DOCSLIB.ORG

Proquest Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fiice, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and im )roper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., nups, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bdl A Howell Infonnation Compai^ 300 North Zeeb Rood, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 AIR POWER ENGINEER: MAJOR GENERAL MASON PATRICK AND THE UNITED STATES AIR SERVICE, 1917-1927 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Robert Paul White, M.A. * * * The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Associate Professor John P. Guilmartin Department of History Associate Professor Warren R. Van Tine UMI Humber: 9931699 Copyright 1999 by White, Robert Paul All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9931699 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ABSTRACT The years between 1917 and 1928 were critical in the history of the United States Air Service in the doctrinal development of air warfare, leadership issues, and the future independence of America's military air arm. Major General Mason M. Patrick, a West Point graduate schooled as an engineer, was called upon twice within this period by his friend. General John J. Pershing, to lead the fledgling Air Service during turbulent times. Initially, Pershing called upon Patrick to lead and reorganize the Air Service in the midst of World War I. Pershing called upon Patrick in 1921 again to take over command of the Air Service in the midst of Brigadier General "Billy" Mitchell's often strident campaign for Air Service independence. While much has been written about Mitchell, Patrick has been all but ignored. Our ignorance of Patrick's accomplishments has led to an unqualified and uncritical acceptance of the pronouncements and attainments of his second in command: Billy Mitchell. In reality, due to Patrick's astute political judgment and close association u with the Army's General Staff, he ensured the economic and doctrinal survival of the United States Air Service at a time when it faced critical internal and external pressures. Mason Patrick was an exceptionally able administrator who controlled Billy Mitchell when others could (or would) not. In the beginning, Patrick was not a fervent air power advocate. But in the end, Patrick accomplished much more than Mitchell as he matured and grew in his appreciation of what military aviation could accomplish. Patrick's tenure as Chief of the Air Service and Air Corps proved to be one of strategic brilliance: the pivotal turning point on the road to Air Force independence. ui For my wife and son. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the course of the research associated with this study I have received invaluable assistance from many individuals. L t . Col. John Farquhar, USAF, Ph.D., and Lt. Col. (Ret.) Neal Meier, USMC, pointed me in the right direction with regard to starting this dissertation. On the research road, I have made the acquaintance of individuals without whom nothing could have been accomplished: the archivists. Col. Richard Rauschkolb and the staff at the Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base, especially Warren Trest, Joe Caver, Lynn Gamma, and Archie Difante. Their extensive knowledge and assistance saved me many hours of labor. Mr. Duane Reed at the United States Air Force Academy Library, Special Collections Division, was an exceptional Air Force history archival authority. Two individuals at the United States Military Academy also provided individual assistance beyond the call of duty: Mr. Alan Aimone and Ms. Suzanne Cristoff. At the National Archives Mr. John Taylor set me on the proper path to research in that wonderland of Hoilinger boxes. While there, I was well tended to by: Will Mahoney, Ed Reese, and Mitch Yockelson; all of whom helped me find my way through numerous Finding Aids and provided still more assistance though the thousands of linear feet in RG 18. At the Library of Congress, Special Collections Branch, the entire staff enlightened me regarding the contents of the Mitchell and Pershing collections. I was made most welcome at the U.S. Army institute for Military History at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where Colonel Jim McClain, Dr. Richard Sommers, and Mr. David Keogh provided excellent support. Mr. Mike Walker, at the Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C., always took the time to check arcane facts for m e . At the Air Force History Support Office, in Washington, D.C., Dr. Roger Miller, Dr. George Watson, Dr. Richard Wolf, and Ms. Yvonne Kinkaid came to the rescue with, respectively: clarification, inspiration, computer resuscitation, and archival minutia. Dr. Richard Hallion, the Air Force Historian, provided unlimited support. Dr. David Mets, Dr. Jim Titus, and Col. Phil Meilinger, Ph.D., have all given me encouragement when I needed a boost. My brother James gave me the inspiration to finish sooner than I would have. Special appreciation must go to Dr. Dan Mortensen who read and reread. His many suggestions, and more importantly, his encouragement, are greatly appreciated. Dr. Allan Millett, my dissertation advisor, has certainly had his work cut out for him. Whatever good turn of phrase is within this work, it is due solely to him. VI VITA 30 May 1951 _________________ Born: Williamsport, PA 1973 ________________________ B.S. Education Lock Haven State College Lock Haven, PA 1976 ________________________ M.A. History Mansfield State College Mansfield, PA 1986 ________________________ M.A. Government Georgetown University Washington, D.C. PUBLICATIONS "The Blossburg Poles," in: The History of Tioga County. Paul O'Rourke, Ed., Sayre, PA: Sayre Press, 1976. Air Force Provisional Units of Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR: A Study in Leadership. Ramstein Air Force Base, Germany : USAFE Air Force History and Museums Program, 1995. "Mason Patrick: Air Corps Engineer," in: Aim High. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1999. Our Air Force Heritage. (CD-ROM), Editor. