The Origin of Citrus
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New Acid Citrus Selections for Florida
New acid citrus selections for Florida Lemon and lime-like selections with niche market potential are being developed with biotechnology at the University of Florida. By Jude Grosser, Zenaida Viloria and Manjul Dutt re you ready for a purple margarita? Would you like a fragrant, juicy lime is a naturally occurring citrus lemon for your iced tea with no seeds to clog your straw or dishwasher triploid, which is why it is seedless. drain? How about some seedless lime trees that are cold-hardy enough The new seedless watermelons in the Afor Central Florida? These and many more interesting acid-citrus marketplace are also triploids. selections are now on the horizon, including some with good ornamental potential. Due to the fact that new and This article will focus on progress in using emerging biotechnologies to develop improved citrus cultivars must be interesting new citrus cultivars in the lemon and lime group. Cultivars include seedless to compete in the national some that will not have regulatory constraints, and also a genetically modified and international marketplace, the organism (GMO)-derived purple Key lime as a teaser for the future. University of Florida’s Citrus Research and Education Center (UF/CREC) LEARNING FROM they are triploids. People and most citrus improvement team (working THE BANANA citrus trees are diploid, meaning with Fred Gmitter) has formulated Have you ever wondered why you there are two sets of chromosomes in several ways to create triploids as a key never find seeds in your bananas? Did each cell. Triploid bananas have three method of developing seedless citrus you know that there are wild-type sets of chromosomes per cell. -
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Pummelo (Citrus Maxima) Germplasm in China
Tree Genetics & Genomes (2017) 13: 58 DOI 10.1007/s11295-017-1133-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genetic diversity and population structure of pummelo (Citrus maxima) germplasm in China Huiwen Yu1 & Xiaoming Yang 1 & Fei Guo1 & Xiaolin Jiang1 & Xiuxin Deng1 & Qiang Xu1 Received: 31 July 2016 /Revised: 11 March 2017 /Accepted: 19 March 2017 /Published online: 26 April 2017 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Abstract Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the basic spe- Keywords Pummelo . Genetic diversity . Population cies of Citrus. It has been cultivated for about 4000 years in structure . Nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) China, and therefore, there are abundant germplasm during the long time of culture. However, there is still a lack of a detailed study of the genetic characteristics of pummelo pop- Introduction ulation. In this study, genetic diversity and population struc- ture among 274 pummelo accessions collected in China were Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. analyzed using 31 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) The genetic background of citrus is very complicated because markers. The observed heterozygosity was calculated as of its biological characteristics, such as wide sexual compati- 0.325 and genetic differentiation Fst as 0.077. Genetic struc- bility on interspecies and intergenus levels. The complex ge- ture analysis divided the whole germplasm into three subpop- netic background has hindered the genetic studies in citrus. ulations, Pop-a, Pop-b, and Pop-c. Pop-a was composed of Exploring genetic variation within a single species will facil- accessions mostly from Southeast China, Pop-b was com- itate genetic analysis such as genome-wide association studies posed of accessions from the central region of South China, (GWAS) of important traits. -
Kumquats Are Tiny Citrus to Use in Relish Or Marmalade
