A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PltACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE , MECHANICS, CHEMISTltY, AND MANUFACTUHES. Vol. LXXXI.-No. r $3.00 A YEAR. ESTABLISHED 184;;.6., NEW YORK, JULY 29, 1899. L WEEKLY.

From l'uorograpn by ::lywonu. dO lJuUlIl8DY, PorUlmonLb, EUl(land. I.-Protected Cruiser" Matsushima "-Admiral Ito's Flagship in the Battle of the Yalu. Dl8place'ment, 4.271 tons. Speed! 17'5 knots. � orm�1 Coal Supply, 400 tons. Arlnor: p!otectiv� deck, 2 inches; main gun position, 12 (nches; rapid. fire battery, Iil(ht sh ields. Ar ament, one 12'5-lnch rifle, twelve 4·7·mrh rapld-flrel'!'. five g.pounde,.,.. mach me guns. m B. L. 6-poDnders, eleven SIX 'I'orpedo 'l'ube8, 4. Complement 350. Dat ... le90.

3}i,; upper belt, 5 Dt.placement, 9,;50 tons. Speed, 2'.!·07 knots. Maximum Coal Supply, 1,450 tons. Armor : Main belt, continnons. 7 mches amidships, inches at en..:,,; inches; tDrrets, 8 inches; casemates, S-inch ra",d-Ilrers, Il-inch rapid. firers, twelve 12-pounders. eight 3-pounders. rpedo bes, one bow behind 6·inch armor, submerged. 6 inches; dec!" � mches. A rma ment, tour fourteen 'I'o 'I'u in four Complement,5OO. 1898. Date, NAVIES OF THE WORLD--VII. JAPAN.-[See page 72.]

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 66 J citutific �tUtriCIlU.

followeu the train and the more slowly moving en­ EXPORTATIONS OF WHEAT FL01JR. yplope which closes in and follows after it. The millers of the United States have made their Auother cOlTe"pondent fails to understand why the greatest record III the fiscal year 1899. While it is true air behind the moving car should assist the bicyclist that wheat, corn, oats, cornmeal, rye, and, in fact, all ESTABLISHED 1845. and yet exert a retarding effect on a car in the same other lines of bread ..tuff s show a reduction of exporta­ relative position and forming part of a train. The ex­ tion on account of the decreased demand abroad, flour MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. planation is to be fuund ill the difference of area of the alone shows an increase which is a phenomenal one, PUBLISHED W,I{EKLY AT iJicI'clist and the front face of a following car. Murphy, For the fiscal year the total exportation of flour is over No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. representing 3 sq uare feet of al'ea, could move back 18.000,000 barrels, representing over 80,000,000 bushels several feet frOll! the rear of the shield and yet be of wheat. The exportat.ion of flour from the United TERMS SUBS,'RIBERS within the wedge of Illoviug air, but a car with its front TO . States has made its chief de"elopment since 1875. One copy, onc year, for the Loited States. Canada. or ':\

brought to the editor's desk a comiderable alllount of an element that yachts are built of costly alloys wheat and flour exports was in the form of flour. In correspondence and a varipd assortment of theories. in order to red uce skin friction to the ,Ii mit. The train 1875 the exportation of wheat flour was 3,973.128 bar­ Most of the writers of these letters are laboring under does draw with it an envelope of ail', but its speed is rels. In 1880 it was almo�t. double. In 1885 it was a common delusion with regard to the nature of t11e fa l' below that of the train, and every projection on nearly 11,000,000, and in 1895 it had risen to 15.268,892, aSJistance relldered by the locomotive, or by any forlll the latrer, to say nothinerof the broad front faces of the while in 1899 the figures were 18.300,000 barrels. This of . . pacing" Illachine, nlPchanical or human, to the cars. adds to the re tarding effect enol'lllollsly. is a most gratifying ill('rease and is in the line of our

rider who follow� it. The error is aptly expressed in ------�.�.� ------success in the exporration of manufactured articles. the letter of a corre�pondent which we publish in ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF It is especially pleasing to note the quantity of flour anot.hercol umn, whpre he says, .. if Murphy had taken PATENTS. sent to the Orient; in 1889. 378.634 barrels were sent to his feet off the pedals aftel' he had attained his maxi­ The Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents HO,ng Kong, and in 1899 over 1,000,000 barrels were

IllUIll speed, he would have finished just as soon as he cannot fail to produce general satisfaction, particularly sent. Germany is also becoming a good customer for did," for the reason that the .. suct.ion or inrush of when it is learned that sOllle grea.tly needed reforms flour, and we are now �ending her 500,000 barrels wind behind the train," amounting to .. seven horse in the matter of the system of classification, which against 13,000 barrels ten years' ago. The Netherlands powpr of wiud at his back," drovp hilll along the tl'ack have been urged both by former Commissioners and the are also taking 1,000,000 barrels, an increase of 900,000 and rendered all exertion on his part superfluous. Our present incumbent of the office, have been at last car­ barrels in ten, years. To the United 'Kingdom our ex-, correspondent is by no means alone in his belief that ried out. This work is spoken of by Commissioner ports of flourin 1889 were 5,271,244 barrels, and in 1899 the rider, to use a common expression, was" sucked Duell as .. the most notable advance of the year in the they will exceed 10,000,000 barrels. That flour exports along" behind the train. and had to fol- work of the office." should have continued to increase in the face of the nolens volens ' low it at a speed of over 62 miles an hour. . . The cl'ying lleed of this bureau," says the Commis­ reduction of our exportation in other lines of bread­ Perhaps the be�t way to realize the nature of the as­ sioner, .. is for more room," This has been the plea of stuffs is especially gratifying to those interested in sis tance rendered to Murphy by the locomotive is t.o successive COlllmissioners for several years. and it is seeing American labol' participate as much as possible consider the conditions if he were to ride over the one which this journal has persistently urged on behalf in the profitsof American foreign trade.

course at his fastest spped without pace. The resist­ of the vast cOlllmerclal interests which have their root ...... ance when he had reached full speed, supposing in the United States Patent Office. The building which THE HEAVENS IN AUGUST. the tracl, to be level, would be made up of the rolling was erected for and named after this bureau has been BY GARRETT P. SERVISS. resistance between the tires and thfl track, the internal given up largely to the accolllmodation of t.heGener al In August evenings one looks directly south to see resistance (friction of bearings, etc.) of the bicycle, Land Office, with the result that the overcrowding of the crossing place of the Zodiac and the Milky Way. and the ail' resistance. If our readers will turn to our the Patent Office has become notorious. The request The line of the former is indicated by the constella­ IHticle on this subject in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of the Commissioner that "when the General Land tions Scorpio and Sagittarius. The red star Antares, of July 15, they will find two diagl'alus which show Office vacates the Patent Office building," the SecI'e­ with its third magnitUde white attendants, one on the that the loss by friction in a special racing bicycle is tary of the Interior "will assign rooms sufficient ior west and the other on the east, marks the heart of only from one to fi\'e per cent, being less the greater the needs of the bureau," finds emphasis in the vexa­ Scorpio; while Sagittarius, further to the left, is recog­ the work that is being performed ; and that with tious delay to which the patrons of the Patent Office nizable by the fignreca lled the Milk Dipper, with its highly inflated tires the work absorbed in ovel'collling have so long been needlessly exposed. bowl upside down, in the streaming Galaxy. Falling rolling resistance is also red uced to a minimulll, espe­ Another crying defect in the accommodations of this from near the zenith, in immense luminous sheets, cially on a smooth bOflrd track, such as that on which bureau is that the pl'iceless records of the office are whose soft glow recalls the appeflrance of such a cata­ the trial was Illade. This leaves the air resistance as stored in rooms which are in no sense fireproof-a fact ract as the Staubach when its descending clouds of the chief obstacle to speed. which, if it were not so widely known, would at this water-dust are gleaming in the moonl ight, the Milky Let us suppose that he could ride the mile, unpaced, late day seem allIlost incred i ble. 'l' he public will fully Way justifies the rhetorical figure, often applied to it, ;n two Illinutes, or at the rate of 30 miles an hour, and indorse the Commissioner when he says, "In view of .. a river of stars." Its brightest portion runs from that the disturbance caused by his passage through the fact that millions of dollars of property woul(j be Aquila, whose chief star. Altair, has two attendants the atmosphere were Illade visi ble by some system jeopardized by the destruction of our assignment resembling in position those of Antares, down through of coloring, the still air being colorless and the Illoving records-llJany of the original assignments having been the little constellation of Scutum Sobieskii, where it air colored. We should then find that a blunt wedge­ lost by theil' owners, who depend upon duly certified breaks into silvery flakes of wonderful beauty, and shaped mass of rather dense air was pushed forward in copies-and in view of the fact that mallY of our other then descends to the southern horizon across the west­ front of him and a longer wedge of slightly rarefied air records are largely of a nature that l'lloney could not ern part of Sagittarius, while a kind of setback from was drawn forward after him, the base of the wedge replace, I belie\'e that a fire-proof structure should be the main current overflows the eastern region of being of course in each case at hiE body. The rider provided in wbich to store them." Scorpio, and the feet of Ophiuchus above. It is the in add ition to the air carried before and behind him The summary of the operat.ionsfor the fiscal year Californiaof the sky, packed with the riches that the would also be surrounded by an envelope of eddying shows that 41,93() applicat iOllS and caveats were reo star-gazer seeks with his telescope. air, moving forward with him but at a I;"reatly reduced ceived, and that the patents gmnted and trademarks, 'Vhile the south glows with these splendors t.here is

