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JEREMY TAYLOR: BACONIAN‘, SOCINIAN, AND ARMINIAN INFLUENCES UPON HES THOUGHT THESIS FOR EEGREE OF DOCTOR OF P‘HELOSCPHY wcmem STATE UNwERszTY WELLIAM E. BLEWETT 1963 THESIS This is to certify that the thesis entitled JEREI’IY TAYLOR: BACONIAN, SOCINIAN, AND AFMINIAN INFLUENCES UPON HIS THOUGHT presented by William E. Blewett has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. d College of Arts and — 69‘“ ‘”——_ Letters Major prof§ssor Date M443, 0-169 LIBRARY Michigan State University ABSTRACT JEREMY TAYLOR: BACONIAN, SOCINIAN, AND ARMINIAN INFLUENCES UPON HIS THOUGHT by'William E. Blewett The purpose of this study was to examine the thought of Jeremy Taylor and to determine the relationship which he had with contemporary seventeenth century thought. Baconianism, Socinianism, and Arminianism were chosen because congruity could be established with Taylor as evidenced by his inter- est and the subject matter of his writings, and because there have been unsubstantiated claims for, or denials of, influence upon Taylor with respect to these movements. The method used was straightforward. Evidence was sought for the reflection or rejection of these movements of thought by Taylor. This was accomplished by establishing the fact or probability that Taylor had contact with the movements, through persons or published works. Then Taylor's writings and correspondence were examined for evi- dence of affinity with, or rejection of, the tenets of the movement under consideration. The results of this study may be summarized as follows: 1. Taylor gives reasonable evidence in his writings of the acceptance of Baconian concepts and attitudes; and he has applied them in the realm of religion. His work in the l William E. Blewett 2 field of casuistry appears to supply the deficiency which Bacon had noted in his survey of the state of knowledge. This internal evidence is supported by the recently recog- nized fact that Bacon's work and thought were enjoying a resurgence of influence during the very years in which Taylor was forming his opinions and expressing himself in his published works. Furthermore, it was pointed out that Taylor's patrons all had connections with known Baconians and that a great number of Taylor's known friends were also connected with Baconian projects and interests. 2. Taylor rejected completely, the Socinian dogmatic position except as it coincided with general Christian teaching. The accusation that he was a Socinian seems to be contemporary name-calling; and his association with Socinian thought in subsequent days appears to be the result of the attempt to see Socinians as the great liberal influence which permeated all Protestant thought of the seventeenth century. 3. The accusation that Taylor was an Arminian has greater credibility than the charge of Socinianism. There is definite affinity with the Arminian position in many points and the admiration which Taylor had for Arminians such as Grotius, Vossius, and Episcopius makes it highly probable that he was influenced by Arminian thought. Even so, Taylor denied the title of Arminian just as he did that of Socinian, Pelagian, "and I cannot tell what monsters of appellations." William E. Blewett 3 In fine, Taylor was an eclectic thinker who held views which were thought to be mutually exclusive. In this, he claimed the guidance of the Apostle Paul who said, "Try all things, and retain that which is good," which Taylor inter- preted as meaning, "From every sect and community of Chris-‘ tians take any thing that is good, that advances holy religion and the divine honour." Copyright by WILLIAM EDISON BLEWETT 1964 JEREMY TAYLOR: BACONIAN, SOCINIAN, AND ARMINIAN INFLUENCES UPON HIS THOUGHT BY .Lr’l William E}‘Blewett A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY College of Arts and Letters 1963 ACK NOWLED OLE NTS While it would be impossible to recognize all those who have assisted in bringing this work to fruition, none- theless there are some whose contributions stand out in the mind of the writer. First of all, I wish to thank Professor Albert Hyma who introduced me to Jeremy Taylor when I studied at his feet at the University of Michigan. Secondly, I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Harry H. Kimber of Michigan State University for his belief in the value of inter-disciplinary study. My thanks are offered also to the Graduate School of Michigan State University for grant- ing a Hinman Fellowship which made it possible, in part, for me to walk the hills of Golden Grove, to examine first-hand the materials in the Bodleian Library and in the British Museum, and to speak with some of the living Taylor scholars on the other side of the Atlantic. To those scholars, the J Honorable Robert Gathorne-Hardy, Canon S. J. Stranks, and the Reverend Thomas WOod, I here voice my appreciation for time and courtesy given. On this side of the Atlantic, my appreciation is extended to Professor Paul Elmen:for sharing with me his long acquaintance with Taylor, even to his unpublished research. I also want to recognize the enduring encouragement and penetrating insights which Professors William Callaghan and Marjorie Gesner of Michigan State University have provided. ii And, it should not go unremarked that a true "help meet for man", and two sons--too young to understand, yet loving enough to cooperate--have sacrificed much to allow the pursuance of this study. W. E. B. July, 1963 iii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii INTRODUCTION . l PART I TAYLOR AND BACONIANISM . 