Volume 1 U.S. Navy Launches Sting Operation Against Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention...... 1 “Sexual Perverts”...... 55 Whitman Publishes Leaves of Grass...... 3 Gays and Lesbians Contribute to the Harlem Mary Edwards Walker Is Awarded the Medal Renaissance...... 57 of Honor...... 5 The God of Vengeance Opens on Broadway...... 61 Karl Heinrich Ulrichs Speaks Publicly for Gay Gide Publishes the Signed Edition of Corydon...... 63 and Lesbian Rights...... 8 Gerber Founds the Society for Human Rights...... 66 Kertbeny Coins the Terms “Homosexual” and Wales Padlock Law Censors Risque Theater...... 68 “Heterosexual”...... 10 Hall Publishes The Well of Loneliness...... 70 Westphal Advocates Medical Treatment for Davis’s Research Identifies Lesbian Sexuality Sexual Inversion...... 13 as Common and Normal...... 71 United Kingdom Criminalizes “Gross Indecency”..... 15 Pandora’s Box Opens...... 73 Two-Spirit American Indian Visits Washington, Hollywood Bans “Sexual Perversion” in Films...... 76 D.C...... 18 Nazis Persecute Homosexuals...... 78 Alice Mitchell Found Guilty of Murdering Hitler’s Night of the Long Knives...... 81 Her Lover...... 20 Isherwood Publishes Goodbye to Berlin...... 83 Oscar Wilde Is Convicted of Gross Indecency...... 22 Thompson v. Aldredge Dismisses Sodomy Der Eigene Is Published as First Journal on Charges Against Lesbians...... 86 Homosexuality...... 25 Golden Age of American Gay Literature...... 88 Raffalovich Publishes Uranisme et Unisexualite...... 27 Vice Versa Is Published as First Lesbian Ellis Publishes Sexual Inversion...... 28 Periodical...... 91 Hirschfeld Founds the Scientific-Humanitarian Kinsey Publishes Sexual Behavior in the Committee...... 31 Human Male...... 92 Transgender Reporter Covers Spanish-American Mattachine Society Is Founded...... 95 War Revolts...... 34 George Jorgensen Becomes Christine Jorgensen...... 97 Police Arrest “Los 41” in Mexico City...... 36 APA Classifies Homosexuality as a Mental Stein Writes Q.E.D...... 38 Disorder...... 100 Freud Rejects Third-Sex Theory...... 40 ONE, Inc., Is Founded...... 102 Friedlaender Breaks with the U.S. Law Prohibits Gay and Lesbian Scientific-Humanitarian Committee...... 43 Immigration...... 105 The Eulenburg Affair Scandalizes Germany’s Kinsey Publishes Sexual Behavior in the Leadership...... 45 Human Female...... 109 Carpenter Publishes The Intermediate Sex...... 48 One Magazine Begins Publication...... 111 Barney Opens Her Paris Salon...... 51 Evelyn Hooker Debunks Beliefs That Robles Fights in the Mexican Revolution...... 53 Homosexuality is a “Sickness”...... 113

ix Great Events From History: LGBTQ Events

U.S. President Eisenhower Prohibits Federal Radicalesbians Issues “The Woman Identified Employment of Lesbians and Gays...... 115 Woman” Manifesto...... 185 Daughters of Bilitis Founded as First National First Lesbian and Gay Pride March in the Lesbian Group in United States...... 118 United States...... 187 Baldwin Publishes Giovanni’s Room...... 120 Del Martin Quits Gay Liberation Movement...... 189 Foster Publishes Sex Variant Women in Kameny Is First Out Candidate for U.S. Congress..... 191 Literature...... 123 Lesbian Tide Publishes Its First Issue...... 193 United Kingdom’s Sexual Offences Act Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center Is Founded.... 195 Becomes Law...... 125 The Gay Book Award Debuts...... 197 The Wolfenden Report Calls for Decriminalizing The Body Politic Begins Publication...... 199 Private Consensual Sex...... 126 Local Governments Pass Antidiscrimination Laws.....201 First National Lesbian Conference Convenes...... 129 First Gay and Lesbian Synagogue in the Illinois Legalizes Consensual Homosexual Sex...... 130 United States Is Formed...... 