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Index References to illustrations are in italics, e.g. 16. Abel, Theodore, 32 antisemitism, 6–7, 11, 23, 24–26, 27–28, Abyssinia, invasion (1935), 115 109–110, 133, 134, 149–164, 167–174 Adenauer, Konrad, 216 Final Solution, 149–150, 158–174, agricultural policy, 98–99 214–220, 228 Ahnenerbe (Ancestral Heritage), 90 pre-war policies, 83–86 air force see Luftwaffe (German air force); Antwerp, 200 Royal Air Force (British) appeasement, 115, 119, 125–126 air war, 134–135, 185–187, 204, 227, 228 Arab nationalism, 213–214 moral issues, 172, 186–187 architecture, 87–88 Allied war strategy, 145–146, 172, Arendt, Hannah, 155, 168 182–184, 185, 198–200 aristocracy, loss of political power, 197 Aly, Götz, 152 armaments industry, 98, 99, 100–101, Amann, Max, 27 187–188, 190–191, 201–203 Améry, Jean, 173 army (Reichswehr, Wehrmacht) Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), conscription, 114 115, 227 loyalties, 52, 54, 203, 205 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 170 plots against Hitler, 118–119, 195–196 annexations, 117–119, 227 technological innovation, 201–203 Austria, 117–118,COPYRIGHTED 227 war crimes, MATERIAL 126–127, 132, 140–141 Czechoslovakia, 118–119 in the Weimar Republic, 15–16 Poland, 92, 124–127 “Aryans,” x, 5, 70–78, 171–172 Anschluss, 117–118, 227 “asocials,” 80–81, 83 Anti-Comintern Pact (1937), 117 assassination plots, 161, 192, 193, anti-intellectualism, 76–77 194–197, 228 Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths, First Edition. Catherine Epstein. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0002202347.indd 229 10/31/2014 11:08:29 AM Index Atlantic, Battle of the (1939–1945), Bormann, Martin, 60, 203, 204, 207 183–184 Bouhler, Philipp, 153, 154 Auschwitz, 158–161, 163–164, 165–166, Brack, Viktor, 153 167, 170, 172, 173, 228 Brandt, Karl, 153 Austria, 6, 114, 117–118, 227 Braun, Eva, 207 during World War I, 7–8 Braun, Wernher von, 202 autarky (Four-Year Plan), 100–102 Brecht, Berthold, 51 authoritarianism, 2, 14, 39–40, 49, 50–52 Breker, Arno, 87 autobahn system, 105–106 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 9–10 Broszat, Martin, 112 Babi Yar, 228 Browning, Christopher, 158, 168–169 Backe, Herbert, 142 Brundage, Avery, 116 balance of payments, 99–100 Brüning, Heinrich, 33–34, 37, 38, 226 Balkans, 136 Bühler, Josef, 159–160 Baranowski, Shelley, 104–105 Bulge, Battle of (1944), 200, 228 Barbarossa, Frederick I, 4, 136–137 Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of Barmen Declaration (1934), 108 German Girls), 74–76, 128 Battle of Britain (1940), 134–135 Battle of the Atlantic, 183–184 Canaris, Wilhelm, 196 Battle of the Bulge (1944), 200, 228 Casablanca Conference (1943), 195, 228 Bavaria, 23, 24–29, 57 Catholic Center Party, 14–15, 33, 47–48 Beauty of Labor (Schönheit der Arbeit), 103 Catholicism, 7, 49, 51, 108–110, 129, Beck, Ludwig, 118 153–154, 172 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28–29, 53, 225 Caucasus, 180, 184–185 Belarus, 198 censorship, 46, 51–52, 169, 170–171 Belgium, 131 book burning, 51, 226 Berghof, 62 film industry, 89–90 Berlin, 87–88, 134–135 self-censorship, 191 Olympic Games, 82–83, 115–116, 227 Center Party (Catholic Center Party), Berlin Wall, fall of, 212–213 14–15, 33, 47–48 Bielski brothers, 169 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 6 biology, research programs, 92 Chamberlain, Neville, 118–119 Birkenau, 164 charismatic leadership, 31, 32, 63–65 Bismarck, Otto von, 2–3 Chełmno, 163, 173, 228 Blackbourn, David, 3 children blacks, persecution of, 12, 80, 99 Hitler Youth, 50–51, 73–76 Blitz (1940–1941), 134–135, 227 massacres of, 157, 162–163, 198, Blitzkrieg, 125–126, 131–132 205–206 Bloch, Eduard, 22 Christian values, 6, 55, 107, 109–110, 195 Blomberg, Werner von, 46, 52, 54, 117 Churchill, Winston, 135, 195, 203, 228 Bloxham, Donald, 173 citizenship, 84–85 bombing