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Annual Report 2016 Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics Annual Report 2016 Stanford University Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics Table of Contents 1. Director’s Report 2 2. Highlights 5 New World Record for Conversion of Unconcentrated Sunlight 5 Record 7.6% and 9.4% Efficiency CZTS Cell 5 Record Perovskite Cells 6 High Impact Papers 6 Opposition Leader Bill Shorten Visits ACAP Nodes 7 Novel Silicon Solar Cells with Passivating Contacts 7 Direct Observation of Intrinsic Twin Domains in Tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 7 In-doped TiOx Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Perovskite Cells and Perovskite-Silicon Tandems 8 Compositional and Structural Engineering of Perovskites for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells 8 Martin Green delivers Ian Wark Lecture 9 ‘Lab-to-Fab’ Translation of Perovskites 9 Student Awards at the 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam 10 Awards at Third Asia-Pacific Solar Research Conference, Canberra 10 Silicon PV Conference Award 2016 to ANU’s Jason Cui 10 IEEE PVSC Young Professional Award to Bram Hoex 11 Pierre Verlinden Lauded with William Cherry Award 11 3. Organisational Structure and Research Overview 12 4. Affiliated Staff and Students 15 University of New South Wales 15 Australian National University 16 CSIRO (Manufacturing, Melbourne) 17 University of Melbourne 17 Monash University 18 University of Queensland 18 QESST 18 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 18 Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories 18 Stanford University 18 Georgia Technology Institute 18 University of California, Santa Barbara 19 Wuxi Suntech Power Co. Ltd. 19 Trina Solar 19 BT Imaging 19 BlueScope Steel 19 PV Lighthouse 19 Dyesol Pty Ltd. 19 5. Research Reports 20 Program Package 1 Silicon Cells 20 PP1.1 Solar-grade Silicon 22 PP1.2 Rear Contact Silicon Cells 24 PP1.3 Silicon Tandem Cells 32 Program Package 2 Thin-Film, Third Generation and Hybrid Devices 50 PP2.1 Organic Photovoltaic Devices 50 PP2.2 Thin-Film Inorganic (CZTS) 67 PP2.4a Hot Carrier Cells 76 2 Annual Report 2016 PP2.4b Silicon Nanostructure Tandem Cells 86 PP2.5 Perovskites 94 Program Package 3 Optics and Characterisation 117 PP3.2 Plasmonic and Nanophotonic Light Trapping 117 Program Package 4 Manufacturing Issues 122 PP4.1 Cost Evaluations 122 Program Package 5 Education, Training and Outreach 127 PP5.1 Multi-Node Activities 127 PP5.2 UNSW-Led Activities 130 PP5.7 CSIRO-Led Activities 135 6. AUSIAPV International Activities 138 6.1 Improved Sunlight to Electricity Conversion Efficiency: Above 40% for 139 Direct Sunlight and Above 30% for Global 6.2 Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells 142 6.3 Carrier Selective Contacts for Boosting Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency 144 6.4 Solar Cell Performance Documentation 146 6.5 PV Manufacturing Education 147 6.6 Metal Plating for Next Generation Silicon Solar Cells 148 6.7 Dopant-Free Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150 6.8 GaAs/Si Elongate Tandem Cells for Moderate Concentration 152 6.9 Advanced Hole-Selective Contacts to Replace Boron Diffusion 154 6.10 Advanced Light Trapping for High Efficiency Si Cells 155 6.11 Advanced Luminescence Studies of Si Wafers and Cells 156 6.12 De-Cohesion Analysis of Printed Solar Modules 157 6.13 Determining Charge Lifetime and Mobility Dynamics in Organic 158 Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications 6.14 Screening Singlet Fission in Organic Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications 160 6.15 Thin Silicon Solar Cells for Portable Applications 161 6.16 Design Optimisation of Silicon Sub-Cells in GaAsP/Si 161 6.17 Cost Evaluation of Emerging PV Technologies 164 6.18 Studying Thermal Effects of B-O Related Light-Induced Degradation 166 6.19 Origin of Interface Defect Levels for High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells 168 6.20 Developing Laser Processed Large-Area Front Deep Junctions and 169 Heterojunction Passivated Back Contacts 6.21 Novel Light-Trapping Technique in Solar Cells 172 7. Financial Summary 175 8. Publications 177 8.1 Books and Proceedings 177 8.2 Book Chapters 177 8.3 Patent Applications 177 8.4 Papers in Refereed Scientific and Technical Journals 178 8.5 Conference Papers and Presentations 186 8.6 Theses 194 1 Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics 1. Director’s Report Solar photovoltaics involves the direct generation of Government through the Australian Renewable Energy electricity from sunlight, when it shines upon devices Agency (ARENA). ACAP encompasses the activities of known as solar cells. Silicon is the most common material Australian-based researchers while, through synergistic used to make these photovoltaic cells, similarly to its research activities with US partners, AUSIAPV