speed. The sum total of the resistance of the atmo­ labels and prints registered numbered 25,404. 'l' he near the zenith It single star almost capable of match­ sphere to the movement of the rider and the air which number of patL1ts that expired was 16,670. 'r he total ing alone the united beauty of Zodiac and Galaxy, the he carried with him, would be found to average so receipts of the office were $1,209,554. 88 ; the total ex­ star Vega, or Alpha Lyrre. It, too, has a pair of attend­ many pounds to the square foot, assumed in our article penditures were $1.148.663.48, the surplus turned into ants, but they are only of the fourth magnitude, and. a� equivalent to 11\ pounds on 3 sqnare feet of surface the Treasury being $GO,89 1.40. A comparative state­ instead of standing one on either side of their chief, nonnal to the direction of travel. lllent of receipts and expenditures for the past decade they mark out with it the corners of a'little triangle. Now in the case of a locomotive and car moving at shows t.hat the tot.al receipts were $12,700.977 and the The coronet of dazzling blue which surrounds Vega in 60 Illiles per hour, there would be the same piling up total expenditures $10,071.338, making a total surplus the telescope is extremely beautiful. of the air in front and the same wedge of air following of $1,729'(;37 in ten years. Vega is demonstm bly a far greater sun than ours­ behind, and the sallie enveloping. mass of air lIloving A signi ficant indorsement of the valuable work done possibly a thousa!l (l times greater-and toward that forward with the train at a slower speed. Speaking of in the new classification, to which reference has been wonder of the stal' depths the solar system is flying at the air which follows the ca.r, we lllay say that llJade above, is found iu the table showing the number the rate of at lea,;t 800,000 miles a day. If it should relatively to the bo:u;d traC'k over which it passes, it is of applications awaiting action on the part. of the office turn ont that t.he�ol al' IllOtioll is almost directly toward a 60-mile wind, and rel,ltively to an object which, like ill each year of the past decade. Commencing with Vega, interesting experiences are doubtless in store for lHn!;bhy, is moving within it at the saIDe speed as it­ 6,585 cases in 1890. the total rose to 9,447 in 1892 and our descendants SOllie hundreds of thousands of years H,IL it is practically sti ll air. As long as Murphy rode then fell to 4,927 in 1895. It had doubled in the follow­ henee. Our so steally seeming earth belongs to a fam­ \\' ithin this wedge of air, his exertions were directed ing year, and rose to ovel' 12.000 in 1897 and 1898. By ily of incorrigi ble ad venturers, and its changes of scene solely to overcollling the internal resistance of the June flO of this year, thanks to the working of the were by no means exhausted when the poles sweated wheel and the rolling resistance of the tires on the Ilew system and an increase of the force of examiners, with tropic heat, or when ice mountains glittered upon track. For it is e\'ident that the wedge of air, mov­ baC'ked by a more liberal appropriation, t.he number . New England. More t.han once science has wondered ing at the sallie speed as himself, could neither offer of applicat.ions awaiting action had fallen to 2,989, a whether the endless voyaging of the planet may not be resistance from the fl'ont nor exert pressure from be­ decrease of over 75 per cent. concerned with some of these alternations of climate hind. The only way in which he could have experienced A� the result of the Spanish war the tot.al number of and temperature. Here is food for reflection as one the pressure of a "60-mile wind behind him to carry application�, which in 1897 had risen to 47,747, fell in gazes a.t Vega sparkling in the summer evening air, and' him along," would have been by his Illotion being 1899 to 40,320. the smallest record for the decade being remembers how we are speeding to mel't, or to pass, it. arrested, and the rush of air would last only until he 39,206 in 1894. The present indications, however. THE PLANETS. Mercur . in e evening i had dropped out of the moving wedge of air that show a stleady increase in the business of the bureau. y L o, is an star rap dly approach-

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J citntific �lUttican. ing the sun, with which it is in inferior conjunction on PATENTS WITHHEI.D AND PATENTS EXPIRED. While the arrapging of the drawings was proceeding the 19th. At midnight on the 21st Mercury and Venus Letters patent witbbeld for non-payment of final fees ...... 4,021 the work of classification has also been going on. This Letters patent expired...... 16,670 will be in conjunction. .. involves the careful consideration of each patent in Applications aHowed awaiting payment of final fees.. . •••• '. 8,055 . Venus, which during August crosses Cancer from order to place it in its proper class and sub-class. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. west to east and passes into Leo, is a morning star, fast Many of these patents have to be read to be fully Receipts from sources. , ...... •...... $1,209,554.88 nearing the sun. Venus is in perihelion on the 20th. u II understood, and much care must be taken to select Expenditures (including total in all appropriations) ... 1,148,663.48 . Judgmg by what is at present known of the position titles which will clearly indicate the contents of each Surplus ..... $60,891.40 of its poles of rotation, Venus has no such alternation su b-class and to preserve clear lines between them. APPLICATIONS ACTION. of seasons in each hemisphere as the earth experiences, AWAITING Cross references are also necessary between sub-classes Number of applications awaiting action tbe part of tbe but, on the contrary, enjoys practically unchanging 011 of the same class by reason of the presence of mixed office on July 1. 1899 ...... •• . ...•...... ••• ..•..2,9 89 matter in the same patent. A system of card index of climatic conditions over its entire surface. This fixed­ COMPARA'l'IVE STA'l'EMEN'£. ness of climate is emphasized by the comparative lack sub·classes and other details have been perfected, Receipts. Expenditures. of eccentricity in the planet's orbit, its change of dis­ June 30,1890 .• .• . .. .• ••... •. ...$1,347,203 21 $1,081,17356 which wIll make it possible to detect and remedy any tance froUl the sun between aphelion and perihelion June 30. 1891. 1,30'Z,'94.59 1,145,502,90 losses. Arrangements have also been made for the amounting t only 940,000 miles, as against 3,000,000 June 30. 1892 ....•..•...••••••. ... 1.268,727.3, 1.114,134.23 preservation of the classification and for the preven­ o June 30, 1893 , .•.• . •.•...•.•... 1,288,809.07 1,111,444.2'Z Illiles in the case of the earth. tion of unauthorized changes by retaining under the June 30, 1894. • •. . , ...... 1,183.523 18 1,053,962;38 , .. Mars, in Virgo, remains an evening" star throughout June 30, 1895...... ••• ...••.. .. 1,195,5,'i7.07 1,038,166.08 supervision of the classification division all patents August, and in fact until the end of the year. But it June 30, 1896 ...... 1.307,090:JO 1,097,368.85 hereafter granted. is too near the sun and too far from the earth to pre­ June 30. 1897 ..... 1,343,779.44 1,088,473.16 Owing to the lack of space it has been deemed ad­ 30, 1308 ...... •. .. .. 1.253,94 8.4 4 1,092.44 9,83 sent an interesting appearance. Jnne visable to detail only a sIllall force up to the present June 30, 1899 ....•...... 1.209,554.RB 1.148,683.48 Jupiter, also in Virg'o, continues to be a conspicuous ,. time, but while awaiting the additional space that will APPLICATIONS FOR PA'I'RNTS INCLUDING REISSUES, phenomenon in the early evening. Observers during DESIGNS, TRADEMARKS, LABELS, AND PRINTS. be available when the General Land Office removes from the Patent Office building, I have authorized the the present year have noted Illany interesting details June 30, 1890 .•.••.•••••••••...... , ...... , ...... 4.�,8JO among its spots and belts. Not only do different spots .June :l0, 1891. ..•••••• ..•••• ••• ...... ••••...... 43,616 chief of the classification di vision to select one assist­ move at different rates of speed, but the velocity of June 30. 1892 ...• •••••••••••• ••••. • ...... •...... 43,544 ant examiner in each examining division to COIllmence particular spots, or of the currents in which they are June 30. 1893 .....• ...... ••..•..43,589 work on the classIfication of his own division, retain­ June 30,1894 ..•. ...., ..•. •••• ••••• •. ...•••••••• ....•.•.•••.39.206 carried, varies apparently in accordance .with some ing his desk therein, but acting under the orders of the June 30, 1895 ...... ' .. . .••.. ...41.014 ...... periodic law. Not many phenomena of Jupiter's satel­ June 30, 1896 ...... • . .••.•••••. .. ., ...... 45,615 chief of the classification division. " lites are conveniently visible in August on account of .June 30, 1897 ••••...... ••• " ...... , .. , ..., •...47,7 47 It is already patent that the work of the classifica· the early setting of the planet. On the 1st Satellite II. June 30. 1898 .... •• •••• • ..••• .•••.•.••.•• , ..••• ...•...... 44.210 tion division will prove a great benefit to the office, in­ June 30, 1�99...... •.•...... •• .. . •• .... , .. ,40,320 will disappear in eclipse at 7 h. 12 Ill. 18'75 s., and will creasing the accuracy and rapidity of searches, and APPLICATIONS AWAITING ACTION ON THE PART reappear from eclipse at 9 h. 27 m. 37·9 s. On the 14th OF THE OFFICE. that the public will experience corresponding benefits. the shadow of Satellite 1. will be seen on the planet as June 30, 189 0 .•••...... •.. .. , . •• •••...... •... 6.585 It will also produce a corps of experts (in classification soon as the darkness of the sky is sufficient to render Jnne 30, 1891. •••.... ••••••• •...... •••• .., •••••• .... .• ... 8,911 who will become more familiar with all classes of the June 30, 1892 ...... 9.447 observations feasible, and will remain in sight until ...... office than would be possible were their services con­ June 30,1893 ...•••••...... , ••••...... •••• .••• ...•.••.••• 8,283 9:27 M. Seventeen minutes before the shadow of I. fined to a single division, and those who operate in a P. June 30, ..• •••• . •• . .... 7,076 1894...... ,

