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Acariformes, Oribatida) Del Mundo (1758-2002) Graellsia, 60(número extraordinario): 3-305 (2004) LISTADO SISTEMÁTICO, SINONÍMICO Y BIOGEOGRÁFICO DE LOS ÁCAROS ORIBÁTIDOS (ACARIFORMES, ORIBATIDA) DEL MUNDO (1758-2002) L. S. Subías* RESUMEN Se elabora por primera vez un listado mundial de ácaros oribátidos y en él se relacionan sistemática- mente las cerca de 9.000 especies (y subespecies) válidas hasta ahora descritas con sus correspondientes sinonimias, más de un millar, las cuales se agrupan en 1.204 géneros (y subgéneros), también con sus sinonimias reconocidas, pertenecientes a 169 familias. Para cada una de ellas se aporta su distribución geográfica actualmente conocida (alrededor de 3.200 especies paleárticas, 1.500 etiópicas, 1.500 neotro- picales, 1.400 orientales, 1.200 neárticas, 1.000 australianas y 100 antárticas), y lo mismo se hace para cada género y familia. Se han realizado numerosas modificaciones sistemáticas y nomenclaturales desta- cando la creación de las nuevas familias Cerocepheidae y Ametroproctidae, de los nuevos géneros Multimaudheimia y Perezinigokalumma y de los nuevos subgéneros Malaconothrus (Cristonothrus) y Oribatella (Multoribatella). Además se ha dado el nuevo nombre genérico de Paschoalia para Hammeriella Paschoal, 1898, nombre ya utilizado por Balogh, 1983, así como 83 nuevos nombres espe- cíficos y subespecíficos para otros tantos casos de homonimias que han surgido en la realización del lis- tado. Se reivindica y generaliza el uso del subgénero como una categoría taxonómica de gran utilidad y, en cambio, sólo se ha utilizado la categoría de subfamilia dentro de la extensa familia de los Oppiidae, la cual agrupa 13 subfamilias y 166 géneros (y subgéneros) válidos que incluyen unas 1.000 especies des- critas. Las distribuciones geográficas conocidas de algunas especies son notablemente ampliadas. Palabras clave: Ácaros, Oribatida, listado sistemático, taxonomía, biogeografía, nuevas familias, nue- vos géneros, nuevos subgéneros, nuevos nombres, sinonimias. ABSTRACT Systematic, synonimical and biogeographical check-list of the world’s oribatid mites (Acariformes, Oribatida) (1758-2002) This is the first check-list of the world’s oribatid mites in which the approximately 9,000 currently valid, described species (and subspecies) are systematically recorded. In addition, the list contains over a thousand corresponding synonomies, grouped into 1.204 genera (and subgenera) along with their recogni- zed synonomies, belonging to 169 families. The currently known geographic distribution is given for each species (approximately 3,200 palaearctic species, 1,500 ethiopic, 1,500 neotropical, 1,400 oriental, 1,200 neoarctic, 1,000 australian and 100 antarctic) as well as for each family and genus. Numerous systematic and nomenclatorial modifications have been made. Particularly noteworthy is the creation of the new fami- lies Cerocepheidae and Ametroproctidae, the new genera Multimaudheimia and Perezinigokalumma, and the new subgenera Malaconothrus (Cristonothrus) and Oribatella (Multoribatella). A new name, Paschoalia, is given to the genus Hammeriella Paschoal, 1898 (a name already used by Balogh, 1983) along with 83 new specific and subspecific names for other homonimies that appeared during the making of this check-list. The subgenus category is re-established as a very useful category and used widely in this revision; however, the subfamily category has only been used within the extensive Oppiidae family, which includes 13 valid subfamilies, 166 genera (and subgenera), and some 1,000 described species, only the sub- family category is used. The geographic distribution of some known species is notably enlarged. Key words: Mites, Oribatida, sistematic check-list, taxonomy, biogeography, new families, new gene- ra, new subgenera, new names, synonymies. * Departamento de Zoología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense. Madrid 28040. E-mail: [email protected] (c) Sociedad de Amigos del Museo http://graellsia.revistas.csic.es Nacional de Ciencias Naturales y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Licencia Creative Commons 3.0 España (by-nc) 4 SUBÍAS Índice lias (incluso géneros y hasta especies) con una dis- Introducción ................................................................................ 4 tribución geográfica muy cosmopolita y que los Metodología ................................................................................ 5 taxónomos que se dedican a su estudio deban de Taxonomía y nomenclatura ........................................................ 6 hacerlo a un nivel mundial y no se puedan restrin- Biogeografía ................................................................................ 11 gir a faunas más o menos locales. Ordenación sistemática de familias y géneros .......................... 