Native Woody Plants of Montgomery County, Maryland
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Tree Mycorrhizal Type Predicts Within‐Site Variability in the Storage And
Received: 6 December 2017 | Accepted: 8 February 2018 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14132 PRIMARY RESEARCH ARTICLE Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within-site variability in the storage and distribution of soil organic matter Matthew E. Craig1 | Benjamin L. Turner2 | Chao Liang3 | Keith Clay1 | Daniel J. Johnson4 | Richard P. Phillips1 1Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Abstract 2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Forest soils store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), yet how predicted Balboa, Ancon, Panama shifts in forest composition will impact long-term C and N persistence remains 3Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, poorly understood. A recent hypothesis predicts that soils under trees associated Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) store less C than soils dominated by trees associ- China ated with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), due to slower decomposition in ECM-dominated 4Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA forests. However, an incipient hypothesis predicts that systems with rapid decom- position—e.g. most AM-dominated forests—enhance soil organic matter (SOM) sta- Correspondence Matthew E. Craig, Department of Biology, bilization by accelerating the production of microbial residues. To address these Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. contrasting predictions, we quantified soil C and N to 1 m depth across gradients of Email: [email protected] ECM-dominance in three temperate forests. By focusing on sites where AM- and Funding information ECM-plants co-occur, our analysis controls for climatic factors that covary with myc- Biological and Environmental Research, Grant/Award Number: DE-SC0016188; orrhizal dominance across broad scales. -
ARTICLE X. LANDSCAPING Sec 8-447. Purpose. the City of Del Rio
ARTICLE X. LANDSCAPING Sec 8-447. Purpose. The City of Del Rio experiences frequent droughts and is in a semi-arid climatic zone; therefore, it is the purpose of this article to: (1) Encourage the use of drought resistant plants and landscaping techniques that do not consume large quantities of water. Plants native to Southern Texas/Coahuila Desert are recommended. (2) Establish requirements for the installation and maintenance of landscaping on developed commercial properties in order to improve, protect, and preserve the appearance, character and value of such properties and their surrounding neighborhoods and thereby promote the public health, safety and general welfare of the citizens of Del Rio. More specifically, it is the purpose of this article to: (a) Aid in stabilizing the environment's ecological balance by contributing to the process of air purification, oxygen regeneration, storm water runoff retardation and groundwater recharge; (b) Reduce soil erosion by slowing storm water runoff; (c) Aid in the abatement of noise, glare and heat; (d) Aid in energy conservation; (e) Provide visual buffering and provide contrast and relief from the built-up environment; and (f) Protect and enhance property value and public and private investment and enhance the beautification of the city. (3) Contribute to and enhance the economic welfare of the city and the quality of life of citizens and visitors through the following: a. Promote the image of the southwestern border environment; and b. Create an attractive appearance along city streets -
Erigenia : Journal of the Southern Illinois Native Plant Society
ERIGENIA THE LIBRARY OF THE DEC IS ba* Number 13 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS June 1994 ^:^;-:A-i.,-CS..;.iF/uGN SURVEY Conference Proceedings 26-27 September 1992 Journal of the Eastern Illinois University Illinois Native Plant Society Charleston Erigenia Number 13, June 1994 Editor: Elizabeth L. Shimp, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, 901 S. Commercial St., Harrisburg, IL 62946 Copy Editor: Floyd A. Swink, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Publications Committee: John E. Ebinger, Botany Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 Ken Konsis, Forest Glen Preserve, R.R. 1 Box 495 A, Westville, IL 61883 Kenneth R. Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820 Lawrence R. Stritch, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, 901 S. Commercial Su, Harrisburg, IL 62946 Cover Design: Christopher J. Whelan, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Cover Illustration: Jean Eglinton, 2202 Hazel Dell Rd., Springfield, IL 62703 Erigenia Artist: Nancy Hart-Stieber, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Executive Committee of the Society - April 1992 to May 1993 President: Kenneth R. Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820 President-Elect: J. William Hammel, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL 62701 Past President: Jon J. Duerr, Kane County Forest Preserve District, 719 Batavia Ave., Geneva, IL 60134 Treasurer: Mary Susan Moulder, 918 W. Woodlawn, Danville, IL 61832 Recording Secretary: Russell R. Kirt, College of DuPage, Glen EUyn, IL 60137 Corresponding Secretary: John E. Schwegman, Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, IL 62701 Membership: Lorna J. Konsis, Forest Glen Preserve, R.R. -
