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The Pakistan Journal of Social Issues Vol-III

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The Pakistan Journal of Social Issues Vol-III Editor-in-Chief ISSN: 2219-2433 Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat] The Pakistan Journal of Editors Dr. Fauzia Maqsood [Associate Director, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gujrat] Social Issues Hammad Raza [Research Coordinator, CPUES, University of Gujrat] Volume 3, 2012 01 Cultural and Economic Discourses on Child Labour 01 Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman and Muhammad Saifullah Chaudhry Prof. Rehman Sobhan [Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh] 02 Audience Perception of Sensationalism in Programmes of Pakistani Private News 12 Prof. Dr. James C. Witte [George Mason University, USA] Channels Prof. Dr. Victoria H. Raveis [Columbia University, USA] Muhammad Riaz Raza and Prof. Dr. Nazar Muhammad Jumani Prof. Dr. Thomas Faist [Bielefeld University, Germany] 03 The Contribution of Migration to Socioeconomic Status: A Comparative Study of 20 Migrant and Non-Migrant Families in Gujrat District Dr. Suresh Sharma [Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, India] Yousaf Ali Khan Dr. Rashid Amjad [Pakistan Institute of Development Economists, Islamabad] 04 Demise of Objectivity in the Pakistani Press 30 Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Rais [Lahore University of Management Sciences] Dr. Taimur-ul-Hassan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Jadoon [University of the Punjab, Lahore] 05 Strong Product Vs Strong Brand: Preference of Pakistani Consumers for Branded or 49 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Anwar [University of Gujrat] Unbranded Tea Dr. Mumtaz Hussain [University of Gujrat] Atif Hassan and Rizwana Bashir 06 Are Workers' Remittances Negatively Affecting Pakistan's Export Competitiveness? 62 Panel of Reviewers Atif Ali Jaffri, Nazish Nazir and Rooma Asjed Prof. Dr. Steven M. Albert [University of Pittsburgh, USA] 07 Impact of Globalization on Poverty: A Case Study of Pakistan 71 Prof. Amy Tsui [Johns Hopkins University, USA] Sami Ullah, Dr. Fauzia Maqsood and Hafsa Iftikhar Prof. Dr. Jochen Hippler [University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany] 08 Causes and Consequences of Trauma among Street Children in Rawalpindi: 78 Prof. Dr. Grace T. Cruz [University of the Philippines, Philippines] An Anthropological Perspective Dr. Haroon-ur-Rashid Rana and Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman Prof. Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed [University of Karachi] Dr. Nasser Ali Khan [Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar] 09 The Effects of Gari Solution on Endurance Ability: An Interventional Study Among 88 Schoolchildren In Ilorin Metropolis Prof. Dr. Shahid Siddiqui [Lahore School of Economics] Dr. Olukunmi 'Lanre Olaitan, Dr. Adetayo Ebun Talabi and Surajudeen Tosho Bakinde Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zakria Zakar [University of the Punjab, Lahore] 10 Assessment of Informal Trade in local development in Africa: Case study of Bondoukou 99 Dr. Atif Ali Jaffri [University of Gujrat] city (Cote d'Ivoire) Dr. Zahoor Ahmad [University of Gujrat] Konate Djibril, Prof. Dr. Wang Xiangrong, Folega Fousseni and Prof. Dr. Atta Koffi 11 Tourists Perception of Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry in Cross River State 111 Dr. Eja I. Eja, Dr. Anim O. Ajake and Effiom A. Violet 12 Determinants of Impaired Mobility of Older persons in Punjab, Pakistan 120 Dr. Fauzia Maqsood, Jason D. Flatt, Sidra Maqsood and Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin 13 Earnings, Dividend and Share Price Volatility in Nigeria 129 O. J. Ilaboya and A. S. Omoye Publisher 14 Audit Delay Determinants in Quoted Companies: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria 141 University of Gujrat Prof. Famous Izedonmi and Peter Okoeguale Ibadin Hafiz Hayat Campus Jalalpur Jattan Road Gujrat, PAKISTAN. Editor-in-Chief ISSN: 2219-2433 Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat] The Pakistan Journal of Editors Dr. Fauzia Maqsood [Associate Director, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gujrat] Social Issues Hammad Raza [Research Coordinator, CPUES, University of Gujrat] Volume 3, 2012 01 Cultural and Economic Discourses on Child Labour 01 Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman and Muhammad Saifullah Chaudhry Prof. Rehman Sobhan [Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh] 02 Audience Perception of Sensationalism in Programmes of Pakistani Private News 12 Prof. Dr. James C. Witte [George Mason University, USA] Channels Prof. Dr. Victoria H. Raveis [Columbia University, USA] Muhammad Riaz Raza and Prof. Dr. Nazar Muhammad Jumani Prof. Dr. Thomas Faist [Bielefeld University, Germany] 03 The Contribution of Migration to Socioeconomic Status: A Comparative Study of 20 Migrant and Non-Migrant Families in Gujrat District Dr. Suresh Sharma [Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, India] Yousaf Ali Khan Dr. Rashid Amjad [Pakistan Institute of Development Economists, Islamabad] 04 Demise of Objectivity in the Pakistani Press 30 Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Rais [Lahore University of Management Sciences] Dr. Taimur-ul-Hassan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Jadoon [University of the Punjab, Lahore] 05 Strong Product Vs Strong Brand: Preference of Pakistani Consumers for Branded or 49 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Anwar [University of Gujrat] Unbranded Tea Dr. Mumtaz Hussain [University of Gujrat] Atif Hassan and Rizwana Bashir 06 Are Workers' Remittances Negatively Affecting Pakistan's Export Competitiveness? 