6 0n the Relations of Science and Religion . 17 OnReason ............... 20 Utilitarian Emphasis in Bacon and Taylor . 30 Taylor and the Baconian Method . 37 Taylor's Use of the Empirical Method . 51 The U86 Of HiStory O O O O O O 0 O O O O . 56 Anti-Scholasticism in Bacon and Taylor . 61 Affinity of the Religious Opinions of Taylor and Bacon 0 e o o o o o o o o o o e 0 C O O O O . 63 PART II‘ TAYLOR AND SOCINIANISM . 78 Definition of Socinianism . O O O O O . 79 Agreement and Disagreement with Socinian Doctrine O 84 PART III TAYLCR'S ARMINIANISM . O 108 Definition of Arminianism . 108 Arminian Doctrine in Taylor . 115 CONCLUS 1011- O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 130 APPENDIX Taylor's Works with Original Dates of Publication . 133 LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED . 0 o o o o o 137 iv INTRODUCTION Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667) was one of the seventeenth century English Churchmen known as the Caroline Divines. He was a protege of ArchbishoP Laud and was chaplain to Charles I. He served with the Royalist forces in the Civil War and before the House of Stuart was restored to the English throne, he suffered imprisonment three times. Following the Restoration he received the Irish bishopric of Down and Connor. Taylor wrote voluminously and his works have had an enduring popularity for their literary excellence as well as for their content. Taylor lived and wrote in an age of radical social change. His was the age of Descartes and the scientific revolution, the age of the Thirty Years War on the Continent and of the Civil War in England, the age which marked the end of the English Reformation. A recent writer has said, Taylor ... belonged enough to his age to understand its needs and to offer something in satisfaction of them; but he had roots enough in the past, and appeal enough to the future, to lift him out of the re s of those who achieve only a contemporary fame. The following pages will present some of the results of a study of the relationship of social, philosOphical, reli- gious and political ideas and events to the thought of 10. J. Stranks The Life and writings of Jeremy Taylor (London, 1952), p. 10 """' "" "' l 2 Jeremy Taylor. It is to be admitted that such a study sug- gests dedication to a life-long program of analysis and com- parison, for the collected works of Taylor amount to ten close-packed volumes, to say nothing of the vast array of contemporary literature and the great quantities of ink and paper° which have been used to assess that literature in the years since it was published. ‘With this admission, it is hOped that what follows will give some further understanding of Taylor and of his age. The Problem A certain amount of skepticism gathers around any attempt to determine the origin and spread of ideas. This is especially so when studying an age when the world of letters was relatively small and when communication arts played a more personal role than in our present day. This difficulty has been recognized by others who have sought to determine the history of ideas. Herbert Grierson, in his classic study, Cross-Currentgflig Seventeenth Century Litera- ture, expressed something of the difficulty in this way: What I wish to consider ... is how the humanist spirit, as I have described it, fared in the Churches.... How far did the spirit of Erasmus, or Montaigne or Bacon or Shakespeare succeed or fail or mellow or modify the Christian temper of these great treatises and these innu- merable sermons? It is a difficult qgestion, and one to whic my-answer, I fear, will e somewhat incomplete. 1Herbert J. C. Grierson, Cross-Currents in Seventeenth Century Literature (Harpers TorchbookEdition:—l§§gl, pp. 3 w. E. H. Lecky, in his History 2§_Rationalism is Egfigpg, described the task of the historian of opinions as "to take a wide survey of the intellectual influences of the period he is describing and to trace that connection of congruity which has a much greater influenCe upon the sequence of opinions than logical arguments."l Even so, Lecky admitted that all we can infer from our studies is "that the process of reasoning is much more difficult than is commonly sup- posed;...."2 Not only is the process of reasoning complex and the line of descent obscure, but a modern historian has reminded us that ideas are not compartmentalized or isolated from.related areas of thought.
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