... •.. .•.••...' . ..•. •• . ... passes off, Satellite III. will appear advancing upon the June 1895 ...... 4,927 single division will become more thoroughly acquainted 30, . . opposite edge of the disk. JhlIe 30, 1896 ...... ••••••••• ....••••••••••.••••••••••..• 8,943 with other classes than they would in working solely June 20,1897 .....•.••••••••...... •...•••• ...... 12.241 Saturn, in Ophiuchus, is excellently placed for ob­ , in making examinations. Duri ng the present fiscal 30,1898 ...•...... , ••• •...... •• . .•..••• •.•.•. ...12,187 servation during the evenings of August. Between June year I expect to see great advances made in the work June 30. 1899 ...•....••• ....•••••.•.. . ,.... .• .• ...... •••• 2,989 Scorpio and Sagittarius, it readily attracts the eye with Summal'izing these tables, there were received in the of classification. The chief of the classification division its clear, steady light, exceeding the brightness of a last fiscalyear 35,352 applications for mechanical pat­ deserves much credit for what has already been accom­ first magnitude star. The rings are Hot quite so widely ents, 2,292 applications for designs, 91 applications for plished under his direction, especially in view of the lim­ o pened as in July, although the difference is slight. It reissues, 1,610 caveat�, 1,861 applications for trademarks, itations that have necessarily been placed upon him. ROOM. is the north side of the ring" and the northern hemi­ 612 applications for labels, and 112 applications for sphere of the planet which are presented to view. prints. There were 23,550 patents granted, including This one word expresses the crying need of this Saturn's brightest satellite, Titan, can easily be seen reissues and designs ; 1,406 trademarks, 372 labels, and bureau. With ade:]uate room whereby our records with a small telescope, and is recognizable from its mo­ 76 prints were registered. The number of patents that and stock can be made accessible and the clerical di­ tion. Anyone may watch it making a complete revo­ expired was 16,670. The number of allowed applica­ visions suitably rearranged, our present force can ac­ lution between the 5th and the 21st.. On the first and tions which were by operation of law forfeited for non­ complish much more work in a given time and fill all again on the last of those dates it will be at its greatest payment of the final fees was 4,021. The total receipts orders with business promptitUde. western elongation from the planet. It� course lies of the office were $1,209,554.88 ; the total expenditurei I earnestly beg that when the General Land Office from west through north, east and south. It reaches were $1,148, 663.48, and the surplus of receipts over ex­ vacates the Patent Office building you will assign northern conjunction on the 9th, eastern elongation on penditures, being the amount turned into the Treasury, rooms, so far as possible, sufficient for the needs of this the 13th, and southern conjunction on the 17th. was $60, 891. 40. bureau. In view of the fact that millions of dollars of Uranus is in Scorpio and Neptune in Taurus. CURRENT WORK. property would be jeopard ized by the destruction of THE MOON. On J llne 27, 1898, every examiner had his new work our assignment records-many of the original assign­ New moon occurs on the 6th, first quarter on the within one month from date of filing, and his amended ments having been lost by their owners, who depend 14th, full moon on the 20th, and last quarter on the work within fifteen days of date. This is the first time upon duly certified copies-and in view of the fact that 27th. The moon is nearest the earth on the 20th and since December, 1889, when the present form of weekly many of our other records are largely of a nature that money could not replace, I believe fireproofstru cture farthest from the earth on the 6th. The lunar conjunc­ reports was adopted, that snch a report has or could a should be provided in which to store them. The tions with the planets occur as follows: August 2, N ep­ have been made. ORGANIZATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION DIVISION. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, represent­ t une; 5th, Venus; 7th, Mercury ; 10th, Mars ; 13th, ing the leading manufacturing engineering interests of Jupitel'; 15th, Uranus; 16th, Saturn. The most notable advance of the year in the work of the office has been the establishment of a classification the country, as well as other similar organizations, have METEORS. division, ahd its entry upon a thorough revision and forcefully urged the erection of such a bullding. The celebrated shower of the August meteors is due extension of the classification of patents and printed LEGISLATION. on t he night of the 10th, their radiant point being in publications, the examination of which lies at the foun­ Some general legislation increasing the powers of the the constellation Perseus, which rises in the nortbeast. dation of our patent system. The necessity for this Commissioner of Patents, acting under the direction of Mr. Denning has shown that these meteors continue work, after being repeatedly called to the attention of the Secretary of the Interior, would be beneficial. I Illeet the earth for a month or more, beginning in to Congress, was finally recognized, and an Act entitled refer among" others to a readjustment of salaries and a July, but their maximun; on August 10 is alone inter­ An Act for Revising and Perfecting the Classification reclassification of the clerical force ; authority to dis esting to the casual observer. These meteors some­ •. of Letters Patent and Printed Publications in the pose of models of expired patents; a.nd the exchange or times leave trails and exhibit fine colors. Patent Office,". was passed by Congress, and received the sale of books in the ScientificLibr ary, not necessary for • • • I approval of the President on J Ulle 10, 1898, and went the use of the office, coupled with authority to replace REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS into force at the commencement of the fiscal year. Be­ them with 1Il0dern scientificworks. In submitting" my FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1899. fore beginning the work of classification the principal estimates for the next fiscal year these and other mat­ The following report of the Comm issioner of Patents examiners, and other 1l1embers Of the examining corps, ters requiring legislation will be referred to more in de­ setting forth the condition of the Patent Office for the were invited to give their views upon the subject, and tail. Respectfully submitted, fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, has just been received. after giving careful consideration to the same, an order C. H. DUELL, Commissioner. DEPARTMEN'l' OF THE INTERIOR. establishing a classification division was made on NEW FEATURES IN THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. UNITED STATES PA'l'EN'l' OFFICE. N ovcm bel' 17. 1898, and the division placed in charge of a principal examiner with the title of .. Chief of the In the future issues of the SCIEN'l'IFIC AMERICAN WASHINGTON, D. C., JUly 15, 1899. ' and the SUPPLEMEN'£, there will be a rearrangement 'fHE SECRETARY OF THl<� INTERIOR: Classification Division." As a preliminary step it was considered desirable to of the class of reading matter which has appeared in SIR: Complying with t.he request contained in your ascertain how much of the material was avallable, and 'these two publications under the generic term of letter of June 15, 18!l9, I beg to submit herewith the to that end it was decided to rearrange the original .. notes." The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will, in the fol\owirlg report of the business of the United States drawings of all patents in numerical order and to pre­ future, contain each weel, the Engineering and Elec­ Patent Office for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1899 : pare a list on which they could be checked. These trical Notes, which have formerly been published in APPLICATIONS AND CAVRATS RECEIVED. drawings were heretofore arranged by su b-classes, and the SUPPLEMEN'l', while the column of Miscellaneous ...... •...... 31,352 Applications for letters patent it was necessary to know the classification of a patent Notes and Receipts will hereafter Illake its weekly ap­ Applications for design patents...... 2,292 SUPPLEMENT. Applications for reissue patents ...... 91 before it could be found, which often necessitated a pearance in the The page containing Apl'lications for registration of trademarks ....••...••• ...•• . 1.861 long search. By the numerical arrangement it is pos­ valuable Trade Suggestions from American Consuls ill Applications for registration of labels...... 612 sible to find it at once, and at the same time much all parts of the world, which has proved to be of such ..•• ...... • .•.. ..., . 112 Application.s for registration of prints storage space is saved. '1'he arrangement of these widespread interest to our readers, will continue to Ca.eats...... •...... , ...... 1,610 drawings numerically was at once commenced, and as form an illlpo�tant feature of the SUPPLEMENT. The Total ...... •. . .41.930 • the first ten thousand patents had no numbers and publication of a page of Engineering, Electrical, and PATENTS GRANTED AND TRADEMARKS. LABRLS, were only identified by name and date, considerable Science Notes il1the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will pro­ AND PRINTS REGISTERED. anditional labor was involved to find and properly vide its readers with a digest of the general technical Letters patent granted (includmg reissues and designs) ..... 23.550 arrange such earlier patents. The entire work of Trademarks registered ., ...... 1,4m; news of the week, in which the many items which do

Labels registered...... •..•...... •...... •...... 372 arranginl?the drawings of nearly eight hundred thou­ not call for an extended treatment will be condensed Prints registered...... •• • • ...... •...... 76 sand patents and trademarks has been substantially into brief paragraphs which will be by no means the