62 Panel of Reviewers Atif Ali Jaffri, Nazish Nazir and Rooma Asjed Prof. Dr. Steven M. Albert [University of Pittsburgh, USA] 07 Impact of Globalization on Poverty: A Case Study of Pakistan 71 Prof. Amy Tsui [Johns Hopkins University, USA] Sami Ullah, Dr. Fauzia Maqsood and Hafsa Iftikhar Prof. Dr. Jochen Hippler [University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany] 08 Causes and Consequences of Trauma among Street Children in Rawalpindi: 78 Prof. Dr. Grace T. Cruz [University of the Philippines, Philippines] An Anthropological Perspective Dr. Haroon-ur-Rashid Rana and Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman Prof. Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed [University of Karachi] Dr. Nasser Ali Khan [Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar] 09 The Effects of Gari Solution on Endurance Ability: An Interventional Study Among 88 Schoolchildren In Ilorin Metropolis Prof. Dr. Shahid Siddiqui [Lahore School of Economics] Dr. Olukunmi 'Lanre Olaitan, Dr. Adetayo Ebun Talabi and Surajudeen Tosho Bakinde Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zakria Zakar [University of the Punjab, Lahore] 10 Assessment of Informal Trade in local development in Africa: Case study of Bondoukou 99 Dr. Atif Ali Jaffri [University of Gujrat] city (Cote d'Ivoire) Dr. Zahoor Ahmad [University of Gujrat] Konate Djibril, Prof. Dr. Wang Xiangrong, Folega Fousseni and Prof. Dr. Atta Koffi 11 Tourists Perception of Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry in Cross River State 111 Dr. Eja I. Eja, Dr. Anim O. Ajake and Effiom A. Violet 12 Determinants of Impaired Mobility of Older persons in Punjab, Pakistan 120 Dr. Fauzia Maqsood, Jason D. Flatt, Sidra Maqsood and Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin 13 Earnings, Dividend and Share Price Volatility in Nigeria 129 O. J. Ilaboya and A. S. Omoye Publisher 14 Audit Delay Determinants in Quoted Companies: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria 141 University of Gujrat Prof. Famous Izedonmi and Peter Okoeguale Ibadin Hafiz Hayat Campus Jalalpur Jattan Road Gujrat, PAKISTAN. The Pakistan Journal of Social Issues, Volume 3, 2012 Cultural and Economic Discourses on Child Labour Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman* and Muhammad Saifullah Chaudhry Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Cultural and economic discourses present two strands around the issue of child labour. These strands may have some common grounds, but in essence their analyses and interpretations differ. The cultural discourse contextualizes that norms, tradition and belief system determine child development practices; while the economic discourse does not go much beyond the family's poverty to explain the existence of child labour practices. Keywords: child labour; economic discourse; cultural discourse; poverty; education The role that families assign to children may vary from one culture to another; however, their wellbeing and the desire to prepare them for their future responsibilities remains a key concern for parents and societies. The manifestation of this desire and its interpretation differ in accordance with the cultural settings and socioeconomic conditions in which families find them. Poverty, coupled with cultural norms accepting and promoting children's responsibilities in the world of work, assigns multiple roles to children beyond education and play. Anthropologists as well as economists have tried to understand the phenomenon of a child's presence at the workplace. This paper presents the cultural discourse – that conceptualizes the phenomenon of child labour in terms of tradition – as well as the economic discourse – that conceptualizes it in terms of the family's poverty – regarding the social construct of child development. Since the two discourses overlap with each other, the focus is on understanding the phenomenon of child labour along with the factors responsible for it. Cultural Discourse on Child Labour The 20th century witnessed the rise of literature trying to understand child labour and its various manifestations. This literature has greatly shaped our generation's understanding about the nature of children's involvement in the world of work. Children perform a wide range of activities and tasks outside the school, the home and the playground. These activities and tasks can be categorized as acceptable and unacceptable forms of work, primarily on the basis of the child's *Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman,
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