raids, 172, 185–187, 204, 228 civil liberties, 47, 59, 226 on Britain, 134–135, 227 civil service, 50, 52, 60–62, 191, 226 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 108 civilians, massacres of, 126–127, 141, book burning, 51, 226 144–145, 156–164, 167–169, 230 0002202347.indd 230 10/31/2014 11:08:29 AM Index 197–198, 205–206 see also Darwin, Charles, 5 Final Solution death camps, 158, 159, 161–164, 165, 170, Clausewitz, Carl von, 131 173 see also concentration camps coercion, 36, 49, 97–98, 103, 107, 191, Death’s Head units, 58–59 204–205 decolonization, 213 collective consumption, 102–107 Decree for the Protection of the German colonialism, 4–5, 142–145, 173 People (1933), 46 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 16, democracy, 10–11, 13, 14–17, 18–19, 31 46–50, 196–197, 213, 216 resistance to Third Reich, 110–111 denazification, 214–217 suppression of, 46, 47, 48 Denmark, 130, 131 “Community Aliens,” 78–86, 88 Depression, 33–34 community groups, Nazification of, Der ewige Jude (film), 90, 150 50–51 Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor compulsory sterilization, 79–80, 83 Front), 102–105 concentration camps, 58–59, 81, 110, 111, Diary of Anne Frank, 218 133, 173, 226, 228 Die Rothschilds (film), 90 forced labor, 88, 133, 160–161, disabled, “euthanasia” of, 152–154 163–164, 188–191, 218–219 displaced persons, 211–212, 217–218 medical experiments on prisoners, 163, Dix, Otto, 51 166–167, 215 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 114 treatment of POWs, 126, 132, 133, Dönitz, Karl, 207 140–141, 188–189 Dora-Mittelbau camp, 190–191 see also death camps Dresden, 204, 228 Concordat (1933), 109 Drexler, Anton, 25, 27 Condor Legion, 117 Dreyfus Affair, 6 Confessing Church, 108 conscription, 114, 227 East Germany, 212–213, 215–216, 218 conservation, 105–107 Eastern Europe conservatives, 39–40, 111, 195 Nazi occupation of, 127–130, 139–145 constitution, 2–3, 5, 36, 47–48, 225, 226 Russian front, 136–139, 180–182 coups d’état, attempted, 15–16, 118–119 after World War II, 211–213, 215–216, 218 Beer Hall Putsch, 28–29, 53, 225 Ebert, Friedrich, 15 courts, legality of, 59–60, 191 Eckart, Dietrich, 27 crimes against humanity, 162–163, economy, 98–107, 111, 113, 187–193 167–169, 173–174, 214–217 collective consumption, 102–107 criminal biology, 80–81 effect of war reparations on, 12–13, cruises, 103–104, 105 16–17, 33–34, 37, 99–100 currency devaluation, 99–100 imports and exports, 99–100 Czechoslovakia, 118–119, 197–198 industrialization, 3 military production, 201–203 D-Day landings (1944), 198–200, 228 and slave labor, 160–161, 163–164, Dachau, 58, 226 189–191, 218–219 Danzig, 11, 125, 129 Wall Street Crash, 32–33, 226 Darré, Walther, 99 Weimar Republic, 16–17, 18, 225, 226 231 0002202347.indd 231 10/31/2014 11:08:29 AM Index Edelweiss Pirates, 193 forest conservation, 106 education, 76–77, 109 Four-Year Plan, 100–102 Eichmann, Adolf, 158, 215 France, 227–228 Eicke, Theodor, 58 antisemitism, 6, 133 Einstein, Albert, 50, 91 colonial army units, 11–12, 99 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 198, 199 foreign policy, 114–115, 118–119, Eisner, Kurt, 24 125–126 El Alamein, Battle of (1942), 228 invasion and occupation, 131–134, 156 elections, 14–15, 32, 34–37, 38–39, 46–47, liberation of, 198–200, 228 114, 226 occupation of German territory, 11–12, Eley, Geoff, 3 225 Elsner, Georg, 192 during World War I, 7–9 Enabling Act (1933), 47–48, 226 Franco, Francisco, 117 Enemies (film), 90 Frank, Anne, 134, 218 environment, 105–107 Frank, Hans, 27 Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 7 (Gobineau), 5 Frederick I, “Barbarossa,” 4, 136–137 eugenics, 5–6, 71–72, 79–80, 129, 166, 189 Freisler, Roland, 191, 194, 196 European Union, 213 Frick, Wilhelm, 46, 48, 50, 57–58 “euthanasia,” 90, 109, 152–154 Friedländer, Saul, 25 ewige Jude, Der (film), 90, 150 Friedrich, Jörg, 186 expansionism, 116–119 