Total .... , ... ' ...... 25,404 completed. least readable of the paper.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit �lUttitllU. 68 J Calcium. in 1770, the Turkish fleet was totally destroyed and the the wheel rim, moving at a rate of 330 feet per minute; M. Moissan, of the University of Paris, who has been Russian flagship was sunk. The latter was found thirty the horse power developed is therefore 120. successful in the extraction of the rare metals in the fathoms deep. and over $60,000 in gold and silver has The drive-wheels are eight feet in diameter and are ' electrolytic furnace, has recently undertaken a series been obtained fro III the hold of the flagship. built up from center castings to which side sheets are' of experiments with the metal calcium, which, although riveted. The steel plate tires are provided with cleats · ••• I • abundantly distributed in nature in the state of car­ A HUGE OVERLAND TRACTION ENGINE. four inches wide and two inches thick, extending com­ bonate, sulphate, etc., has not up t.o the present time One of the largest traction engines ever built was re­ pletely across the face at such an angle and distance been prepared in any considerable quantity in the cently completed by the O. S. Kelly Company, apart as to insure the complete bedding of one cleat pure state. It will be remembered that at the of COIl1- Springfield, Ohio, and shipped to Cuba, where it has on each wheel before the preceding cleat has left the mencement of the century Sir Humphry Davy was the been used with considerable success on one of the ground. The front wheels are five feet in diameter, st to establish the existence in lime of a met.allic 1. largest sugar plantations. and are similarly constructed. Steering is effected by body, and by decomposing it by an electric current in the usual hand-wheel, worm, and shaft, fitted with The engine is essentially a triple-cylinder geared loco- the presence of mercury he obtained an amalgam of chains secured to the front axle. the metal calcium. Later on, in 1855, Matthiessen By the use of steam traction-engines pulling wagons electrolyzed a mixture of chloride of calciulll and adapted to the kind of freight which they are to con­ chloride of strontium, and thus obtained small globules tain, not only may large loads be readily transported, of calcium having a yellow color. A few years later but an economy is effected even in countries where Jobin prepared the metal by a purely chemical process, beasts of burden are cheap and easily obtained. With causing the metal sodiulll to react upon iodide of cal­ a grade not exceeding five per cent, a load of thirt.y cium in fusion contained in an iron crucible ; however, tons exclusive of engines and wagons can be hauled the quantity of metal obtained was small, 300 grammes thirty miles per day. Over dry, natural soil, even of iodide giving but 6 to 8 grammes of calcium globules. 112 tons have been hauled. The engines are adapted After other experiments, scarcely 1lI0re advantageous, to haul freight from plantations and from mines M. Moissan has been the first to obtain a relatively so remote from railways that the transportation of considerable weight of the metal. He employs two low-grade ores becomes unprofitable. methods ; in the first, which is purely chemical, he . '.' . utilizes the property which calcium possesses of dis­ Hardeulng A rtlcles of I'laster of Paris. solving in liquid sodium at a dllli red heat. In an A German patent has been granted for the treatment iron crucible of one liter capacity are placed 600 FRONT VIEW OF CYLINDERS. of articles of plastel' of Paris with an aqueous solution grammes of anhydrous iodide of calcium, together with of ammonium borate, for the purpose of hardening 240 grammes of sodium. The whole is heated to dull them and rendering them insoluble in water. A sim­ redness, at which temperature the sodium unites with ple and efficient process for accomplishing this' object the iodine of the iodide of calcium, and the calcium would be highly desirable, as it would serve to greatly set free dissolves in liquid sodium, which is in excess. prolong the life of plaster casts, which being quite soft Upon cooling it crystallizes in the middle of the mass and not entirely insoluble, sooner or later become of sodium, and by proper separation one may obtain superficially defaced, and washing specially wears down brilliant hexagonal crystals of pure calcium. The the outlines of the object. :\I110unt of the latter is equal to 50 per cent of the The process above referred to is said to give results theoretical weight contained in the iodide, and 40 decidedly superior to anything that has heretofore grammes have been obtained at a single operation. been proposed. The hardening liquid Illay either ,be The second process employed by M. Moissan consists mingled with the plaster in the act of moulding or in the electrolysis of iodide of calcium in fusion at a dull may be applied on the surface of the finishedcasts with red hea.t. A cylinder of pure nickel is used for the neg­ a brush. ative electrode, and for the positive a rod of graphite. The solution is prepared by dissolving boracic acid The calcium thus prepared has been examined as to in wann water and adding thereto sufficient ammonia its physical and chemical properties. Among its physi­ to form the borate which remains in the solution. cal properties may be �entioned the following" : it may The manner of using the solution is thus de�cribed : be melted in vacuo at a temperature of 7600 C. and The saturation of the gypsum or painting of the then appears as a brilliant liquid. After cooling, the REAR VIEW OF CYLINDERS. plaster of Paris is carried out in the cold. The ob­ metal is rather soft and may be cut with a knife. It jects are subsequently rinsed off and dried. The sur­ may be b1'Oken by striking it, and the fracture presents face becomes very hard after two days and insoluble a crvstalline structure. Its surface, when it has not Ipotive with enormous drive wheels, especially adapted in water, while the induration in the inte,rior advances bee� attacked by gases, is of a clear white color, ap­ to the roads over which they are to travel. The three cyl­ more slowly. By means of the fluidde scribed, gypsum proaching that of silver. Its density is 1'85. inders with their valve-chests form a single large casting floors can be hardened and rendered more durable and As to its chemical properties, calcium when brought placed on the forward end of the boiler. Steam passes impervious to the influence of the weather. Saturat­ to redness unites with hydrogen, forming a crystalline directly from the boiler to the central steam-chest and ing with ammonium borate is said to be epecially use­ hydride ; it combines with chlorine at 4000 C., and with thence to the outside chests. The engine has a three­ ful on exterior walls of buildings, barracks, etc. ; on bromine and iodine at a dull red heat. In oxygen the throw crank-shaft with cranks 120 degrees apart, fitted the latter, because experiments have proved an anti­ metal, when rai�ed to 3000 C., gi ves a bl-illiant combus­ with three pail's of eccentrics. As the poi nt of cut-off septic action of the Jiquid.-Journal of Franklin Insti­ t.ion. It decomposes water at the ordinary tempera­ is carried late enough always to insure admission of tute. ture, and also decomposes sulphurous acid gas with in­ steam to two pistons, heavy loads are easily �tarted. .. 4 .... candescence. When heated in carbonic acid gas, it be­ The boilers are of the locomotive type with grate sur­ A Southern Exposition. comes covered with a deposit of carboll. Calcium faces varying from 9 to 12 square feet. The boiler A Southern Exposition will be held in the Grand combines with sulphur at 4000 C., and burns with in­ pressure is 180 pounds per sq uare inch. The engine Central Palace, New York city, October 31 to Novelll­ candescence in the vapor of phosphorus. It unites gives a continuous t.ractive force of 12,000 pounds at ber 25. 1899. Its ai m will be to oisplay the commercial wi t h carbon in resources of the the state of lamp Southerll States black below red­ and to show the ness, and pro­ use w h i c h has duces calcium car­ been made of bide. Calc i u m them. It is be­ when cold does lieved t hat the not u nite with exposition will be nitrogen, but of vast benefit in when heated in attracting capital that gas it absorbs to the Southern it slowly, and the S tat e s , where metai, at first there are g reat brilliant. assumes opportunities for a yellow colo r. investment. The This explains why present is a par­ the alloys of cal­ ticularly auspici, cium, which up to ous time for the this time were re­ display of South­ gs r d e d as the ern products in pure metal, were the North, owing all more or less to the new era of yellow, this color good feeling, and being due to the a warm reception nitride. The lat­ is assured to the ter compound is Southern visitors. obtained in trans­ The mi neral parent crystals of weal th of the a yellow-br 0 w n Sout h will be color, melting at suitably illustrat­ 12000 C. ed. and also its ••• industries. Col . SOME Greek di­ John J. Garnett is vers have recent­ the Director of the ly discovered a Exposition, and rea u r e-s hip t 8 t Ite advisory COlIl­ which was SUll!,; mittee includes near Chios, where, THE TRACTION ENGINE AND ITS LOAD UlfDEB WAY. prominen t men.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutific �tutritau. J A NOVEL DEVICE FOR RAISING AND LOWERING ply chamber, from which separate inlets lead to the front elevation of a stove-pipe with the clamping-band SMOKESTACKS. valves for each cylinder, a check valve being provided to applied. Fig. 3 is a view of a form of clamping-band In passing under bridges the crew of a steamer often prevent back flow from the momentum of the water in used on straight sections of pipes. Fig. 4 is another find it necessary to lowel' the smokestack, an operation the supply pipe. Above each inlet is an air chamber. form vf band used on straight pipes. Fig. 5 is an en­ which entails the expenditure of no little time and Back of the supply chamber, underneath the cylinders, larged front elevation of a tightening device used on labor. A device has been invented by John D. Dailey, is an exhaust chamber, and between this chamber and the band. One Hundred and Thirty-third street and Southern each of the inlets are ports which lead to the bottom The clamping-band used is swaged to give a suitable Boulevard, Harlem River, New York city, which of the cylinders and are put successively into commu· cross-section such as an ogee form, the top and bottolJl provides a simple means for lowering a smokestack or nication therewith. An outlet passage is carried down edges being bent inwardly. The ends of the band to the exhaust cham bel' and is coupled with the ex­ have exterior flanges standing at a slight angle to eac" haust pipe at a point so as to trap the water in the ex­ other, sufficient flare being thereby given to the band haust chamber at the end of the return stroke of each to insure a tight binding on the large and small endf1 piston without, however, exerting back pressure. of the pipe-sections. These flanges are made to tit The inlet and exhaust piston valves controlling the into grooves fOl'Ilied in two bars, hammered in place cy linder ports are coupled with rocking levers. Cam­ on the ends of the band to interlock with the flanges. arms reciprocating with the pistons engage these levers '.r he ends of the band are held tightly together by means so that each piston, when nearing the top of it.s stroke, of a clamp or tightening device comprising a pin which by means of its cam-arm, actuates the valve for the extends longitudinally frolU one of the bars referred to, next cylinder in order, holding the valve open while it has an internal screw-thread, and is fitted to slide in a pauses at the top of the stroke, and closing the valve tube secured to the other bar. A screw engages the quickly on its descent. Upon the quick closing of threaded pin and is adapted to abut wi th its head each valve the water will be suddenly cut off from the against the outer end of the tube. Hence, by turning corresponding iulet, but will continue to flow from the supply cham bel' past the check· valve into the air­ chamber, cOlll pressing the air until the momentulll of the water is checked. The check valve is then closed