AMERICAN 0/ AŒDICUNAL 'Ö^ PLANTS of COMMERCIAL Importajsfce
AMERICAN 0/ AŒDICUNAL 'Ö^ PLANTS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTAJSfCE i>i :<ic MISCELLANEOUS .,,„ PUBLICATION No.77 ^'' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AMONG THE WILD PLANTS of the United States are many £\ that have long been used m the practice of medicine, some only locally and to a minor extent, but others in sufficient quantity to make them commercially important. The collection of such plants for the crude-drug market provides a livelihood for many people in rural communities, especially in those regions where the native flora has not been disturbed by agricultural or industrial expansion and urban development. There is an active interest in the collection of medicinal i)lants because it appeals to many people as an easy means of making money. However, it frequently requires hard work, and the returns, on the whole, are very moderate. Of the many plants reported to possess medicinal properties, relatively few are marketable, and some of these are required only in small quantities. Persons without previous experience in collecting medicinal plants should first ascertain which of the marketable plants are to be found in their own locality and then learn to recognize them. Before undertaking the collection of large quantities, samples of the bark, root, herb, or other available material should be submitted to reliable dealers in crude drugs to ascertain the market requirements at the time and the prevailing prices. To persons without botanical training it is difficult to describe plants in sufficient detail to make identification possible unless such descriptions are accompanied by illustrations. It is the purpose of this publication to assist those interested in collecting medicinal plants to identify such plants and to furnish other useful information in connection with the work. -
Pinus Echinata Shortleaf Pine
PinusPinus echinataechinata shortleafshortleaf pinepine by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia One of the most widespread pines of the Eastern United Sates is Pinus echinata, shortleaf pine. Shortleaf pine was identified and named in 1768. The scientific name means a “prickly pine cone tree.” Other common names for shortleaf pine include shortstraw pine, yellow pine, Southern yellow pine, shortleaf yellow pine, Arkansas soft pine, Arkansas pine, and old field pine. Among all the Southern yellow pines it has the greatest range and is most tolerant of a variety of sites. Shortleaf pine grows Southeast of a line between New York and Texas. It is widespread in Georgia except for coastal coun- ties. Note the Georgia range map figure. Pinus echinata is found growing in many mixtures with other pines and hardwoods. It tends to grow on medium to dry, well-drained, infertile sites, as compared with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). It grows quickly in deep, well-drained areas of floodplains, but cannot tolerate high pH and high calcium concentrations. Compared with other Southern yellow pines, shortleaf is less demanding of soil oxygen content and essential element availability. It grows in Hardiness Zone 6a - 8b and Heat Zone 6-9. The lowest number of Hardiness Zone tends to delineate the Northern range limit and the largest Heat Zone number tends to define the South- ern edge of the range. This native Georgia pine grows in Coder Tree Grow Zone (CTGZ) A-D (a mul- tiple climatic attribute based map), and in the temperature and precipitation cluster based Coder Tree Planting Zone 1-6. -
Growing Grapes in Missouri
MS-29 June 2003 GrowingGrowing GrapesGrapes inin MissouriMissouri State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University-Mountain Grove Growing Grapes in Missouri Editors: Patrick Byers, et al. State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University Department of Fruit Science 9740 Red Spring Road Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711-2999 http://mtngrv.missouristate.edu/ The Authors John D. Avery Patrick L. Byers Susanne F. Howard Martin L. Kaps Laszlo G. Kovacs James F. Moore, Jr. Marilyn B. Odneal Wenping Qiu José L. Saenz Suzanne R. Teghtmeyer Howard G. Townsend Daniel E. Waldstein Manuscript Preparation and Layout Pamela A. Mayer The authors thank Sonny McMurtrey and Katie Gill, Missouri grape growers, for their critical reading of the manuscript. Cover photograph cv. Norton by Patrick Byers. The viticulture advisory program at the Missouri State University, Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center offers a wide range of services to Missouri grape growers. For further informa- tion or to arrange a consultation, contact the Viticulture Advisor at the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center, 9740 Red Spring Road, Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711- 2999; telephone 417.547.7508; or email the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center at [email protected]. Information is also available at the website http://www.mvec-usa.org Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Considerations in Planning a Vineyard ........................................................ -