Fritsch, Werner von, 52, 117 exports, 99–100 Fromm, Friedrich, 196 fundamentalism, 213–214 fascism, 14 Feder, Gottfried, 25 Galen, Clemens August, Cardinal von, federalism, 61 153–154 Feinde (film), 90 gassing, 153–154, 157–158, 163, 165, 228 film industry, 89–90, 150–152 Gauleiters, 60–61, 128, 129, 204 Final Solution, 149–150, 158–174, Gellately, Robert, 191 214–220, 228 Geneva Convention, 126 perpetrators, 162–163, 167–169, genocide, 5, 149–174, 217, 228 173–174, 214–217 Gerlach, Christian, 152, 159 resistance to, 165 German-Africans (“Rhineland bastards”), Finland, 130 12, 80 Flossenbürg, 88 German Christians, 107–108 food shortages, 101, 133, 140–141, 142, German Democratic Party (DDP), 15 152, 154, 161, 169, 187, 189, 204 German Labor Front (DAF), 102–105 forced labor, 88, 133, 160–161, 163–164, German National People’s Party (DNVP), 188–191, 218–219 32, 46, 48 foreign policy, 114–119, 124–125, 152, German People’s Party (DVP), 33, 49 226–227 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact German Empire, 4–5 (1934), 114, 125, 227 and public opinion, 115, 119, 172 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact foreign workers, 188–189 (1939), 124–125, 227 232 0002202347.indd 232 10/31/2014 11:08:30 AM Index Germany Harnack, Arvid, 192 constitution, 2–3, 5, 36, 47–48, Harrer, Karl, 25 225, 226 health policy, 78 Third Reich see Third Reich Heimkehr (film), 90 unification, 2–3, 225 Heine, Heinrich, 51, 84 Weimar Republic see Weimar Republic hereditary illness, and sterilization, 79–80 before World War I, 2–7 Herero people, 5 during World War I, 7–14, 225 Herf, Jeffrey, 152, 213–214 after World War II, 211–213, 214–217 Hess, Rudolf, 27, 60, 63 Gestapo, 57, 58, 111, 171, 191 Heydrich, Reinhard, 56, 57, 159, 161, Gewarth, Robert, 144–145 164, 197 ghettos, 154–155, 158, 165, 169–170, 227, 228 Himmler, Heinrich, 53, 55–59, 81, 82, Gleichschaltung (Coordination), 50–52, 117 127–128, 129, 189–190, 203, 204 Globocnik, Odilo, 158 administrative duties, 191 Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de, 5 and the Final Solution, 156–158, Goda, Norman, 135 159–164, 167 Goebbels,
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  • Piaśnica a Scene of German Crimes in Pomerania in 1939

    Piaśnica a Scene of German Crimes in Pomerania in 1939

    Piaśnica A scene of German crimes in Pomerania in 1939 Introduction by Monika Tomkiewicz PhD, historian and member of the Regional Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation in Gdańsk Scientific consultation Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Chrzanowski Text edited by Janosz Józefczyk Mirosław Odyniecki Correction of texts by Mateusz Ihnatowicz, PhD Jacek Pudliszewski, PhD Biographical notes written by Mateusz Ihnatowicz, PhD Cover design by Karol Formela First edition The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo Wejherowo 2017 ISBN 978-83-946986-5-2 Published by: The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo for the Branch Office: The Piaśnica Museum in Wejherowo (in organisation) 11/2 Św. Jacka St., 84-200 Wejherowo phone/fax: +48 58 736 11 11 e-mail: [email protected] www.muzeumpiasnickie.pl Table of Contents Introduction. Massacre in Piaśnica ................................................. 4 Piaśnica ......................................................................................... 11 Main Memorial ............................................................................. 13 Crossroads – “Pensive Christ” ...................................................... 14 Grave No. 4 ................................................................................... 15 Grave No. 1 ................................................................................... 16 Grave No. 2 ................................................................................... 17 Monument to Leon Najman – Mirza Kryczyński ......................... 18 Memorial