80 as to maintain the air within the air·chamber in its compressed state. Upon the next opening of the valve the compressed air in the ait'-challl ber will force the water under this increased pressu l'e into the cylinder during the upstroke of the piston, this increased pres­ sure gradually dilllinishing until the nOl'lnal pressure of the water supply has been reached. The check­ valve will then reopen, and the water will again flow from the supply chatuber through the inlet to begin the cycle anew. The nearness of the air·chambers to the cylinders and pistons gives an elastic action to the flow of the water, which, with its accumulated extra air pressure, adds greatly to the efficiency of the motor-an efficiency of about fifty per cent over the power obtained from A NOVEL DEVICE FOR RAISING AND LOWERING SMOKESTACKS. the simple pressure and quantity oi water alone. The elasticity of the water in following the piston allows the engine to run at a higher speed than the ordinary mast, and for automatically it to its normal returning hydraulic motor. In the hydraulic motors comlllonly posi ti<;>n. The smokestack is composed of a fixed lower section in use the power depends upon the volume and pres­ and a hinged upper section, connected by IIleans of sure of the water alone ; but in the motor described WERNER'S STOVE-PIPE COUPLING. links with the swinging arms of a rock· shaft. Fitted there is the additional power obtained ft'ollJcompr essed on this rock-shaft are two grooved wheels, over which air. It develops a much greater power with the quan­ the screw, the diameter can be made larger or smaller, chains pass downward into wells. To the end of each tity of water used than in any other form of water mo­ and the ends of the band can be drawn so tightly to­ chain a sliding block is secured, and coiled about the tor. The engine is built in all sizes from one-quarter gether that the pipe-sections are rigidly joined. The chain, between the block and well cover, is a spring. horse power up, there being no more limit to size than swaged body of the band fits on the correspondingly When it is desired to lower the uppel' section of the where steam is used for motor power. The company swaged small end of the pipe ; and the bent edges of stack, the rock-shaft is operated by llleans of levers has its New York office at 159 Greenwich Street, and the clamping·band fit snugly upon the pipe to prevent s(>cured to its ends. The stack will then be brought to is glad to give further information to anyone desir­ any escape of smoke or gas ft'om the joint between the the position shown by dotted lines in the illustration, ing it. sections. The elbow-band is similar to the one de­ the springs being thereby compressed. When the .. Ie•• scribed, but differs therefrom in having a reduced levers are released after the vessel has passed the AN IMPROVED STOVE·PIPE (JOUPLING. middle portion and in having a bead adapted to bridWl. the springs in expanding will return the upper An efficient form of coupling for stove-pipes has been engage a bead between the small end section of the hinged portion of the smokestack to its normal posi­ invented by Jacob J. Werner, of Hebron, Neb., which elbow and the large end section of the pipe, so that tion. is so constructed that the adjacent ends of stove-pipe the elbow and pipe are not liable to be drawn apart.

• 1 •• • and elbow sections may be rigidly held together without The reduced portion of .t he band fits snugly on the re­ THE JOHNS HYDRAULIC ENGINE -A COMBINED the use of riveted joints, supporting screw-hooks, or duced or inner portion of the elbow section.

WATER AND AIR MOTOR. the like. • •••• One of the most ingenious and efficient hydraulic Of the accompanying illustrations, Fig. 1 is a side ele­ Lightning Strikes the WashllJgton Mo nument. ------IIlotors which has yet r------. vation of the coupling It is not uncommon for the Washington Monument appeared is being applied to a stove-pipe to be struck by lightning, but during t.he thundel'­ made by the Elmira I and elbow. Fig. 2 is a storm of July 14 a bolt of lightning struck the monu­ Manufacturing Com- ment and burnt out pany, of Elmira, N. the wires used to Y. The operative give signals to the principle of the en­ I elevator conductor. gine is eel't a inI y There are one hun­ unique, embodying dred and e i g h ty as it does a com­ points at the top of bination of hydrau­ the monument to lic and air pressure. catch the lightning, In addition to the and the wire conduc­ power given by direct tors run down the pressure of any given inside of the shaft. head of water, the While it is not un­ engine employs the COllJmon for light­ pressure produced ning to descend with by suddenly check­ the aid of these con­ ing the momentum ductors, no ",erson of the water flowing has ever been injur­ to the cylinder. In ed in the structure other words the prin­ from this cause. ciple of the hydrau­ •• ••• lic ram is applied to S IR WILLIAM the hydrall lic engine CROOKES is prepat·­ without any loss of ing a reply to the water. lllany severe criti­ The motor which cisllls which have forms the subject of been published re­

our illustrations is It garding his British three-cylinder verti­ Association address

cal engine, hhving a of last year, in which three·throw crank he showe d that the shaft, with cranks set w h eat supply of at an angle of 120°. the world will fall The thi'ee cylinders short in the next have a common sup- THE .JOHNS HYDRAULIC ENGINE-A COMBINED WATER AND AIR MOTOR. century.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit �mttitau. J off his pedals after he had attained his maximum speed in Arctic matters and to disseminate accounts of the (£.orresponllence. he would have finished just as soon as he did. results of expeditions. The club has a banner of its A few years ago, I followed a trolley car across the own which is now bein'" borne toward the north pole Air Resistance to Moving Bodies. meadows between Rutherford and Jersey City, at a by ieut. Peary, WaIte Wellman, and others, and the To the Editor of the L ; SCIEN'l'IFIC AMERICAN : distance of some 20 to 30 feet. The car stopped unex­ members of the club are living in hopes that theit In concluding an editorial on air resistance to mov­ pectedly (to to hail another car coming in an op­ banner will soon float above the pole, the goal of all ing bodies, suggested by Murphy's bicycle riding feat, me) , posite direction. With all the back pressure I could Arctic explorers. you offer for the special consideration of railroad man­ exert I could not stop quick enongh to avoid smashing agers this problem : If a body presenting three square .... , .. my wheel, and lonly saved myself by getting out frOID Automobile News. feet of surface to ail' resistance, and moving at the rate behind the car. ROB RT MANCHLIN. of sixty miles per hour, requires seven horse power for E A service of motor vehicles has been started between New Holland, Pa., July 15, 1899. its propulsion, what would be the resistance in h01'lse Rosas and Figueras, in Spain, a distance of twelve power to a train moving at the same velocity, but pre­ [Our correspondent is confusing a 60-mile per hour miles. The vehicles are of eight horse power and have senting 400 to 600 square feet of surface ? This is not train with a 60-mile per hour wind. The pressure on a a seating accommodation for nine passengers. at all difficult, as a mathematical problem, but to my stationary square yard of surface exposed to a 60-mile The New England Electrical Vehicle Transportation wind is the same as the pressure on asquare yard of SU1'­ mind it iiugge�ts another, which I confess is a .. corker." Company has made a beginning in the automobile face moving at 60 miles per hour through still air. Ac­ from 933 to 1.400 horse power is required to over­ business ill Boston by putting five carriages in servicl:'. If cording to our correspondent's theories, if he took shel­ come the direct air resistance to a train moving sixty Within a month it is expected there will be thirty ter (rom a 60-mile per hour wind behind a square yard miles per hour. and this resistance is about equivalent more. of board fence, he would finda 60-mile wind (or suction to the utlnost capacity the locomotive, bow are the It is expected that an automobile fete will be held at of as he terms it) blowing him against the fence on the inertia, frictional and other resistances overcome at Pau, France, next February. lee side of it.. As a matter of fact, the ail' the lee th is and in uch higher speeds ? '1' he men who formu­ on side of the fence would be still or "dead " air, just as Sixty-seven motor cars started on July 16 to race lated the extremely elastic tormulre on which such (according to Murphy) there was still or as he called it around France, a distance of some fourteen hundred calculations are based should give their attention to and fifty miles. It is expected that the trip will occupy " dead " air behind the shidd.-ED.] this problem, in which event it is probable that we nine days, with two intervals of a day each. should soon hear of a solution equally Interesting and • ·e· • The first electric cart of the firemen of Paris is now valuable. But if they have any misgivi ngs as to the THE PARIS EXPOSITION MEDAL. running on the streets and has already begun its work accuracy of their calculations, it is suggested that they Our engravings give an admirable idea of the appear­ of saving life and property. It is a handsome vehicle, should not, attempt to vel'j(y them by any experiments arlce of the new medal which will be given to the most with a seat in front for several firemen, and a hori­ conducted on the pilot of fast locomotive without deserving exhibitors at the great Exposition which a zontal steering wheel. Back of this is a "dos-a-dos " first erecting thereon some very SUbstantial fortifica­ will open its doors next year in Paris. The medal is of arrangement which will permit of seating several fire­ tions a�ainst those delusive seven or more horse bronze, 2,'11 inches in diameter, and is the work of the men. Between these seat� is a box for hose. The bat­ powers which otherwise ihey would be called upon French sculptor, M. Georges Le!uaire. It consists of a teries are carried underneath. and scaling ladders are personally to resist. If these gentlemen should un­ female figure, modeled in considel'able relief, holding carried at the side. fortunately be afflicted with a physical corpulency to in her right hand branch, while with her left hand a The Illinois Electric Vehicle Company will soon be correspond with the inflated generosity of their imag­ she sustains an airy bit of drapery. The wording is , inations, the dangers of the undertaking should cer­ simply " L'Exposition de Paris," and the sun with in a position to begin operations. At first only a few vehicles will be operated, but ,the number will be in­ taillly deter them from makin�, in other respects, such conventionalized rays at her left has tl1 e fi gures creased as fast as they can be obtained from the manu­ a promising experiment in the suffering interests of .. 1900" imprinted across it. The figure is seated on the facturers. The demand for electric carriages is so great science. capital of a column which is almost hidden by the that the manufacturing companies cannot furnish The simple fact that the bicyclist Murphy was ample folds of the drapery, which are excellently an able to ride from 10 to 15 feet in the rear of the car or lldequate supply. shield shows conclusively that a body of air envelop­ Some time in the fall electric automobile street sweep­ ing the entire train is swept along with it, at about the ng machines will be used in Paris, and the old clulUsy saIne rate of speed, and that, therefore, small projec- lust rnacllines will be done away with. The motor

