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Are Moths the Missing Pollinators in Subantarctic New Zealand? Max N

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RESEARCH ARTICLE Are moths the missing pollinators in Subantarctic New Zealand? Max N. Buxton1,2, Barbara J. Anderson3, Robert J.B. Hoare4 & Janice M. Lord1 1Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 2The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand; 3The Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand; 4Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract Keywords Pollination; islands; interactions; On offshore islands, flowers are typically small, simple in colour and shape Lepidoptera; ecology; mutualism and more reliant on wind- or self-pollination than insect-mediated pollination. Islands also tend to have a species-poor pollinating fauna. The New Zealand Correspondence Subantarctic islands (latitude between about 46° and 60°) have a depauper- Max N. Buxton, The New Zealand Institute ate pollinator fauna. However, many flowers in this region are large, brightly for Plant and Food Research Limited, Bisley coloured and apparently completely reliant on insect visitors for pollination. In Road, Ruakura, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand. the absence of bees and butterflies, moths and flies may be particularly import- E-mail [email protected] ant pollinators in the region. Using six Heath moth traps simultaneously over four nights in three different habitat types, 241 moths were caught, represent- ing six species. We found that moths carried pollen identified to four plant spe- cies (Bulbinella rossii, Dracophyllum longifolium, Gentianella concinna and Acaena minor), with B. rossii and D. longifolium pollen being most abundant on moth bodies. Weather conditions explained moth abundance and distribution, but neither weather nor the number of moths caught were reliable predictors of their potential as pollinators; moths carried on average more pollen grains from more plant species in the shrubland despite harsh weather conditions and few individuals caught. Local flowering abundances may help explain this trend, with the predominance of D. longifolium flowering in the shrubland and B. rossii in the exposed megaherb field. This study is the first to provide evidence that moths may be capable of acting as pollinators in Subantarctic New Zealand, and that their contribution should not continue to be overlooked. To access the supplementary material, please visit the article landing page Introduction of insect pollination (entomophily), with some species being completely reliant on floral visitors for pollen trans- Island systems are characteristically depauperate in fer (Cheeseman 1919; Lord et al. 2013; Lord 2015). pollinating fauna, with many groups either absent or The New Zealand Subantarctic islands comprise The under-represented (Lord 2015). The New Zealand Sub- Snares, Campbell Island, the Bounty Islands, The Antip- antarctic islands conform to this pattern in that they have odes and the Auckland Islands archipelago, of which no bees or butterflies present; instead, flies and moths Enderby Island (50.4978° S, 166.2956° E; the focal island have been suggested as being important pollinators of this study) is a part. The Lepidoptera fauna of the (Lloyd 1985; Bernardello et al. 2001; Lord et al. 2013; Subantarctic islands currently consists of 89 species, of Lord 2015). Island plants tend to have a high representa- which 36 (46%) are endemic to the region, with only tion of small, white or green, simple shaped flowers that four species (11%) being endemic to more than one are wind-pollinated (anemophilous) (Bernardello et al. island (Patrick 1994). While the specific number of moth 2001). Because the Subantarctic region is characteristi- species present on Enderby Island is unknown, 47 have cally cold and windy, it is considered unsuited to flying been recorded in the Auckland Islands, of which 44 are insects, so wind- and self-pollination have typically been believed to be resident and 12 are endemic to the islands suggested as the main modes of pollination (Lord et al. (Dugdale 1971; Patrick 1994). Of the resident species, 41 2013; Lord 2015). Nonetheless, the flowers of some Sub- are capable of flight in at least the male sex (three spe- antarctic plants have features that are highly indicative cies are flightless in both sexes). While various Diptera, Polar Research 2019. © 2019 M.N. Buxton et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 1 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Polar Research 2019, 38, 3545, http://dx.doi.org/10.33265/polar.v38.3545 (page number not for citation purpose) Moth pollination in Subantarctic New Zealand M.N. Buxton et al. Orthoptera and