139 Sachsenhausen, 58–59 Red Cross, 215 Sauckel, Fritz, 187 referendums, 54, 114, 115, 118 Scandinavia, 130–131 refugees, 205–206, 211–212, 217–218 Schacht, Hjalmar, 99–100 Reich Cinema Law (1934), 91–92 Schirach, Baldur von, 73–74

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Schleicher, Kurt von, 38, 39–40, 53, 226 SS (Schutzstaffel), 53, 54, 55–59, Schoenberg, Arnold, 51, 90 189–191 Scholl, Hans and Sophie, 194, 228 massacres of civilians, 126–127, Schönerer, Georg, Ritter von, 23 156–164, 167–169, 197–198 schools, 76–77, 109 Stahlhelm, 46 Schroeder, Kurt von, 40 Stalin, Josef, 125, 137–139, 182, 203 Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 192 Stalingrad, Battle of (1943), 180–182, Schuschnigg, Kurt, 118 184, 228 science, 91–92, 201–203 starvation, 133, 140–141, 142, 152, scientific racism, 5–6, 83, 92 162–163 sculpture, 87 Stauffenberg, Claus von, 195–196 SD (Sicherheitsdient), 56–58, 203 Sterilization Law (1933), 79–80, 83 Seldte, Franz, 46 Stinnes-Legien Agreement (1918), 15 self-censorship, 191 storm troopers (SA), 27–28, 36, 37, 49–50, Serbia, 7–8 52–54, 55, 56, 227 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 118 Strasser, Gregor, 30, 31, 39–40, 53, 55 Shoah (Holocaust), 149–164, 167–174, strategic bombing, morality of, 172, 218–219, 228 186–187 Silesia, 105, 129, 160, 212 Streicher, Julius, 27–28 single-party rule, 45–65 Strength Through Joy, 103–105, 205 slave labor, 160–161, 163–164, 189–191, Stroop, Jürgen, 170 218–219 students, 31–32, 51, 193–194 Slavs, Nazi persecution of, 128–129, Stürmer, Michael, 218–219 139–145 submarines, 183–184, 202 Sobibór, 170 Sudetenland, 118–119, 227 social Darwinism, 5 surrender, 228 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 3, 7, 9, Survival in Auschwitz (Levi), 164 13–14, 16, 18, 31, 226 Sweden, 130, 131 opposition to Enabling Act, 47, 48 Swing Youth, 193 resistance to Third Reich, 111, 115, 119 suppression of, 46, 48 T4 operation, 153–154 Sonderweg thesis, 2–3 Taylor, A.J.P., 2 Soviet Union, 158, 159, 180–182, technological innovation, 190–191, 184–185, 200–201, 228 201–203 foreign policy, 117, 124–125, 227 Third Reich invasion and occupation, 136–145 agricultural policy, 98–99 massacres of German civilians, 205–206 annexations and conquests, 115, military production, 201 117–119, 127–130, 132–134, 162, Soviet Jews, 156–158 197–198, 227 after World War II, 201, 212 armaments industry, 98, 99, 100–101, see also Russia 187–188, 190–191, 201–203 Spanish civil war, 117 and Christianity, 107–110 Spartacist Uprising (1919), 15–16 cultural policies, 86–91 “special path” (Sonderweg) thesis, 2–3 denunciation of dissidents, 76, 112, Speer, Albert, 87–88, 187–188, 202, 203, 204 191, 194