, tions; window embrasure!l, and gaps between the cars, s in front, while unde1'lleath and behind is a tank : add little or nothing to the resistance. or water, and the sprinkling device in the rear and

If a bicycle rider, without a pacer. would have to he sweepers, whieh can be raised out of contact with exert seven horse power at sixty Illiles per hour, it he pa\'ement whenever desired. The new machine would, at least. be safely within the limits of the ac­ :an be run back and forth over a street to sprinkle it. curacy of Mr. Adams' calculations to say that one horse t wiII t.henret ul'll and sweep the dirt, in piles and elec­ power would be required at 30 miles pel' hour; but it is rica\ly-the battery. 25 or 30 miles per hour is the most wonderful pheno­ •••• • menon that nature has ever produced. handled. At her feet is a scroll, a palette, and a lyre, typifying the fine arts. Test oC the New Naval 4-lnch Gun. W. F. CLEVELAND. A new type of 4 inch, 50-caliber gun for the navy has Moncton, N. B., Canada. The reverse of the medal is made up of a cartouche which is to receive the name of the recipient of the just been tested at the Indian Head Proving Ground, [The points raised by our correspondent are well rnedal. At one side and secured by a banderole is a giving excellent results. With a charge of 17 pounds made, and the reductio ad absurdum in the case of the sheaf, presumably of typifying agriculture. Be­ of perforated grain navy smokeless powder, a muzzle horse power required drive a bicycle at thirty or COl'D, h) low, at the center, is an airship, at its right is tele­ velocitv of 2,991 foot-seconds was obtained, with a muz­ draw a train at sixty miles an hour is evident. We a graph pole, and at the left a battleship bristling with zle ene gy of 2,049 foot-tons. with a chamber pressure know that 1,400 horse power is not exerted by the loco­ � fighting tops. conning towers, and turrets. The lower of 16'95 tons pel' square inch. With a charge of 16�4 luotive in overcoming air resistance, and we know that part of the .�omposition is made up by the usual cog pounds a IIluzzle velocity of 2, 937 foot-seconds was ob· bicyclist cannot exert one horse power for more than a wheels, anvil, governor, etc" which have served, from tained, with a muzzle energy of 1 972 foot· tons. a few seconds a time, certainly not for two minutes ; at time imlllemorial, for works of this kind. There is The' gun wa,; designed for 3,000 foot-seconds muzzle nevertheless, assuming that even the lowest tables of also a camera, telephone, a globe, books, and an velocity within the limits of 17 tons pressure per square wind pressure are correct and working upon the 33.000 alem bic. The obverse of the medal is very handsome, illch, and there is no doubt but that, with a powder of foot-pounds basis, as we did in the editorial referred but the reverse �onsists of confused jumble of con­ the proper grain, the requirements will be easily ful· to, these impossible results inevitably follow. As a a ventional representations of various arts, Ilianufac­ filled. The weight of the new gun is 2'72 tons, while matter of fact.. there is a crying need to-day for care­ tures, and discoveries, and can hardly be called very that of the old type 4-inch gun is 1'5 tons. The old ful inve�tigation of the subject of wind pressure and successful. The medal will be warmly appreciated by type gun, with smokeless powder, has a JIluzzle velocity air resi�tance, not so much to determine the disturb· its recipients, and we trust that the American exhibit­ of 2,200 foot-seconds, aud a muzzle energy of 1,108 foot­ ances of the atmosphere when agitated by moving ors will take away their full share of them. tons. 'The muzzle energy of ihe new gun is, therefore, bodies, as the exact pressures developed: The impossi­ 78 per cent greater than that of the old . ble results al'rived at in working on our present basis • ••• • The old gun has a muzzle energy of 738 foot-tons per of wind pressure prove that our tables are altogether The Arctic Club. ton of gun ; the new gun has a muzzle energy of 750 too high ; and if they are too high, we are putting tons The Arctic Club of America is the name of a unique foot· tons per ton of gun. The old gun has 92 foot-tons of weight into our bridges, roofs and framed struetures club which has headquarter!' in New York city. It muzzle energy per inch of shot's circumference, and the subject to wind stress, which represent simply a clumsy was organized by the members of Dr. Cook's Arctic new gUll has 170 foot-tons lIl uzzle energy per inch of waste of material. The other point raised in this letter expedition of 1894 on the iIl-fl'lted ship " Portia," which shot's circumference. The old gun has a muzzle energy is taken up in our editorial columIl.-ED.] was sunk so recently. The members of the expedition of 33'5 foot-tons per pound of projectile, and the new •••• • had been wrecked off the southwest coast of Green­ gun has a muzzle energy of 62 foot-tons per pound of Air Ret;listance. land, their ship being the " Miranda," the sister ship proj'.lctile. To the Editor of the SCIR'NTI1!'IC AMERICAN : of the " Portia," that ran upon the reefs off the coast A n�w type of mount for the heavy 4-inch gun was Your valuable paper of July 15 to hand yesterday, of Greenland, the magnificent collections being lost. also tested and worked ill ."' thoroughly satisfactory and contents of article headed " Murphy's Ride a Hint The party was rescued by a little Gloucester fishing manner during the firing or ,he thirty-five rounds to to the Railroads," noted. schooner, and when they reached Halifax they em­ which the gun was subjected. It seems to that you leave one factor out of all me barked for New York on the " Portia." The lllelU bel'S The new monitors, in addition to their 12-in" h turret your calculations. Ilamely, the suction or inrush of of the expedition met together on September 8. 1894. guns, will ea-ch have an auxiliary battery ').! fL,ur of wind behind the train. You only credit the engine and organized the club, whose active members should the new 4-inch guns. and car with one-half of their work. They not only consist of "II persons upon the passenger list of the The Ordnance Bureau of the na.vy is wuch gratified cleared the way for Murphy ; they created a 60-mile per . • Miranda " on her cruise. Prof. W. H. Brewer, of with the performance of the new gun, as the larger hour wind behind him to carry him along. This new Yale University, was made president. It was decided calibers of the new high powered gun now beiilg factor will cancel all your previous figures, as, accord­ that an annual dinner be given by the club. The first IIlanufactured for the battleships of the •• Maine" dass ing to them, Murphy had seven horse power of wind at banquet took place December 7 of the same year. and the monitors are designed practically on the sam.3 his back. Since that time the scope of the club has been widened, lin�s as the 4- inch gun just tested. The next new gun That the frontage of engines, etc., offer some resist­ and it now embraces among its members nearly every to be tested will be one of 6-inch caliber, and it will be ance to the air. there can be no doubt ; but it is insig­ prominent Arctic explorer in the United States, and interesting to note its performance, as a new 6-inch nificant in comparison to the result.s of your figures. even Dr. Nansen one of its honorary vice· presidents. gun iiI IIlanufactur'ed by Vickers Sons & Maxim, of Eng­ l will venture that if Murphy had taken his feet e o to say '1'he objects of the club are to promot a live interest land, will so n \)1' ftr�cl 11-1; Iudian Head.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. �tnttitau. J titutifft

Science Note •• Engineering Notes. Electrical Notes. The British steamship "Holbein," which recently The Lachine Rapids Hydraulic and Land Company Stockholm, Sweden, has probably the largest numbsr arrived at Liverpool, picked up Capt. William A. is contemplating many additional improvements. An of telephones for its population of any city in Europe. Andrews, known as the "lone navigator," who left additional wing dam 1,000 feet long will be constructed 'l'here are 23,000 telephones to less than 300,000 inhabi­ Atlantic City on June 18 in a little vessel barely twelve to avoid the frazil ice. The company will also build tants. feet in length, to attempt to cross the Atlanti(�. He about 1,000 feet of crib work. A steam plant is also to The Hudson River Power Transmission Company was found in an exhausted condition on July 12, about be install.-ldto provide for emergencies. has received permission to erect poles and string wit'es 700 miles from the Irish coast. Four :!ngineers have been selected to prepare plans along the Erie Canal for a distance of twenty miles Dr. Lambert Lack of London has for a long time for the construction of the memorial bridge across the from Mechanicsvil le, where the power is generated, to been investigating the origin of cancer. His theol'Y is Potomac River at Washington, from the Naval Obser­ Albany. that cancel' is not a germ disease, but is due to specific vatory gl"Ounds to the Arlington estate. The men 'f he freight traffic of the Detroit, Ypsilanti and Ann injury to the basement melIl brane of the mucous selected are George S. Morison, Leffert L. Buck, Arbor electric railway promises to be a profitable membranes and allied structures .. DI·. Lack promises William H. Burr and Willialll R. Hutton. They are branch of the business of that line. Every day two that he will cOlllmunicate full details of his investiga­ all engineers who have done important work in this shipments are made from its office depot on Griswold tions to the medical press in a short time. line. Street, in etroit says The Tribune of that city, and D , A short time ago the "Captain Cook Reserve " at The Knapp roller boat, which we have alt'eady de· two shiplllents are receivecl back at the same place. Kurnell, on the shore of Botany Bay, New South scribed, set out from 'f oronto a short tillle ago. The The receipts from inbound freight average $10, and for Wales, Australia, was formally opened. The reserve roller boat would not roll, and accordillg to The outbound freight about $25 a day, and it is expected is the ground which marks the spot where Capt. Cook, Canadian Engiueer becamp uumanageable, evell in a that the total receipts will be increased to more than the great navigator, landl.'d one hundred and twenty­ moderate wind. Five days aftel' leaving 'l' oronto the $100 a day by June, 1900. Ann Arbor takes about half