KUMQUATS ARE TINY CITRUS TO USE IN RELISH OR MARMALADE In response to numerous inquiries about kumquats, which are available in various quantities from November through June, suggestions are offered here for using and preserving the unusual fruit. The kumquat is a small orange fruit of the citrus family. It is oblong and about the size of a small plum; the rind is golden-orange, the flesh is rather dry and the seeds are small. When fully ripe, kumquats can be eaten raw— cut up or sliced and added to salads and fruit cups. More often they are enjoyed cooked whole in a sugar syrup, candied, or in marmalade. Clip these recipes for your file. Preserved Kumquats 2 cups sugar 2 quarts firm kumquats Wash kumquats. Pour over them boiling water to 5 cups sugar cover. Let them steep 2 minutes, then pour off the water. Stick 1 whole clove into each kumquat. Make Remove stems and leaves from kumquats. Wash and a syrup of the water and sugar. Bring to a boil. drain the fruit. Prick each kumquat several times Poach kumquats in the syrup for about 20 minutes, or with a darning needle. Put the fruit into a saucepan until tender. and cover with boiling water. Simmer for about 20 minutes or until tender. Candied Kumquats Skim the kumquats from the water and stir into the 1 quart whole kumquats (about 1 pound) water the 5 cups sugar. Boil this syrup 5 minutes. 2 cups sugar Add the kumquats and cook them gently for about 1 1 cup water hour, or until the fruit is transparent. -
Spicy Grapefruit Margarita. the RECIPE
THE RECIPE spicy grapefruit margarita. By halfbakedharvest I swear I have found the perfect amount of tequila, to lime juice, to fruity mixer for margs prep time 10 minutes total time 10 minutes servings 6 drinks 4.47 from 39 votes calories 207 kcal INGREDIENTS BIG BATCH MARGARITAS 1 1/2 cups silver tequila 12 ounces 2 cups grapefruit juice 16 ounces 3/4 cups fresh lime juice 1/4 cup agave nectar may also use honey 1-2 whole jalapeños halved (depending on how spicy you want your drink) slices lime + grapefruit for serving TO MAKE JUST ONE DRINK 1 1/2 - 2 ounces silver tequila 2 1/2 ounces grapefruit juice 1 ounce fresh lime juice 1 tablespoon agave nectar or more to taste 1-2 slices jalapeno depending on how spicy you want your drink slices lime + grapefruit for serving SPICY CHILI SALT RIM 1 tablespoon chili powder 1 tablespoon kosher salt 2 teaspoons granulated sugar INSTRUCTIONS SPICY CHILI SALT RIM In a bowl, combine the chili power salt and sugar. Mix well to combine. Use this mixture to rim your glasses. BIG BATCH MARGARITA Combine all the ingredients in a pitcher and stir to combine. Keep chilled in the fridge for 1-3 hours. Taste the drink every hour to check for spiciness. The longer you leave the jalapeño in the drink the spicier the drink will become. Once the drink is spiced to your liking, remove the jalapeños. When ready to serve, salt the rims of 4-6 glasses. Add ice to each glass and pour the margaritas over the ice. -
Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder
Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11: 77-81, 2011 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Marcelo Claro de Souza1*, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi2 and Antonio de Goes3 Received 11 February 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 ABSTRACT - A citrus scab disease, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, is currently found in all citrus areas throughout Brazil. That being, given the importance of this casual agent, the behavior of tangerines and hybrids influenced by this pathogen was evaluated under natural infection conditions. This study was performed with plants around 15 years old without irrigation; 100 fruits of three plants were collected during harvest season, using a grade scale varying from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms) the level of disease severity was determined. Among the cultivars, citrus scab resistance was observed in Citrus deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. nobilis; a mandarin hybrid (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa) and a satsuma hybrid (C. unshiu x C. sinensis). Among the other genotypes, symptoms were observed with levels of severity ranging from 1 to 3, indicating moderate resistance. Key words: Citrus scab, citrus crop, resistant varieties. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, E. fawcettii is responsible for citrus scab. The disease is widespread in many humid, citrus-cultivating In many citrus production areas around the world, areas around the world and decreases fruit values on the Elsinoe fawcettii is one of the main fungi diseases found. fresh-fruit market (Feichtenberger et al. 1986). In young It attacks a wide variety of citrus species and cultivars, plants or under severe infection, it may cause significant resulting in scab disease on leaves, twigs, and fruits (Timmer fruit drop. -
Canker and Greening – Lessons from South America by Bob Rouse and Fritz Roka