203 Sarria Is First Out Gay or Lesbian Candidate Equal Rights Amendment Fails State Ratification.... 205 for Public Office...... 132 First Out Gay Minister Is Ordained...... 207 Rechy Publishes City of Night...... 134 Jordan Becomes First Black Congresswoman Rustin Organizes the March on Washington...... 136 from the South...... 210 Revolutionary Cuba Imprisons Gays...... 139 Brown Publishes Rubyfruit Jungle...... 213 First North American Conference of Homophile Naiad Press Is Founded...... 215 Organizations Convenes...... 142 National Gay Task Force Is Formed...... 217 Queer Youth Fight Police Harassment at Olivia Records Is Founded...... 219 Compton’s Cafeteria in San Francisco...... 144 Roe v. Wade Legalizes Abortion and First Gender Identity Clinic Opens and Provides Extends Privacy Rights...... 221 Gender Reassignment Surgery...... 146 U.S. Supreme Court Supports Local Los Angeles Advocate Begins Publication...... 149 Obscenity Laws...... 224 CBS Airs CBS Reports: The Homosexuals...... 150 American Bar Association Calls for Repeal First Student Homophile League Is Formed...... 152 of Laws Against Consensual Sex...... 226 U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Law Preventing Lesbian Herstory Archives Is Founded...... 229 Immigration of Gays and Lesbians...... 155 Lambda Legal Authorized to Practice Law...... 231 United Kingdom Decriminalizes Homosexuality Is Delisted by the APA...... 233 Homosexual Sex...... 158 Bisexual Forum Is Founded...... 235 Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop Opens as The Front Runner Makes The New York Times First Gay Bookstore...... 159 Best-Seller List...... 237 NACHO Formally Becomes the First Gay Antigay and Antilesbian Organizations Begin Political Coalition...... 161 to Form...... 238 Metropolitan Community Church Is Founded...... 164 Abzug and Koch Attempt to Amend the Nuestro Mundo Forms as First Queer Civil Rights Act of 1964...... 241 Organization in Argentina...... 165 Lesbian Connection Begins Publication...... 243 Gay Catholics Found Dignity...... 167 Noble Is First Out Lesbian or Gay Person to Stonewall Rebellion Ignites Modern Gay and Win State-Level Election...... 244 Lesbian Rights Movement...... 170 First Gay and Lesbian Archives Is Founded...... 247 Gay Liberation Front Is Formed...... 174 First Novel About Coming Out to Parents Is Canada Decriminalizes Homosexual Acts...... 177 Published...... 249 Time Magazine Issues “The Homosexual in Gay American Indians Is Founded...... 251 America”...... 178 Rule Publishes Lesbian Images...... 253 Amazon Bookstore Opens as First Gay Latino Alliance Is Formed...... 255 Feminist-Lesbian Book Shop...... 180 U.S. Civil Service Commission Prohibits Lavender Menace Protests Homophobia in Discrimination Against Federal Employees...... 257 Women’s Movement...... 182 Anna Crusis Women’s Choir Is Formed...... 260 x Complete List of Contents

U.S. Supreme Court Rules in “Crimes Against This Bridge Called My Back Is Published...... 331 Nature” Case...... 262 GALA Choruses Is Formed...... 334 Foucault Publishes Volume I of L’Histoire de Toronto Police Raid Gay Bathhouses...... 336 la sexualité ...... 264 Reports of Rare Diseases Mark Beginning of Katz Publishes First Lesbian and Gay History AIDS Epidemic...... 338 Anthology...... 266 San Francisco Gay Men’s Chorus Concert Tour...... 340 Army Reservist Ben-Shalom Sues for Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press Is Founded....342 Reinstatement...... 268 New York City Gay Men’s Chorus Performs at Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival Holds Its Carnegie Hall...... 344 First Gathering...... 271 Lesbian and Gay Youth Protection Institute Anita Bryant Campaigns Against Gay and Is Founded...... 