Coleoptera are present and potentially on moths, and does this reflect local flowering species? behave as pollinators in this region, their overall contri- (3) Does moth visitation appear to be more important in bution as pollinators in this region is unknown. certain habitat types? The angiosperm flora of the New Zealand Subantarc- tic consists of 321 species across 51 families, of which 81 species (25.2%) are endemic to the region, with 64.7% of Methods these being single island occurrences (Lord 2015). While Study site the specific number of plant species on Enderby Island is unknown, the Auckland Islands are reported to have Enderby Island (700 ha) is the northernmost island in 138 flowering species (Johnson & Campbell 1975). Plants the Auckland Islands archipelago, located about 459 km in this environment may employ a mixed-mating strat- south of Bluff, New Zealand (Wood et al. 2016; Supple- egy that combines the advantage of outcrossing with the mentary Fig. S1). The vegetation on Enderby Island can reproductive assurance of self-fertilization (Lord 2015). be broken down into four main components: rātā (Metro- Given the history of this region and that conservation and sideros umbellata, Myrtaceae) forest, tussock grassland, restoration programmes cannot be successful without a shrubland and megaherb field. The windswept ār tā for- detailed understanding of the reproductive biology of the est dominates much of the southern and eastern sides of plants, it is surprising that little is known about the polli- the island and has a diverse understorey, with Stilbocarpa nation and reproductive strategies of plants in this region polaris (Araliaceae) as the predominant flowering species. (Bernardello et al. 2001; Lord 2015). Once believed to occupy a large portion of the island, Pollinating insects have been declining globally, which Poa litorosa (Poaceae) tussock grassland is present as a is of concern as declines in pollinating insects have been remnant on Enderby Island, more so on the coast of the linked to a subsequent decline in the plants they pollinate southeastern side of the island (Taylor 1971). North and (Thomas et al. 2004; Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Klein et al. west of the rātā forest is largely Ozothamnus vauvilliersii 2007; Leather 2018). However, nocturnal interactions are (Asteraceae) shrubland, merging into Oreobolus (Cypera- often overlooked, presumably because of the difficulty of ceae) moor (Taylor 1971). The northern area of the island conducting surveys at night, leaving the role of moths as is predominantly megaherb field, dominated by dioecious pollinators largely unknown (including day active moths) Bulbinella rossii (Asphodelaceae). A detailed description of (MacGregor et al. 2014; Buxton et al. 2018). Document- the vegetation of Enderby Island can be obtained from ing the previously undescribed relationships between Taylor (1971). Subantarctic moths and the plants they visit, and poten- tially pollinate, aids understanding of the importance of Systematic moth trapping moths in these depauperate systems and also the level of complexity and diversity in these harsh environments On 2 and 3 December 2015, five Heath moth traps (light (see MacGregor et al. [2014] and Buxton et al. [2018] traps) were placed in the B. rossii-dominated megaherb for an overview of how moth–plant interactions are com- field that covers most of the summit plateau of the island, monly assessed). Through systematic moth trapping and with one additional trap placed in the more coastal, lower the use of pollen on moth bodies as a proxy for pollina- elevation rātā forest (locations 1–6, Table 1, Supplemen- tion, this study will address three key questions. (1) Is tary Fig. S1). Heath moth traps attract moths with an moth abundance and/or diversity influenced by habitat Actinic or ultraviolet light source above the trap box. The type? (2) Which pollen types are found most commonly moths then get directed down a vane system, through Table 1 Elevation and plant species in flower in the vicinity of each trapping location. Location m a.s.l. Exposure status Putative biotically pollinated species flowering within 10 m of each trap 1 33 Exposed Bulbinella rossii (Asphodelaceae), Anisotome latifolia (Apiaceae), Epilobium brunnescens (Onagraceae) 2 35 Exposed Bulbinella rossii, Anisotome latifolia, Geranium microphyllum (Geraniaceae) 3 36 Exposed Bulbinella rossii, Anisotome latifolia, Gentianella concinna (Gentianaceae), Phyllachne clavigera (Stylidiaceae) 4 36 Exposed Bulbinella rossii, Anaphalioides bellidioides (Asteraceae), Phyllachne clavigera 5 36 Exposed Bulbinella rossii, Anaphalioides bellidioides, Phyllachne clavigera 6 12 Sheltered Stilbocarpa polaris,
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