Citrus Expo follow-up Canker and greening – lessons from South America By Bob Rouse and Fritz Roka he 2006 Citrus Expo featured citrus managers from Cecil Taylor described citrus production in the northeast Brazil and Argentina who spoke about their manage - region of Argentina where producers grow common oranges, ment programs to control citrus canker and citrus mandarins and grapefruit. Tgreening diseases. The strategies they described Argentina was devastated by tristeza in the 1940s and in have been successful and hopefully transferable to citrus the 1960s began to see canker. Initial control efforts included production in Florida. eradication, tree defoliation and spraying enough copper that The Florida canker eradication program was abandoned in trees turned blue. These efforts proved fruitless, and growers the spring of 2006 after the USDA predicted that canker demanded an end to any eradication policy. would spread by 100,000 acres before the end of the year. During these early years, windbreaks were not part of any Currently, most of the canker is south of Polk County’s State perceived solution. By the end of the 1980s, they began to re - Road 60. Since the eradication program ended, there have alize, however, that the key to canker control lies in slowing been about 100 new finds monthly. down the wind, even though they did not experience strong Grower self-inspections have accounted for 40 percent of winds. They started with low-growing plants like sugarcane, the new finds. DPI inspectors have identified the remaining maze and sunflower. By the 1990s, they saw the need for 60 percent of new canker finds. -
"Performance of Citrus Scion Cultivars and Rootstocks in a High-Density
REPORTS HORTSCIENCE 26(7):837-840. 1991. house and planted in the field in 1981. A split plot experiment and analysis of variance Performance of Citrus Scion Cultivars (ANOVA) statistics were used with four rep- lications, with cultivar as the main plot and and Rootstock in a High-density rootstock as the subplot. Field plots were four ´ four trees, with data taken from the Planting center four of the 16 trees. They were planted 1.5 m in the row and 3.3 m between rows T.A. Wheaton, W.S. Castle, J.D. Whitney, and D.P.H. Tucker and were irrigated and fertigated as required Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of to maintain optimal soil water and nutrient levels using one microsprinkler per two trees. Food and Agricultural Sciences, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Trees were mechanically hedged and topped Alfred, FL 33850 during Summer 1987 and hedged again in 1989 to maintain a 1.5-m alley between rows Additional index words. tree spacing, yield efficiency and a 2.5-m tree height. Thus, the canopy Abstract. ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], ‘Murcott’ tangor size allocated for each tree was 1.5 m in the (C. reticulata Blanco ´ C. sinensis), and ‘Redblush’ grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) on row, 1.8 m across the row, and 2.5 m in 15 rootstock and own-rooted cuttings were planted at a 1.5 ´ 3.3-m spacing providing height, providing 6.8 m3 of canopy volume a density of 2020 trees/ha. -
Bright Citron™ Soak
Product Profile BRIGHT CITRON™ SOAK WHAT IT IS An aromatic and refreshing sea salt soak for cleansing skin. WHAT IT DOES Softens and cleanses skin. WHY YOU NEED IT • Provides the first step to cleanse impurities and soften skin for a luxurious manicure or pedicure experience. • Gently cleanses without drying skin. FRAGRANCE FEATURED Pink Grapefruit and Warm Amber. FRAGRANCE PROFILE • Bright citrus top notes. • Soft floral mid notes. CREATIVE SUGGESTIONS • Light woody base notes. • Create a fragrant ceremonial experience by placing the Soak into warm water directly prior to ACTIVE BOTANICALS immersing hands or feet. Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix Leaf Extract): • Add lime or grapefruit slices to enhance the Is known to purify skin and promote radiance. experience. • Use as a foot soak prior to all salon services. Honey: • Excellent retail product for home use in bath tubs. Is known to hydrate skin and help retain moisture. INGREDIENT LISTING FEATURED INGREDIENTS & BENEFITS Maris Sal ((Sea Salt) Sel Marin), Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sea Salt: Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Honey, Citrus Hystrix Leaf Natural salt used for its therapeutic properties. Extract, Aqua ((Water) Eau), Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Salts increase the flow of water in and out of Hydrated Silica, Parfum (Fragrance), Limonene, Linalool, cells, in essence flushing and cleansing the cells. Hexyl Cinnamal, Citral. This facilitates the absorption of other ingredients into the cells. AVAILABLE SIZES • Retail/Professional: 410 g (14.4 oz) Argan Oil (Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil): • Professional: 3.3 kg (118.8 oz) Is known to nourish dry skin. DIRECTIONS FOR USE • For feet, add a teaspoon to footbath and agitate water to dissolve. -