347 Lesbian Rights...... 273 Lorde’s Autobiography Zami Is Published...... 350 Combahee River Collective Issues “A Black Lesbian Academic and Activist Sues University Feminist Statement”...... 275 of California for Discrimination...... 353 National Women’s Conference Convenes...... 277 Wisconsin Enacts First Statewide Gay and Quebec Includes Lesbians and Gays in Its Lesbian Civil Rights Law...... 355 Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms...... 281 Gay-Related Immunodeficiency Is Renamed Toronto Police Raid Offices ofThe Body Politic...... 283 AIDS...... 358 Harry Benjamin International Gender First Gay Games Are Held in San Francisco...... 361 Dysphoria Association Is Founded...... 285 Studds Is First Out Gay Man in the U.S. Congress.... 363 Lesbian and Gay Workplace Movement Is Founded...... 288 Volume 2 U.S. Supreme Court Distinguishes Between First National Lesbians of Color Conference “Indecent” and “Obscene”...... 291 Convenes...... 367 International Lesbian and Gay Association AIDS Virus Is Discovered...... 369 Is Founded...... 294 San Francisco Closes Gay Bathhouses and Antigay and Antilesbian Briggs Initiative Other Businesses...... 371 Is Defeated...... 297 West Hollywood Incorporates with Majority White Murders Politicians Moscone and Milk...... 300 Gay and Lesbian City Council...... 373 Moral Majority Is Founded...... 302 Berkeley Extends Benefits to Domestic First Gay British Television Series Airs...... 304 Partners of City Employees...... 375 First March on Washington for Lesbian and GLAAD Begins Monitoring Media Coverage Gay Rights...... 306 of Gays and Lesbians...... 377 First National Third World Lesbian and Gay Lesbian Film Desert Hearts Is Released...... 380 Conference Convenes...... 309 Actor Hudson Announces He Has AIDS...... 382 Lesbian and Gay Asian Collective Is Founded...... 311 Bowers v. Hardwick Upholds State Sodomy Laws.... 385 Alyson Begins Publishing Gay and Paula Gunn Allen Publishes The Sacred Hoop...... 388 Lesbian Books...... 312 South Asian Newsletter Trikone Begins Rich Publishes “Compulsory Heterosexuality Publication...... 390 and Lesbian Existence”...... 314 AZT Treats People with AIDS...... 392 Gay Writers Form the Violet Quill...... 317 Californians Reject LaRouche’s Quarantine Human Rights Campaign Fund Is Founded...... 318 Initiative...... 394 U.S. Navy Investigates the USS Norton Sound Anzaldúa Publishes Borderlands/La Frontera...... 397 in Antilesbian Witch Hunt...... 320 Asian Pacific Lesbian Network Is Founded...... 399 Canadian Gay Postal Workers Secure Union Compañeras: Latina Lesbians Is Published...... 401 Protections...... 323 Shilts Publishes And the Band Played On...... 403 Faderman Publishes Surpassing the Love of Men..... 325 VIVA Is Founded to Promote Latina and Gay and Lesbian Palimony Suits Emerge...... 328 Latino Artists...... 406 Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Radical AIDS Activist Group ACT UP Gays Is Founded...... 329 Is Founded...... 408 xi Great Events From History: LGBTQ Events

Old Lesbians Organize for Change...... 412 The Advocate Outs Pentagon Spokesman Lambda Rising Book Report Begins Publication...... 414 Pete Williams...... 495 U.S. Congressman Frank Comes Out as Gay...... 416 California Governor Wilson Vetoes Second March on Washington for Lesbian and Antidiscrimination Bill...... 497 Gay Rights...... 418 Minnesota Court Awards Guardianship to Latin American and Caribbean Lesbian Feminist Lesbian Partner...... 499 Network Is Formed...... 420 Canada Grants Asylum Based on Sexual Macho Dancer Is Released in the Philippines...... 423 Orientation...... 502 Canada Decriminalizes Sex Practices Between Canadian YMCA Extends Family Discounts Consenting Adults...... 