nine years ago. The park was inaugurated with ap­ •. rollel' " was reported as being tied to a tree about two of the freight and Ypsilanti is next in volume, but propriate ceremonies, and H.M.S. "Goldfinch," which miles west of Bowman ville, Ontario, having rolled forty­ shipments to \Vayne are daily increasing. A good lay in the harbor, fired a salute. one miles in five days. deal of the freight consists of vegetables alld groceries, although trunks and all light articles usually carrie

colorillleter cOllsists of a rectangular box of which olle of in sparch of building maTerials. sulators. The Manila Electric Light Company has It the sides has two openings preferably rectangular, while The Compagnie Genemle des OlIlnibus de Pal'is is contract to light the streets for 20 years, 16 of which opposite to thelll on the other side of the box is a larger installing on the cars of theil' Lou vre-Saint·Cloud line are still to run. General Otis has taken over the reo rectan�ular opening, through which the first two are . sponsibilities of tlte contract, says Industries and Iron, a low pressu l'e acetylene lightiug system The vehi(�les visible. Behind each of the two openings is placed a while built ullder the form of an olllnibus are really of London, and is paying the electric· lighting bills for glass tube, about 15 mm. in diametel' and 15 cm. long, street cal'S, for they run on tmcks alld are pro\'ided the streets. 'r ite original contract provided for 141) open at the top, into which are poured the liquids to with an " imperial " or second story. The llIaterial which 2,000 caudle power arc lamps and 1,000 20 candle power

be compared. Screens of glass or �elatille llIay take genemtes the gas is not OI"dinary calciulU carbide, but series incandescent lamps at $60,250 <1, year. The arcs are the place of the tulles. By looking through the large is what is called "acetylithe," which has been devised 50· volt lamps, 20 in �eries, OIla l,OOO-volt circuit. 'l' he aperture at the two screens, it is easy to detect any by Letang and Serpollet. Th is su bstallce is calcium number of street lights has greatly increased. On wide difference of color. The construction oi this small ap­ carbide which has been treatpd with glncose after an streets the steel poles are in the middle, I:nd it is pro­ paratus is very simple as well as cheap, but it Illay be immersion of several weeks in petroleum; this prevents vided that the ligh ts shonld be switchecl in 20 winutes still further simplified, and one may in fact transform an o\'er-production of gas. The generator is placed on after sunset. and off 20 minutes before sunrise. There

his own camera into it colorimeter with little trouble. the platform of the car, under the stairs which lead are abont 6,000 incandescent 16 candle power lamps, It is only necessary to take off the lens and to replace into the imperial, and is of a new form, awl is simple running on 100-volt alternating Cllrt"ent circuits. The : the frame containing the ground glass by It thin piece of and effective. The gas after being generated is dl il.'d charge is $1.50 (Mexican) a 1II0nth for a 16 candle power wood or even thick cardboard slid into the back of and the impurities are removed. Lead pipes conduct lamp, buming half the night. and $2 for an all-night the camera. In this are cut two openin�s, as above, the gas to the burners, which are inclosed in globe3 lamp. The central station is equipped with six COIll­ and the tubes or screens are fixed to the back in any somewhat similar to those Ilsed for the Pintsch light ; pound condenSing engines of 300 horsp power each, lO convenient manner. The two screens to be compared there are two in the car proper, one on the ilIl perial alternating current generators of 2,00 volts, of 60 kilo­ being thus in place, they are observed through the and one on the platform, as well as a small signal ligbt watts capacity each, and four 65-light 2,00;) candle opening left by the rPlllo\'al of the lens, the head be­ of five candle power. The total expense for the five power arc dynamos, running at 3,250 volts each. The

ing cO\'ered by the cloth. In this way a very small lights is about four cents per honr, which is III l1ch capacity of the station is 12,000 incandescent lamps and difference of color may be easily detected. cheaper than an equivalent aIDount of electric light. 260 arc lamps.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J ,ieutifte �merieau. NAVIES OF THE WORLD. ships and won a practical victory. On the other hand, .. �hikishima," now building at the Thames Iron VII. JAPAN. although the Chinese battleships " Ting Yuen " and Works, and her mate (not yet named), which is under At such a time as the present, when Japan is taking "Chen Yuen " were terribly cut to pieces in their un­ construction at Elswick (Armstrongs). They are im­ the momentous s'teps which will constitute her one of arrnored portions and the crews decimated, the belt proved •• Fujis," the weaker points in the earlier ves­ the great family of nations, it would be unpardonable, and the bar bette armor around the main gun positions sels being strengthened in accordance with general in a series of articles on the navies of the world, to omit was practically intact. Moreover, shells from the 12- drift of battleship construction. 'f hus the belt is made from the list the Japanese navy-the youngest and, in inch guns of these ships had wrought terrible havoc on continuous from bow to stern; the deck is increased in proportion to its numbers, perhaps, one of the most the Japanese unarmored vessels, Ad III iral Ito's flag­ thickness from 2� to from 3 to 5 inches; the armament formidable of them all. Starting under the impulse of ship being put out of action, with the loss of 90 officers is increased by raising the strength of the rapid-fire the famous victory of the Yalu, and carefully observing and Illen killed and wounded, by a single 12-inch shell battery from ten to fourteen 6-inch rapid-fire guns, and its tactical and technical lessons, this young giant of that callieab oard between decks. substituting twenty 12-pounders for the twenty 3- the Pacific has built up in less than half a decade a Among the first orders placed after the war was one pounders on the " Fuji." The six 6·inch guns on the navy which is to be reckoned as of the first class in for two first-class battleships, the .. Yashima " and main deck are also placed in 6-inch casemates. The every point but that of numbers. As wiII be seen from .. Fuji." The forrner was built at Elswick, the latter norlllal coal supply is to be 700 tons, the complement the table herewith, the navy contains five first-class on the Thames, and both have been turned over to the 741. and the displacement 14,850 tons. battleships with an average displacement of close to government. In size these two ships are about 2,000 The latest battleship to be laid down is an improve­ 14,000 tons and an average speed of over 1872'lm ots. tons smaller than the "Royal Sovereign " class of the ment over the " Shikishima," and is very similar to Every one of these vessels has been launched since British navy ; but they are a knot and a half faster the " Formidable" class now building for the British 1896, caITies the latest high power guns, navy. With a displacement of 15,200 tons and is protected with either Harveyized the " Asahi " is the largest warship in the or Krupp steel. ')'0 these must be added world. Her armor is lllore complete than the "Chin-Yen," a second-class battle­ that of the .. Shikishima," the 9·inch ship, a little larger than our "Texas," main belt extending from end to end at which has been thoroughly overhauled the waterline and up to the berth deck by the Japanese since she was captured amidships. Two of the fourteen 6-inch in the Chinese war. Next in importance guns that are on the main deck on the are the five powerful armored cruisers .. Shikisbima " are placed on the gun deck which are completed and building in in the " Asahi," which thus has a battery British and French yards. They are larger of ten 6· inch long-caliber rifles protected than our .. Brooklyn," more powerfully by 6 inches of Harvey steel. The four armed, and of about the same speed. 6-inch guns on the main deck are placed Next in the order of importance are eight in 6-inch casemates. The speed with protected cruisers of about 4,400 tons dis­ 15,000 horse power will be about 19 knots. placement and an average speed of 21 The battle�hip "Chin Yen " is the former knots. Four of these have been built ill Chinese " Chen Yuen," which acquitted Alllerican and British yards and have itself so creditably in the battle of the Protected Cruiser " Takasago." Class of Four Ships. �hown speeds of from 23 to 24 knots, Yalu. She was built at Stettin, Genna­ The " Takasago " and mate: Displaccnlcnl, 4.300 tOIlR. SlIced, 24 knots. being, indeed, the fastest ships of their Chitosc " Kasagl ": Displacement, Speed, and knots, in 1882. The following are her chief The " and .. 4,760 tODS. 23'7 22'5 ny,

Protected CruIlIers Itsukushima " and Armored Cruiser " Asama." Class of Three Ships. •• • • Hashidate." Also with modifications, ,. Matsushima." ,Displacement, 9,750 tons . Speed, no sh ips of ahout same displacement and less speed 22 k ts. Also two DIsplacement, tons Speed, 17·5 knots. and 4,277 . li�hter armament.

First-class Battleships " Shikishima " and mate. Also, with modifications, the " Asahi." First-class Battleships •• Fuji " and " Yashima." 18 5 n Armor : Main be lt. 9 inches ; upper belt, 6 inches ; Displacement, 14,850 ton8. Speed, to s. Displal:ement, 13,320 tons. Speed, 18'2 and 19'2 knots. deck, a to 5 inches : gun positions, 14 and 6 inches. Armament, four 12-inch, fourteen 6-inch rapid-ftre, twenty a-inch, eight a·pounders, four 2�-pounders. Torlledo To bes, 5. Date, 1899.