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escape routes for war criminals, Treaty of Versailles (1919), 11–13, 215–217 114–115, 119 “euthanasia” campaign, 90, 109, Treblinka, 161–162, 170, 173, 228 152–154 Tresckow, Henning von, 195 foreign policy, 114–119, 145–146, 159, Triumph of the Will (film), 54–55, 89 226–227 Trotha, Lothar von, 5 governance and decision-making, 50–52, 60–65, 117, 158–161, U-boats, 183–184, 202 199, 203 Uhrig, Robert, 192 imposition of single-party rule, 45–65 Ukraine, 137, 138, 142, 144 legacy, 211–220 unconditional surrender, 195, 228 military strategy, 123–124, 125–127, unemployment, 33–34, 71, 98–99, 102, 113 130–132, 134–135, 145–146, criminalization of, 80–81, 83 180–182, 183–185, 199, 200, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 201–205, 227 (USSR) see Soviet Union police and law courts, 55–61, 191, 194 unions, 15, 31, 226 public support for, x, 49, 52, 53–54, 77, suppression of, 48, 50, 111–112 90–91, 92–93, 97–107, 115, 119, United Partisans Organization, 169 155, 170–172 United States, 159, 228 race policies, xi, 50, 52, 69–93, immigration policy, 86 226–227, 228 military production, 135, 145, 201 antisemitism, 83–86, 109–110, military strategy, 145–146, 172, 149–164, 167–174, 214–220 182–184, 185, 198–200 resistance to, 128, 133–134, 153–154, public opinion in, 84 155, 165, 169–170, 171–172 during World War I, 9 research questions, x–xi, 45, 173–174, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 180, 219, 220 (1948), 217 resistance to, 107–113, 118–119, 128, universities, Nazification of, 50, 51, 133–134, 153–154, 165, 169–170, 91–92 171–172, 192–198 Untermenschen, 128–129, 139–145 schools and universities, 50, 51, 76–77, USSR see Soviet Union 91–92, 109 surrender, 195, 207, 211, 228 V-2 rocket production, 190–191, 202 see also Nazi Party (NSDAP) vagrancy, criminalization of, 80–81 Thorak, Josef, 87 van der Lubbe, Marinus, 47 Thule Society, 26 Vatican, 109–110, 172, 215, 226 Tirailleurs Sénégalais, 99 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 11–13, Tobruk, 182–183, 228 114–115, 119 Todt, Fritz, 105–106, 187 veterans, reintegration into civilian life, Tooze, Adam, 188 13–14 “total war,” 9, 179–207 Vichy France, 132–134 totalitarianism, 50–62 visual art, and “Aryan” values, 86–87 tourism, 103–105 Völkischer Beobachter (newspaper), 27 treason, prosecution of, 59 Volkssturm, 204 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 9–10 Volkswagen, 105

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Wagner, Richard, 6, 22 rape, 206 Wall Street Crash (1929), 32–33, 226 and reproductive policies, 71–72, 80, 189 Wannsee Conference (1942), 159–160, 228 as workers, x, 72–73, 188, 189 war crimes, perpetrators, 126–127, 132, work creation programs, 33, 91, 98–99, 140–141, 167–169, 173–174, 186, 106–107 214–217 workers’ movement, 15–16, 24–25, 31, Warsaw, 155, 169–170, 228 46–48 Warthegau, 128, 129–130 resistance to Third Reich, 110–111, weapons, technological innovation, 92, 192–193 190–191, 201–203 during World War I, 9 Wehrmacht see army World War I, 7–14, 23–24 Weill, Kurt, 51 legacy, 10–14, 16–17, 33–34, 37, Weimar Republic, 14–19, 28–41 99–100 culture, 17–18, 51 World War II, 123–146, 179–207 economy, 16–17, 31–34, 37, 225, 226 air war, 134–135, 172, 185–187, 204, failure of, 33–34 227, 228 legal code, 59–60 Battle of the Atlantic, 183–184 Wels, Otto, 48 Blitzkrieg, 125–126, 130–132 Werewolf, 204 D-Day landings, 198–200 West Germany, 212–213, 215, 218–219 Eastern front, 180–182, 184–185 Western Europe (German) Home Front, 187–197, 204 invasion and occupation, 130–134, 227 legacy, 211–220 liberation of, 198–200, 228 military production, 201–203 during World War I, 8–9 North Africa, 182–183 White Rose, 194, 228 in occupied Europe, 127–130, 132–134, Wilder, Billy, 51 139–145, 156 wildlife conservation, 106 partisans and resistance groups, 133–134, Wildt, Michael, 167 169–170, 171–172, 197–198 Wilhelm Gustloff (ship), 205 peace terms, 195, 228 William I, 2 Polish invasion, 92, 124–127 William II, 3, 10, 12–13 Russian invasion, 136–139 Wilson, Woodrow, 10 war crimes, 126–127, 132, 167–169, Winter War (1939–1940), 130 173–174, 214–217 women, 70–73 associations and organizations, 50, yellow star, 158 74–76, 128 Young, James, 219 in concentration camps, 59, 167 youth, 31–32, 50–51, 73–76 lesbians, 82 opposition to Third Reich, 193–194 massacres of, 157, 162–163, 197–198, Yugoslavia, 136 205–206 in “mixed” marriages, 171 Zhukov, Georgi, 138 “New Woman,” 17–18 Zimmerer, Jürgen, 173

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