426 to Gays and Lesbians...... 505 M. Butterfly Opens on Broadway...... 429 Transgender Nation Holds Its First Protest...... 508 Lavender Youth Recreation and Information Celebrity Lesbians Come Out...... 510 Center Opens...... 431 Indians Struggle to Abolish Sodomy Law...... 513 Report of the Presidential AIDS Commission...... 433 Canadian Government Antigay Campaign Is First National Coming Out Day Is Celebrated...... 437 Revealed...... 515 Oregon Repeals Ban on Antigay Job Feinberg Publishes Transgender Liberation...... 517 Discrimination...... 439 Massachusetts Grants Family Rights to Gay and First World AIDS Day...... 442 Lesbian State Workers...... 520 Act Up Paris Is Founded...... 443 Canadian Military Lifts Its Ban on Gays and Vaid Becomes Executive Director of the Lesbians...... 522 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force...... 445 Oregon and Colorado Attempt Antigay Initiatives.....525 Helms Claims Photographs Are Indecent...... 448 Angels in America Officially Openson Death of Transgender Jazz Musician Billy Tipton.... 451 November 8, 1992...... 528 U.S. Supreme Court Rules Gender-Role Intersex Society of North America Is Founded...... 531 Stereotyping Is Discriminatory...... 454 Monette Wins the National Book Award for Watkins V. United States Army Reinstates Gay Becoming a Man...... 533 Soldier...... 456 The Wedding Banquet Is First Acclaimed Lambda Literary Award Is Created...... 458 Taiwanese Gay-Themed Film...... 535 ACT UP Protests at St. Patrick’s Cathedral...... 460 Hawaii Opens Door to Same-Gender Marriages...... 537 Judith Butler Publishes Gender Trouble...... 462 Battelle Sex Study Prompts Conservative International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Backlash...... 539 Commission Is Founded...... 465 First Dyke March Is Held in Washington, D.C...... 542 Sedgwick Publishes Epistemology of the Closet...... 467 March on Washington for Gay, Lesbian, and United Lesbians of African Heritage Is Bi Equal Rights and Liberation...... 544 Founded...... 469 Achtenberg Becomes Assistant Housing Secretary.... 546 Artists Sue the National Endowment for the Arts..... 470 Clinton Appoints First AIDS Czar...... 548 Coming out Under Fire Documents Gay and Lesbian Mother Loses Custody of Her Child...... 550 Lesbian Military Veterans...... 472 Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy Is Implemented...... 553 Queer Nation Is Founded...... 474 Transgender Man Brandon Teena Raped and BiNet USA Is Formed...... 476 Murdered...... 556 Americans with Disabilities Act Becomes Law...... 478 Employment Non-Discrimination Act Is Asian Lesbian Network Holds Its First Conference.....481 Proposed to U.S. Congress...... 559 LeVay Postulates the “Gay Brain”...... 483 National Association of Lesbian and Gay Revisionist Criticism Recasts Sor Juana Inés Community Centers Is Founded...... 562 de la Cruz...... 486 Navratilova Honored for Her Career in Tennis...... 564 Stone Publishes “A Posttranssexual Manifesto”...... 488 Stonewall 25 March and Rallies Are Held in Asian Lesbians and Gays Protest Lambda New York City...... 567 Fund-Raiser...... 491 Japanese American Citizens League Supports Leather Archives and Museum Is Founded...... 493 Same-Gender Marriage...... 569 xii Complete List of Contents