aims to key role in microelectronics, although several other significantly accelerate photovoltaic development beyond photovoltaic materials are being actively investigated. that achievable by Australia or the US individually. This objective is to be reached by leveraging development During 2016, it became very clear that photovoltaics now of “over the horizon” photovoltaic technology, providing provides the lowest cost option for electricity production a pipeline of improved technology for increased yet developed. In August 2016, bids were submitted for performance and ongoing cost reduction. the long-term supply of electricity in Chile using solar photovoltaics at US$29.10/MWh, appreciably lower than A second aim is to provide high quality training from any other bidding technology including coal, where opportunities for the next generation of photovoltaic the corresponding bid was nearly twice as high at US$57/ researchers, particularly through enhanced collaborations MWh (itself quite low by international standards, with between Australian and US researchers, with one Bloomberg estimating the cost of electricity from a new targeted outcome being to consolidate Australia’s position black coal plant in Australia in 2016 at an appreciably as the photovoltaic research and educational hub of the higher AUD$120/MWh). Asia-Pacific manufacturing region. The following month (September 2016) an even lower ACAP/AUSIAPV came into being on 1 February 2013 after bid of US$24.20/MWh was made for the supply of the signing of a Head Agreement between the University photovoltaic-generated electricity in Abu Dhabi, lower of New South Wales (UNSW) and ARENA. During 2013, than even the short-run marginal cost of generation from related Collaboration Agreements were signed between many existing Australian black coal plants. There are UNSW and the other ACAP nodes, Australian National two exciting aspects to these developments. One is that University (ANU), University of Melbourne (UoM), photovoltaic costs will continue to decrease, with analysts Monash University, University of Queensland (UQ) and expecting module prices to reduce by over 10% in 2017, CSIRO (Materials Science and Engineering, Melbourne), with further reductions over the coming decade. The and additionally with the ACAP industrial partners, other is that Australia has played a major role in achieving Suntech Research and Development, Australia (SRDA) past cost reductions and is expected to play a key role (partnership now transferred to Wuxi Suntech Power Co., in future cost reductions through the activities of the Ltd.), Trina Solar Ltd, BlueScope Steel and BT Imaging. Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), Our major international partners include the NSF-DOE documented in this 2016 Annual Report. Engineering Research Center for Quantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies (QESST) and the US The transformation of the manufacturing industry that has National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as well led to the recent low costs was spearheaded by multiple as the Molecular Foundry, Berkeley, Stanford University, Australian joint ventures in Asia. Complementing this, as Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull reported in his speech to California, Santa Barbara. Two additional agreements the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris were signed in 2016 with Australian-based partners, PV at the end of 2015, Australian researchers have “held the Lighthouse and Dyesol. world record for solar cell efficiency for 30 of the last 32 years” with the majority of the world’s solar cells soon This report covers the period from 1 January to 31 to use technology developed by Australian researchers. December 2016. Over the past four years, both ACAP and The latter refers to the Australian-developed PERC cell AUSIAPV have moved quickly to establish a high profile (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology, accounting within the international research community. Following on for 15–20% solar cell production capacity in 2016, with from the world record 24.4% energy conversion efficiency rapidly accelerating market share. ACAP researchers are rear-junction cell developed at ANU during 2013, a working closely with manufacturers to further increase system based on splitting focused sunlight into different PERC performance while reducing costs. colour bands, designed and fabricated at UNSW with performance then certified by US partner NREL, became, This is the fourth annual ACAP report also incorporating in late 2014, the first in history to convert sunlight to that of the Australia–US Institute for Advanced electricity with over 40% energy conversion efficiency. Photovoltaics (AUSIAPV), supported by the Australian 2 Annual Report 2016 In 2016, an outstanding seven more world records were achieved. The
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