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1999. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract_________________ — -------- ii Dedication ------ -------- ------------------ iv Acknowledgments__________ _______________________ v Vita_____________________________________________ vii Chapters : 1. Introduction---------------------------------- 1 2. From the Wright Brothers to World War I ----- 17 3. Mason M. Patrick: Army Engineer and Appointment as A.E.F., Air Service Chief ---- 34 4. Patrick Wins His War: Planes, Staff, Mitchell, and Strategic Bombing ------------- 63 5. Patrick and the Post-War A.E.F. Air Service, 1918-1919 ----- ----------------- 92 6. Demobilization, Legislation, Reorganization, The Sinking of Ships, and the Air Service Chief Resigns: the First Round in the Fight for Air Service Independence, 1919-1921------ 108 7. "To Command In Fact As Well As In Name" ----- 143 8. 1923: The Lassiter Board and "Fundamental Conceptions:" Spadework for the 1926 Air Corps Act ------------------ 183 9. Patrick Takes on a Pair of Wings, the Navy, and the Army General Service Schools -------- 215 10. Patrick's Search for Economy and Efficiency ... 237 11. The Fallout From the Lassiter Board Report and the Fall of Billy Mitchell -------------- 279 12. The Air Corps Act and Aftermath ------------- 308 13. Conclusion _____________ _____________________ 329 Bibliography ------------------------------------ 338 vm CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1923, in a cloudless sky above Bolling Field just outside of Washington, D. C., a student pilot of the Army Air Service soloed for the first time. When he lifted off the grass airstrip moments before, he banked to the right, and turning, followed the Potomac River upstream on the first leg of what would be his successful proficiency flight to become the oldest Junior Military Aviator in the history of the Air Service and the oldest rated officer ever in what would become the United States Air Force. Major General Mason M. Patrick, Chief of the Army Air Service since October 1921, earned his wings that day at age fifty- nine. In December 1927, as General Patrick was about to retire at the mandatory age of sixty-five, he flew over Bolling Field again, but this time as Chief of the vastly improved Army Air Corps. From his first solo flight to his last active duty sortie. Mason Patrick was responsible for six years of extraordinary change within the Army Air Service and its successor, the Army Air Corps. Unfortunately, little is known of Patrick, who, in retrospect, was responsible for saving a fledgling air force from a variety of self-inflicted wounds and many competing and self-serving outside interests. In addition, the inter­ war period, and especially the decade following World War I, has attracted very little research on the Air Service and Air Corps.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau
    THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS OR FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ruth Joy August 2018 A dissertation written by Ruth Joy B.S., Kent State University, 1969 M.S., Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil McClelland _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Catherine E. Hackney Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration ........................ _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James C. Hannon ii JOY, RUTH, Ph.D., August 2018 Cultural Foundations ........................ of Education THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS. OR, FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU (213 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph. D. Dozens of academic studies over the course of the past four or five decades have shown empirically that Catholic schools, according to a wide array of standards and measures, are the best schools at producing good American citizens. This dissertation proposes that this is so is partly because the schools are infused with the Catholic ethos (also called the Catholic Imagination or the Analogical Imagination) and its approach to the world in general. A large part of this ethos is based upon Catholic Anthropology, the Church’s teaching about the nature of the human person and his or her relationship to other people, to Society, to the State, and to God.
    [Show full text]
  • MS-1 PART III Photographs
    MS-1: Wright Brothers Collection PART III WRIGHT FAMILY PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION This series includes many original photographic prints made by the Wrights from their own negatives shortly after the images were taken. The Wrights exposed at least 303 gelatin dry plate negatives in the course of documenting their process of invention. All of their glass plate negatives were given to the Library of Congress in 1949, but many of their original prints remained with the Estate of Orville Wright. Many of the Wright Brothers’ original negatives were damaged in Dayton’s great flood of 1913, when they were submerged for up to four days. The Wright State University collection includes some images for which no negatives exist at the Library of Congress and so many of these prints are unique. In addition, this collection includes hundreds of prints collected by the Wrights through their association with other aviation pioneers such as Octave Chanute, and a great variety of aeronautical prints either collected by them, or sent to them by well-wishers through the years. While the major prints exist in both collections, both the Wright State University collection and the Wright collection in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress contain many images that are unique to each collection. Wilbur and Orville Wright began photographing their experiences on the Outer Banks using a 4 x 5 inch dry plate camera. In 1902 they purchased a Korona view camera which used 5 x 7 inch dry plates. They developed their negatives and made prints in the darkroom they set up at their home in Dayton.