Introgression Between Pinus Taeda L. and Pinus Echinata Mill
Introgression between Pinus taeda L. and Pinus echinata Mill. Jiwang Chen 1, C. G. Tauer l , Guihua Bai1, and Yinghua Huang1 Key words: cpDNA; introgression; microsatellite; nuclear ribosomal DNA; loblolly pine; shortleaf pine INTRODUCTION Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) have widely overlapping geographic ranges. Hybridization between the two species has interested tree breeders for a long time. Morphologically, the two pine species are different. The needles of loblolly pine are 6 to 9 inches long, usually with three yellow-green needles per fascicle; but shortleaf pine needles are 3 to 5 inches long, with two or three dark yellow- green slender and flexible needles per fascicle. Loblolly pine also has larger cones than shortleaf, as well as other differences, however, these characters offer limited help when the genotypes of the parents and their probable hybrids are compounded by environmental factors The limitations of morphological characters resulted in the identification of the allozyme marker IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) to identify hybrids (Huneycutt and Askew, 1989). The high frequency of IDH variation seen in natural shortleaf pine populations outside the natural range of loblolly pine (Rajiv et al., 1997) suggests either profuse hybridization between the two species or that IDH is an unreliable marker. These data required us to look for new markers to confirm the identity of putative hybrids. A more extensive study (relative to the study of Rajiv et al., 1997), sampling a larger portion of shortleaf-loblolly pine sympatric population, was conducted to further explore the nature and extent of these hybrids in the native populations. -
1 History of Vitaceae Inferred from Morphology-Based
HISTORY OF VITACEAE INFERRED FROM MORPHOLOGY-BASED PHYLOGENY AND THE FOSSIL RECORD OF SEEDS By IJU CHEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Iju Chen 2 To my parents and my sisters, 2-, 3-, 4-ju 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Steven Manchester for providing the important fossil information, sharing the beautiful images of the fossils, and reviewing the dissertation. I thank Dr. Walter Judd for providing valuable discussion. I thank Dr. Hongshan Wang, Dr. Dario de Franceschi, Dr. Mary Dettmann, and Dr. Peta Hayes for access to the paleobotanical specimens in museum collections, Dr. Kent Perkins for arranging the herbarium loans, Dr. Suhua Shi for arranging the field trip in China, and Dr. Betsy R. Jackes for lending extant Australian vitaceous seeds and arranging the field trip in Australia. This research is partially supported by National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grants award number 0608342. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................14 -
Phylogenetic Analysis of Vitaceae Based on Plastid Sequence Data
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF VITACEAE BASED ON PLASTID SEQUENCE DATA by PAUL NAUDE Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: DR. M. VAN DER BANK December 2005 I declare that this dissertation has been composed by myself and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own Paul Naude (December 2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Abstract iii Index of Figures iv Index of Tables vii Author Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Vitaceae 1 1.2 Genera of Vitaceae 6 1.2.1 Vitis 6 1.2.2 Cayratia 7 1.2.3 Cissus 8 1.2.4 Cyphostemma 9 1.2.5 Clematocissus 9 1.2.6 Ampelopsis 10 1.2.7 Ampelocissus 11 1.2.8 Parthenocissus 11 1.2.9 Rhoicissus 12 1.2.10 Tetrastigma 13 1.3 The genus Leea 13 1.4 Previous taxonomic studies on Vitaceae 14 1.5 Main objectives 18 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 2.1 DNA extraction and purification 21 2.2 Primer trail 21 2.3 PCR amplification 21 2.4 Cycle sequencing 22 2.5 Sequence alignment 22 2.6 Sequencing analysis 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 32 3.1 Results from primer trail 32 3.2 Statistical results 32 3.3 Plastid region results 34 3.3.1 rpL 16 34 3.3.2 accD-psa1 34 3.3.3 rbcL 34 3.3.4 trnL-F 34 3.3.5 Combined data 34 CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 42 4.1 Molecular evolution 42 4.2 Morphological characters 42 4.3 Previous taxonomic studies 45 4.4 Conclusions 46 CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA 59 ii ABSTRACT Five plastid regions as source for phylogenetic information were used to investigate the relationships among ten genera of Vitaceae. -