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang -
Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect
foods Article Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect Li-Yun Lin 1,*, Cheng-Hung Chuang 2 , Hsin-Chun Chen 3 and Kai-Min Yang 4 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan 2 Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan 3 Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan 4 Department of Hospitality Management, Mingdao Unicersity, ChangHua 523, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-33-432-793 Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 7 September 2019 Abstract: Lime peels are mainly obtained from the byproducts of the juice manufacturing industry, which we obtained and used to extract essential oil (2.3%) in order to examine the antioxidant and hypolipidaemic effects. We identified 60 volatile compounds of lime essential oil (LEO) with GC/MS, of which the predominant constituents were limonene, γ-terpinene, and β-pinene. Lime essential oil was measured according to the DPPH assay and ABTS assay, with IC50 values of 2.36 mg/mL and 0.26 mg/mL, respectively. This study also explored the protective effects of LEO against lipid-induced hyperlipidemia in a rat model. Two groups of rats received oral LEO in doses of 0.74 g/100 g and 2.23 g/100 g with their diets. Eight weeks later, we found that the administration of LEO improved the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase levels in the hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the LEO improved the health of the rats in terms of obesity, atherogenic index, and fatty liver. -
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g. -
Classification and Cultivars
1 Classification and Cultivars 2 Two Tribes • Clauseneae • Citreae has 3 Subtribes –Triphasiinae –Balsamocitrineae –Citrinae 3 Fortunella • Four species - Small trees and shrubs. • Flowers later than Citrus. • Freeze - hardy • Small fruit –‘Meiwa’ and ‘Marumi’ - round –‘Nagami’ ovate 4 Poncirus • Two trifoliate spp. –trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ –poyandra • Deciduous • Thorny, Cold hardy, long thorns • Makes great hedges , rootstocks 5 Microcitrus • Northeastern rainforest Australia • Moderate-sized trees. • Leaves are unifoliate dimorphic • Microcitrus australasica –Resistant to burrowing nematode and phytophthora • Micro leaves, flowers, and fruit 6 Clymenia • Unifoliate acuminate leaves tapering into very short petiole. • Branches are thornless. • Style shorter than other true Citrus and stigma is larger and flattened • Fruit - ovoid, thin peeled, many oil glands, many small seeds. 7 Eremocitrus • Xerophytic native of Australia • Spreading long drooping branches • Leaves unifoliate, greyish green, thick, leatherly, and lanceolate. • Sunken stomata, freeze hardy • Ideal xeroscape plant. 8 Citrus - Subgenus Eucitrus • Vesicles - no acrid or bitter oil • C. medica (Citrons) –Uses - candied peel, • Jewish ceremony • Exocortis indicator 9 Citrus limon (Lemons) • Commerce –‘Lisbon’ and ‘Eureka’ • Dooryard –Meyer (Lemon hybrid) • Rough Lemon –Rootstock 10 Lemon Hybrids • Lemonage (lemon x sweet orange) • Lemonime (lemon x lime) • Lemandrin (lemon x mandarin) • Eremolemon (Eremocitrus x lemon) - Australian Desert Lemon 11 Citrus aurantifolia (Limes) • ‘Key’ or ‘Mexican’ limes • ‘Tahiti’ or ‘Persian’ limes some are triploids and seedless • C. macrophylla (lime-like fruit) –Rootstock in California • Lemonimes (lime x lemon) • Limequats (lime x kumquat) 12 • Not grown either in Tahiti or Persian (Iran) • Seedless and marketed when still dark green 13 C. aurantium - Sour Orange • ‘Seville’ in Southern Europe –Orange marmalade • ‘Bouquet’ & ‘Bergamot’ • - Italy –Essential oil • Many forms like ‘Bittersweet’ –Rootstock - High quality fruit.