    [Show full text]
  • Weekly Commentary
    Weekly Commentary June 1, 2020 Wired Wireless George Owen Squier was a major in the Army Signal Corps when he supervised testing of the Wright brother's plane in 1908. His flight with Orville Wright made him one of the first passengers ever to ride in an airplane, and he was instrumental in convincing the army to buy the Wright plane. Later, during World War 1, he commanded the Army Air Corps. Squier was also a prolific inventor with more than sixty patents to his name. In 1911, he patented a technology that allowed many radio signals to travel over a single wire. He called it "Wired Wireless." After Squier retired from the army, he launched a company to bring "Wired Wireless" to America. For two dollars a month, consumers could have radio programs piped into their home over the electrical wires. It was an idea way ahead of its time- an early forerunner of cable TV. But people proved unwilling to pay for radio when they could get it for free. So Squier's company began targeting businesses, commissioning studies to show how piped-in music increased employee efficiency. Squier's company was called Wired Radio, but in 1934, he came up with a catchier moniker, merging the word "music" with the name of his favorite "high-tech" company, Kodak. The result: Muzak, now heard in retail stores, restaurants, malls, offices- and of course elevators- by more than 100 million people a day. The Greatest Music Stories Never Told By Rick Beyer Weekly Market Commentary June 1, 2020 The Markets Are those green shoots? In economic terms, green shoots are signs of improvement.
    [Show full text]
  • William J. Hammer Collection
    William J. Hammer Collection Mark Kahn, 2003; additional information added by Melissa A. N. Keiser, 2021 2003 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical/Historical note.............................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 3 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 4 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 5 Series 1: Professional materials............................................................................... 5 Series 2: Photographs and other materials............................................................ 13 William J. Hammer Collection NASM.XXXX.0074 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: William J. Hammer Collection Identifier: NASM.XXXX.0074 Date:
    [Show full text]
  • Jerome S. Fanciulli Collection History of Aviation Collection
    Jerome S. Fanciulli Collection History of Aviation Collection Provenance Jerome S. Fanciulli was born in New York City, January 12, 1988. He was the son of Professor Francesco and Amanda Fanciulli. He was educated at de Witt Clinton High School in New York City. He attended St. Louis University, St. Louis, 1903-04 and Stevens Institute, Hoboken, N.J., 1904-05. He married Marian Callaghan in November, 1909. On January 12, 1986 he died in Winchester Hospital in Winchester, Virginia. Mr. Fanciulli worked for the Washington Post and then joined the Associated Press where his assignments were on the Capitol staff of the Associated Press. He became the AP’s aviation specialist. Mr. Fanciulli was a charter member of the National Press Club and a founding member of the Aero Club of Washington, D.C. In November 19098, Mr. Fanciulli joined Glenn H. Curtiss’ company. He was Vice President and General Manger of the Curtiss Exhibition Company. Among his many varied duties Mr. Fanciulli established schools of aviation and directed the demonstration and sale of Curtiss aeroplanes in the United States and Europe. He promoted or conducted some of the largest air meets in the United States prior to 1913. He collaborated with the United States Army and the United States Navy in developing aeroplane specifications. Mr. Fanciulli wrote magazine articles, employed and directed aviators obtaining contracts for them. Mr. Fanciulli sold the United States Navy its first biplane and the United States Army its second biplane. He also sold czarist Russia its first plane for their Navy. Mr. Fanciulli left the Glenn H.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Neurath, Arntz, and ISOTYPE Jansen
    University of Groningen Neurath, Arntz, and ISOTYPE Jansen, Wim Published in: Journal of Design History DOI: 10.1093/jdh/epp015 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2009 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Jansen, W. (2009). Neurath, Arntz, and ISOTYPE: The Legacy in Art, Design, and Statistics. Journal of Design History, 22(3), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epp015 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 Journal of Design History Vol. 22 No. 3 doi:10.1093/jdh/epp015 Neurath, Arntz and ISOTYPE: The Legacy in Art, Design and Statistics Wim Jansen To remember simplifi ed pictures is better than to forget accurate fi gures. 1 In the fi rst decades of the twentieth century, Otto Neurath and Gerd Arntz invented the ‘ Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics ’ (Wiener Bildstatistik).