13 Listado sistemático de especies .................................................. 27 La continua descripción de nuevos taxones (al Comentarios al listado ................................................................ 223 ritmo de unas 150-200 especies y 10-15 géneros Agradecimientos ........................................................................ 224 por año), así como las permanentes recolocaciones Referencias .................................................................................. 224 de los ya existentes, han complicado enormemente Índice alfabético de nombres taxonómicos ................................ 229 la sistemática del grupo, proliferando las descrip- ciones de especies, en algunos géneros de amplia distribución, que no tienen en cuenta muchas de las Introducción ya existentes en la literatura (aunque en muchos casos es muy difícil disponer de toda la bibliografía Los ácaros oribátidos constituyen un grupo cos- existente por lo disperso de la misma) lo que, segu- mopolita de microartrópodos edáficos de los más ramente, implicará numerosas sinonimias cuando importantes, tanto por su abundancia en los más en el futuro se lleven a cabo las tan necesarias revi- variados tipos de suelos, hasta en los más adversos, siones globales; este es el caso, por ejemplo, del como por su diversidad pero que, desgraciadamen- género Scheloribates Berlese, 1908 (el que más te, no han sido tratados con la profundidad necesa- especies presenta de todos los oribátidos) que ria debido a su aparente poco interés económico incluye en la actualidad 234 especies (y subespe- (son de vida libre y saprófagos o microfitófagos), a cies) conocidas. También contribuye a esta comple- su pequeño tamaño (lo que implica mayores difi- jidad el hecho de que se describan nuevos géneros cultades de manipulación) y a su complejidad taxo- sin que se incluyan en ellos todas las especies que nómica; todo esto ha hecho que hayan despertado por su diagnosis deberían de estarlo, o que se basen poca atracción y hayan pasado bastante desaperci- en caracteres de nueva utilización que no se sabe si bidos, motivando que su conocimiento actual sea los presentan los taxones próximos ni cual es su bastante incompleto, existiendo en la actualidad verdadero valor filogenético-sistemático, y como extensas regiones del globo totalmente inexplora- nuestra intención ha sido facilitar el acceso de este das y siendo numerosas las especies (y otros taxo- complejo grupo a nuevos investigadores se han nes de nivel superior) que quedan por describir. considerado, por el momento, como sinónimos a Además, la tendencia general que ha habido en los una serie de taxones supraespecíficos de difícil últimos años (lo que afortunadamente parece que acceso, hasta para los especialistas. Todo esto ahora está cambiando) a menospreciar los trabajos explica que, aproximadamente, la tercera parte de de tipo taxonómico en favor de los ecológicos o los géneros descritos de oribátidos sean considera- aplicados, ha traído consigo que cada vez sea dos en la actualidad como sinónimos. Una de las menor el número de investigadores que se dedican pruebas de la complejidad nomenclatural existente al estudio de este grupo de artrópodos. dentro de los oribátidos y de la necesidad de traba- Por otra parte, se trata de un grupo animal muy jos como el presente, lo constituye el hecho de las antiguo del que ya se conocen fósiles paleozoicos: numerosas homonimias que se han recogido y que del Ordovícico (BERNINI et al., 2002), del Devónico han obligado a que se les tenga que dar un nuevo (NORTON et al., 1988) y del Carbonífero (SUBÍAS & nombre (procurando tener presente en todo ARILLO, 2002), muy similares a los actuales oribá- momento el Código Internacional de Nomenclatura tidos primitivos pertenecientes a los Palaeosomata Zoológica), en total 83 nuevos nombres específicos y Enarthronota, debido fundamentalmente a que el y subespecíficos, además de uno genérico. medio en el que viven, el edáfico, ha variado Por lo tanto, se hacía ya necesaria la existencia mucho menos que otros con el transcurso del tiem- de un listado mundial de especies de oribátidos po (dando lugar a formas más estables debido a que (algunos autores citan un trabajo de Piffl de 1969: su ritmo evolutivo sería mucho más lento que el de Katalog der Oribatiden der Welt, Zoologische otros grupos de animales) apareciendo ya desde el Institut der Universität Wien, que nunca fue publi- Jurásico fósiles de oribátidos pertenecientes a géne- cado) que recopilase las más de 10.000 especies ros presentes en la fauna actual y considerados descritas hasta la fecha y pertenecientes a los más como muy evolucionados, lo que ha motivado que de 1.500 géneros también descritos hasta ahora, los ácaros oribátidos de hoy en día incluyan
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