Wine Grape Terminology- the Lingo of Viticulture
Wine Grape Terminology- The Lingo of Viticulture Dr. Duke Elsner Small Fruit Educator Michigan State University Extension Traverse City, Michigan 2014 Wine Grape Vineyard Establishment Conference Viticulture Terminology Where to start? How far to go? – Until my time runs out! What are grapes? “…thornless, dark-stemmed, green- flowered, mostly shreddy-barked, high-climbing vines that climb by means of tendrils.” Cultivated species of grapes Vitis labrusca – Native to North America – Procumbent shoot growth habit – Concord, Niagara, dozens more Vitis vinifera – Eastern Europe, middle east – Upright shoot growth habit – Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Gewurztraminer, etc. Other important species of grapes Vitis aestivalis Summer grape Vitis riparia Riverbank grape Vitis rupestris Sand grape Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine grape Vitis cinerea Winter grape Variety A varient form of a wild plant that has been recognized as a true taxon ranking below sub- species. Cultivar A variety of a plant species originating and continuing in cultivation and given a name in modern language. Hybrid Cultivar A new cultivar resulting from the intentional crossing of selected cultivars, varieties or species. Hybrid Cultivar A new cultivar resulting from the intentional crossing of selected cultivars, varieties or species. Clone (clonal selection) A strain of grape cultivar that has been derived by asexual reproduction and presumably has a desirable characteristic that sets it apart from the “parent” variety. Pinot Noir = cultivar Pinot Noir Pommard = clone Grafted vine A vine produced by a “surgical” procedure that connects one or more desired fruiting cultivars onto a variety with desired root characteristics. Scion Above-graft part of a grafted vine, including leaf and fruit-bearing parts. -
Bulletin Number / Numéro 2 Entomological Society of Canada Société D’Entomologie Du Canada June / Juin 2008
Volume 40 Bulletin Number / numéro 2 Entomological Society of Canada Société d’entomologie du Canada June / juin 2008 Published quarterly by the Entomological Society of Canada Publication trimestrielle par la Société d’entomologie du Canada ............................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................ ....................... ................................................................................. ................................................. List of contents / Table des matières Volume 40 (2), June / june 2008 Up front / Avant-propos ................................................................................................................49 Moth balls / Boules à mites .............................................................................................................51 Meeting announcements / Réunions futures ..................................................................................52 Dear Buggy / Cher Bibitte ..............................................................................................................53 -
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SHORTLEAF PINE [Pinaceae] Pinus Echinata Miller
Vascular Plants of Williamson County Pinus echinata − SHORTLEAF PINE [Pinaceae] Pinus echinata Miller (possible selection, mixed-sized plants in woodland of escaped plants originating from cultivated specimens), SHORTLEAF PINE. Tree, evergreen, with 1 trunk to 30 cm diameter (non-cultivated), in range 4−10 m tall (reproductive); monoecious; shoots with long shoot-short shoot organization, long shoot growth beginning in late March, with closely spaced, nonphotosynthetic scale leaves along new axis (new spring growth after pollination begins), springtime long shoot initially to 200 × 8 mm before foliage leaf elongating, at each node having a scalelike primary leaf but immediately producing a short shoot in the axil of scale leaf (sylleptic development) = a “fascicle” of 2−3 photosynthetic leaves (needles) held together by several tightly wrapped papery (scarious) leaves at the base, glabrous, having resin ducts within plant, aromatic, especially when crushed or damaged. Stems: internodes relatively short hidden by persistent bases of scale leaves; young twigs flexible, lacking leaves when > 4 mm diameter, with helically arranged remnants of scale leaves; older stems with woody seed cones mostly 7−8 mm diameter shedding tannish gray leaf bases and forming light brown periderm; bark large- scaly, not peeling and tightly attached, gray, not obviously resinous. Leaves: of 3 types (scale, foliage, wrapper); scale leaves on new long shoots helically alternate, simple, sessile with decurrent bases; foliage leaves (needles) terminal and mostly