    [Show full text]
  • B-25 Mitchell
    Airpower Classics Artwork by Zaur Eylanbekov B-25 Mitchell On April 18, 1942, Army Air Forces Lt. Col. James “Pappy” Gunn’s fabled 75 mm cannon. The Mitchell H. “Jimmy” Doolittle, leading a force of 16 B-25B was never the fastest, most maneuverable, or medium bombers and crews, took off from the best-looking medium bomber. However, it grew to aircraft carrier USS Hornet and bombed Tokyo be the most heavily armed and was more versatile and other targets. It was the first time US aircraft than any—even the German Junkers Ju 88. had struck at Japan, and the raid immortalized both Doolittle and the B-25 Mitchell. The North Noted for its excellent handling characteristics, the American Aviation bomber went on to become a B-25 performed remarkably well in many roles, workhorse in every theater of World War II. including medium- and low-altitude bomber, close air support, photo reconnaissance, anti- North American proposed the new Model NA-62, submarine warfare, patrol, and—when occasion derived from a series of earlier prototypes, in a demanded—tactical fighter. Later it was used as 1939 competition. The Army bought it right off a pilot and navigator trainer, and became much the drawing board, ordering 184 of the airplanes. beloved in that role. In peacetime, it served as an The clean, lean lines of the B-25 delivered good executive transport, firefighter, camera airplane, performance and facilitated both mass produc- test vehicle, and crop duster. The last B-25 train- tion and maintenance. Built in 10 major models, ers remained in service at Reese AFB, Tex., until with numerous variants, the B-25 was particularly finally retiring in January 1959—nearly 17 years adaptable to field modifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics for the Masses: the Visual Display of Economic Knowledge in the United States (1921-1945) Yann Giraud, Loïc Charles
    Economics for the Masses: The Visual Display of Economic Knowledge in the United States (1921-1945) Yann Giraud, Loïc Charles To cite this version: Yann Giraud, Loïc Charles. Economics for the Masses: The Visual Display of Economic Knowledge in the United States (1921-1945). 2013. hal-00870490 HAL Id: hal-00870490 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00870490 Preprint submitted on 7 Oct 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thema Working Paper n°2010-03 Université de Cergy Pontoise, France Economics for the Masses : The Visual Display of Economic Knowledge in the United States (1921-1945) Giraud Yann Charles Loic June, 2010 Economics for the Masses: The Visual Display of Economic Knowledge in the United States (1921-1945) Loïc Charles (EconomiX, Université de Reims and INED) & Yann Giraud (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA)1 June 2010 Abstract: The rise of visual representation in economics textbooks after WWII is one of the main features of contemporary economics. In this paper, we argue that this development has been preceded by a no less significant rise of visual representation in the larger literature devoted to social and scientific issues, including economic textbooks for non-economists as well as newspapers and magazines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aeronautical Division, US Signal Corps By
    The First Air Force: The Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps By: Hannah Chan, FAA history intern The United States first used aviation warfare during the Civil War with the Union Army Balloon Corps (see Civil War Ballooning: The First U.S. War Fought on Land, at Sea, and in the Air). The lighter-than-air balloons helped to gather intelligence and accurately aim artillery. The Army dissolved the Balloon Corps in 1863, but it established a balloon section within the U.S. Signal Corps, the Army’s communication branch, during the Spanish-American War in 1892. This section contained only one balloon, but it successfully made several flights and even went to Cuba. However, the Army dissolved the section after the war in 1898, allowing the possibility of military aeronautics advancement to fade into the background. The Wright brothers' successful 1903 flight at Kitty Hawk was a catalyst for aviation innovation. Aviation pioneers, such as the Wright Brothers and Glenn Curtiss, began to build heavier-than-air aircraft. Aviation accomplishments with the dirigible and planes, as well as communication innovations, caused U.S. Army Brigadier General James Allen, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, to create an Aeronautical Division on August 1, 1907. The A Signal Corps Balloon at the Aeronautics Division division was to “have charge of all matters Balloon Shed at Fort Myer, VA Photo: San Diego Air and Space Museum pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and all kindred subjects.” At its creation, the division consisted of three people: Captain (Capt.) Charles deForest Chandler, head of the division, Corporal (Cpl.) Edward Ward, and First-class Private (Pfc.) Joseph E.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-Five Years Ahead of Its Time: the American Aerial Torpedo in World War I
    TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AHEAD OF ITS TIME: THE AMERICAN AERIAL TORPEDO IN WORLD WAR I Michael H. Taint, Lt. Colonel, USAF (Ret) Independent Scholar To the modern-day public, no weapon system is more evocative of American high technology than the “drone” or, more formally, the “Unmanned Aerial System” (UAS) or “Remotely Piloted Aircraft” (RPA). UASs in the last two decades have been deployed extensively through southwest Asia and appear almost daily in news reports. Few realize they were pioneered a century ago and nearly took their place alongside the tank, submarine, chemical weapons and fighter aircraft as an important technological breakthrough of World War I. This paper explores the development and testing of the first American drone. Developed in Dayton, Ohio, this “aerial torpedo” (also called an “automatic carrier” or “flying bomb”) was created by automotive innovator Charles F. “Boss” Kettering and nicknamed, in his honor, the “Kettering Bug.” Along with Kettering, important future actors in American military airpower such as General of the Air Force Henry “Hap” Arnold and James Doolittle of “Doolittle’s Raiders” were also involved in this secret development project, probably the first of its kind in Air Force history. Like most projects pushing the limits of the state of the art, the Kettering Bug was hampered by technical challenges; however, the project showed how breakthroughs can be achieved when a small group of accomplished technical experts are brought together on a complex task and allowed to seek creative solutions. Theirs was no small accomplishment. Looking back on the project, General “Hap” Arnold’s assessment was: The Bug was twenty five years ahead of its time.
    [Show full text]
  • Cincinnati's Doolittle Raider at War
    Queen City Heritage Thomas C. Griffin, a resident of Cincinnati for over forty years, participated in the first bombing raid on Japan in World War II, the now leg- endary Doolittle raid. (CHS Photograph Collection) Winter 1992 Navigating from Shangri-La Navigating from Shangri- La: Cincinnati's Doolittle Raider at War Kevin C. McHugh served as Cincinnati's oral historian for "one of America's biggest gambles"5 of World War II, the now legendary Doolittle Raid on Japan. A soft-spoken man, Mr. Griffin Over a half century ago on April 18, 1942, characteristically downplays his part in the first bombing the Cincinnati Enquirer reported: "Washington, April 18 raid on Japan: "[It] just caught the fancy of the American — (AP) — The War and Navy Departments had no confir- people. A lot of people had a lot worse assignments."6 mation immediately on the Japanese announcement of the Nevertheless, he has shared his wartime experiences with bombing of Tokyo."1 Questions had been raised when Cincinnati and the country, both in speaking engagements Tokyo radio, monitored by UPI in San Francisco, had sud- and in print. In 1962 to celebrate the twentieth anniversary denly gone off the air and then had interrupted program- of the historic mission, the Cincinnati Enquirer highlight- ming for a news "flash": ed Mr. Griffin's recollections in an article that began, Enemy bombers appeared over Tokyo for the "Bomber Strike from Carrier Recalled."7 For the fiftieth first time since the outbreak of the current war of Greater anniversary in 1992, the Cincinnati Post shared his adven- East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • 10, George C. Marshall
    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #10 “George C. Marshall: Global Commander” Forrest C. Pogue, 1968 It is a privilege to be invited to give the tenth lecture in a series which has become widely-known among teachers and students of military history. I am, of course, delighted to talk with you about Gen. George C. Marshall with whose career I have spent most of my waking hours since1956. Douglas Freeman, biographer of two great Americans, liked to say that he had spent twenty years in the company of Gen. Lee. After devoting nearly twelve years to collecting the papers of General Marshall and to interviewing him and more than 300 of his contemporaries, I can fully appreciate his point. In fact, my wife complains that nearly any subject from food to favorite books reminds me of a story about General Marshall. If someone serves seafood, I am likely to recall that General Marshall was allergic to shrimp. When I saw here in the audience Jim Cate, professor at the University of Chicago and one of the authors of the official history of the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, I recalled his fondness for the works of G.A. Henty and at once there came back to me that Marshall once said that his main knowledge of Hannibal came from Henty's The Young Carthaginian. If someone asks about the General and Winston Churchill, I am likely to say, "Did you know that they first met in London in 1919 when Marshall served as Churchill's aide one afternoon when the latter reviewed an American regiment in Hyde Park?" Thus, when I mentioned to a friend that I was coming to the Air Force Academy to speak about Marshall, he asked if there was much to say about the General's connection with the Air Force.
    [Show full text]