U.N. Revokes Consultative Status of Irish American Lesbian Gains Canadian International Lesbian and Gay Association...... 571 Immigrant Status...... 634 The Advocate Outs Oscar Nominee Nigel Transgender Teen Gwen Araujo Is Murdered Hawthorne...... 573 in California...... 636 Athlete Louganis Announces He Is HIV-Positive..... 576 Australian Court Validates Transsexual Marriage.... 639 International Bill of Gender Rights Is Transsexuals Protest Academic Exploitation...... 641 First Circulated...... 578 New Mexico Amends Its Human Rights Act...... 643 Lesbian Couple Murdered in Oregon...... 580 Buenos Aires Recognizes Same-Gender Civil Hart Recognized as a Transgender Man...... 582 Unions...... 646 South African Constitution Prohibits Canada Legalizes Same-Gender Marriage...... 648 Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation...... 584 U.S. Supreme Court Overturns Texas U.S. President Clinton Signs Defense of Sodomy Law...... 651 Marriage Act...... 587 Singapore Lifts Ban on Hiring Lesbian and Ellen Comes Out as a Lesbian...... 590 Gay Employees...... 654 Transgender Scholarship Proliferates...... 593 Wal-Mart Adds Lesbians and Gays to Its Canadian Supreme Court Reverses Gay Antidiscrimination Policy...... 656 Academic’s Firing...... 595 Massachusetts Court Rules for Same-Gender Gay College Student Shepard Is Beaten and Marriage...... 658 Murdered...... 597 Transgender Day of Remembrance and First International Retreat for Lesbian and Gay Remembering Our Dead Project...... 663 Muslims Is Held...... 599 The History Boys Officially Opens on Screening of Fire Ignites Violent May 18, 2004...... 665 Protests in India...... 602 Robinson Becomes First Out Gay Bishop Constitutional Court of Colombia Rules on in Christian History...... 668 Intersex Surgery Consent...... 604 Transsexual Athletes Allowed to Compete Littleton v. Prange Withholds Survivor Rights in Olympic Games...... 671 from Transsexual Spouses...... 606 United Kingdom Legalizes Same-Gender First Middle Eastern Gay and Lesbian Civil Partnerships...... 673 Organization Is Founded...... 608 United Kingdom’s Gender Recognition Act Baker v. Vermont Leads to Recognition of Legalizes Transsexual Marriage...... 676 Same-Gender Civil Unions...... 610 Spain Legalizes Same-Gender Marriage...... 678 United Kingdom Lifts Ban on Gays and Roman Catholic Church Bans Gay Seminarians...... 680 Lesbians in the Military...... 612 Jiménez Flores Elected to the Mexican Senate...... 682 Hollywood Awards Transgender Portrayals Brokeback Mountain, Capote, and in Film...... 615 Transamerica Receive Oscars...... 685 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale...... 617 Larry Kramer Attacks Queer Studies...... 687 Asexual Visibility and Education Network Butler Rejects Civil Rights Award from Is Founded...... 620 German Group...... 689 Chinese Psychiatric Association Removes Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy is Repealed...... 691 Homosexuality from List of Mental Disorders.....623 San Francisco Issues an Official Report Japanese Human Rights Council Recommends About Bisexuals...... 694 Lesbian and Gay Rights...... 625 Tony Briffa Elected Mayor of Hobsons Bay, First Gay and Lesbian Television Network Australia...... 697 Is Launched in Canada ...... 627 Further Reading ...... 699 Sylvia Rivera Law Project Is Founded...... 629 Uganda Passes Anti-Homosexuality Act...... 700 Transgender Rights Added to New York Boy Scouts of America Moves Toward City Law...... 630 Acceptance of Sexual and Gender Minorities ...... 702 Gays and Lesbians March for Equal Rights Supreme Court of India Finds Law Prohibiting in Mexico City...... 632 Gay Sex Constitutional...... 706

xiii Great Events From History: LGBTQ Events

Russia Enacts “Homosexual Propaganda” Law...... 709 Appendixes Time Magazine Calls 2014 the “Transgender Bibliography...... 723 Tipping Point”...... 712 Chronology �� 735 Caitlyn Jenner Becomes the World’s Most Famous Transgender Person...... 714 Indexes The United States Supreme Court Legalizes Category Index �� 741 Same-Sex Marriage...... 716 Subject Index �� 759 China Prohibits Depictions of LGBTQ People on Television...... 719

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