NAVIES OF THE WORLD-VII. JAPAN.

class in the world. The balance of the navy, with the and carry a larger coal supply. The Harveyized armor particulars : Displacement, 7,400 tons ; speed, 14 knots; exception of some modern g'unboats and smaller cruis­ moreover is superior to the compound armor of the belt armor, 14 inches ; gun positions, 12 inches ; deck, 3 ers, antedates the China-Japan war of 1894-95, but is "Royal Sovereign," and the Armstrong guns, though ill�hes ; armament, four 12-inch old pattern Krupp of fairly modern construction. lighter, are of a later pattern and of greater power. guns and ten 5·9-inch rifles. The two most important lessons learned by the The waterline belt is 18 inches in thickness and the The three armored cruisers building at the Arm­ Japanese in the war with China were the immense upper belt 4 inches. The barbettes of 14-inch armor strongs are sister ships. The " Asama," of which we value of the rapid, fire gun and the great powers of re­ carry each two 12-inch B. L. rifles, and the rapid-fire present an illustration, is completed and the " Tokiha " sistance of the modern battleship. 'fhe Japanese fleet battery amidships consists of ten 6-inch rapid-fire guns and an unnamed vessel are under construction. The at the Yalu did not include a single battleship, all of disposed four in casemates of 6-inch steel on the gun .. Asama " is an extremely powerful ship, either for the vessels being of the cruiser type; but the arma­ deck and six behind 6-inch shields on the main deck. offense or defense. Her armor protection weighs al­ ment of the fleet was chiefly made up of modern rapid­ Twenty-four 3-pounders and 2�-pounders are dis­ together over 2,000 tons. It comprises a continuous fire weapons, and while the unprotected nature of the tributed on the gun deck, main deck, and in the tops. belt 7 inches thick alllidships, sloping to 3� inches at vessels rendered it unwise to riSK an action at close These ships are to-day among the fastest battleships the ends. An upper belt 5 inches thick reaches to the quarters with the two battleships which constituted afloat, the .. Fuji" having made 18·5 knots and the gun deck and on this deck are six 6-inch rapid-fire guns the chief fighting element of the Chinese fleet, the .. Yashima " 19·2 knots on her trial, rivaling the fast in 6 inch casemates. On the main deck are eight more rapid-fire guns at a range of several thousand yards battleships of the Italian navy. 6-mch rapid-fire guns, four in 6-inch casemates, and cut through the unarmored portions of the enemy's The " Fuji" and " Yashima" wera followed by the four behind shields. Forward on the same deck is an

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. I �tutriCatl4 citntific 73

l'hulograp'h by SymondJ! & Co. Photograph by SymondJ! & Co. a.-Protected Cruiser "Itsukushima." Allo " Hashidate. " 4. - Protected Cruiser "Takasajo. " Class of Four Ships. DlsplacelDeIlt 4,277 tons. Speed. 17 knots. Normal Coal ton . no nlD Coal Supply, to s Armo : Deck, " Supply, 400 s Ar­ Dlsplacementt tons. Speed, 24 k ts. Maxlm 1,000 n , r D k 4 800 pid-fir r sixteen mor : ec , � inches' main gun position, 12 inches. ArlDament, one 12'5-inch B. L. rille, � Inche.; shields, 4� inches. ArlDament, two S-Inch rapid-firers, ten 4'7-IDCh ra e s, 3- r d- re five eleven 4'7-inch api fi guns, 6-pounders, eleven 8-pounders, six machine guns. Tor­ pounders. Torpedo Tubes, 5. COlnplement, 400. Date, 1898. ""do Tub"". 4. Com»I" ..."nt, MO. Datf', lR�l

Dec& Plated 5.-Armored Deck in Frame. CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTECTED CRUISER "CHITOSE " AT UNION IRON WORKS, SAN FRANCISCO . .. and .. KlISagl," the latter built at the Cramps' yard, differ from the " Takll88jo " 8S tollows : Displacement, tons. Speed, " Chltose," 23'7; .. Kasagi." 22'5; aud they carry 12-poundtrs . NOTB.-The Chitose " . 4,760 In ulace of 3·uoDnne"".

b'rom l'nutograpb by b1wuuu. & Company. l'ortsmoutb. J£UjCl.. ll

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit jmttitan. 74 J T It is manifest that the inventor meant to confine JAPANESE NAVY. he Armstrong built ships are somewhat smaller (4,300 tons), and their contract speed is 24 knots, or 1% himself to the investigations which resulted in the ap· knots greater. They carry the same armament except plication of 1892 to the system which he had previously that 3-pounders take the place of the 12-pounders. In perfected. It seelIls clear that the invention was merely DESCRIPTION OF TYPE. speed these ships compare favorably with our " Colum­ an alteration in a pre-existing perfected system, and bia " and " Minneapolis," while their battery is greatly was not of a primary character. We al'e, therefore, of superior. They would prove dangerous vessels in the the opinion that the claims inserted by amendment in

Battleships, t work of commerce destroying. 1896 must be limited to a piston attached to ; moved 5 13,908 69,540 18'7 01 10 yealS or less. I The other seven protected cruisers have an average by the brake cylinder piston for vepting the train pipe Battleships, l 1 7.400 14'0 displacement of 3,021 tons, and an average "peed of into the brake cylinder. 10 to 20 years. f I 18'6 knots. They carry modern rapid fire batteries, The defendant caused its new device, known as valve ====: == --'=== 1 ==== - 6 1 76 940 ==-=. Totals ...... 11 , . ______'- "-' -- 1 __ _ and are serviceable, up-to-date ships ; but there is no­ C, to be invented for the purpose of escaping from the ______._ a 2 8159 o en.e thing in theil' design that calls for special mention. Westinghouse system of venting exclusively into the C �!s fs�f 2 , 8 se } __ __ 1 1 _ __ 1 ___5, 7 1 __ 1_2 The small cruisers and gunboats, of which there are brake cylinders. It vents into the atmosphere, and 1: 1: __ 1 __' _ .Ar morro Cruisers. l 5 9,707 48,536 s 21 1 fifteen, have an average displacement of 1,169 tons. uses for that purpose a compound piston, which is over 9,000 ton . I a With few exceptions, they are modern vessels and part of the triple valve piston, the action of which is -rm-o- -d-C-r -s--- -I "------1------a A re ui ers, 3 �� Below 5,000 ton.. r 2,283 6,850 quite up to the standard of vessels of other navies in not dependent upon the brake cylinder piston. It the same class. follows from the construction which we have given to Totals ...... 8 55,886 The fate of the Spanish fleets ill the late war has the patent of 1896 that the defendant's device known Protected Cruisers l 8 3 21 '0 . 4, 91 35, 31 taught us that finesh ips may be re dered ineffective as valve C is not an infringement over 4,000tons . I 1 n ------· 1 by neglect, inefficiency, and disregard of the principles •••• • i Protected Cru sers I Some Curiosities of Our Calendar. 4,000 3,021 21,150 8'6 of strategy and tactics. Japan has a truly magnificent 2,0011 to ton. r 1 navy, second to none in fighting and sea-keeping .. As we are at the beginning of a year," says La 15 56,281 Total ...... qualities. Has she a naval administration, a trained Science pour '1' ous, "there is still time to recall certain Small u Cr Isers 1 --- 1,169 16'0 curiosities of the Gregorian calendar. Thus, since 15 17,53 personnel, and the requisite courage and staying power l and Gun boats. ' i 1 2 --' ------. the reform of the calendar by Pope Gregory .. 1 211 857 --1'- among her crew to match it ? We think she has XIII. n ...... , . Gra d totals '461---- . . abundantly proved that she has, and there is every in 1582, no century can begin with a Weanesday, a reason to believe that the tactical skill and steady Friday, 01' a. Sunday. Also the same calendar can be 8-inch steel turret carying a pair of 8-inch rapid-firers, courage and discipline which wun the first pitched used every twenty years. January and Octoher the ' 01 and another silllilar turret is mounted aft. A peculiar battle to OCCU1' between modern navies will prove to same year al ways begin with the same day. So do feature on these vessels is that 6 inches of steel plating be abiding characteristics of the Japanese navy. April and July, also Sept.ember and December. Febru­ protects the bow torpedo dischal'ge, the plating extend­ ... , . ary, March, and November also hegin with the �ame ing 25 feet back from the bow. This plating is shown An Important All' Brake Decision. day. New Year's Day and St. Sylvester's Day also fall by a darker shade in the engl'aving of this vessel. The An opinion, written by Judge Shipman, was handed on the same day, except of course in leap-years. Each other four torpedo-discharges are below the water down by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals day of the week has served as a day of rest somewhere ; line. The maximum coal supply is 1,450 tons. The July 18, affirming the decision of the Circuit Court, Sunday among Christians, Monday with the Greeks, trial speed under natural draught was 20 '4 knots, and Judge Wallace, in favor of the New York Air Brake Tuesday with the Persians, Wednesday with the under forced dl'aught 22 '07 knots. The concentration Company. FOI' the past two years there has been !iti, Assyrians, Thursday with the Egyptians, Friday with of fire is two 8-inch and four 6-inch forward or aft, and gation between the Westinghouse Air Brake Company the Turks, and Saturday with the Jews. Finally, the four 8-inch and seven 6-inch on either broadside. With and the New York Air Brake Company over an alleged errur of the Gregorian calendar. compared with the their good protection, powerful batteries and high speed infringement of patents by the latter corporation. actual course of the sun, does not exceed one day in the8e vessels are comparable to anything in this class The Westinghouse Company conteuded that the de­ four thousand years. As it is quite probable that at present afloat. The two other armored cruisers of vice owned by the New York Air Brake Company in­ neither you nor I shaH ever verify this, we shal l not this class are the "Azu.ma," 9,436 tons, building at fringed claims I, 3. 4, 5, and 6 of patent 538,001, which risk very much by believing the statement. . " Rochefort, and the " Yakumo," of 9,850 tons and 20 was gl'anted in 1895 ; and also claIms 3 and 5 of patent •••• • knots, building at Stettin. 'r he armament in each vessel 382,023, granted in May, 1888. OrIgin and Sig nificance of Spines. is smallel' by two 6-inch guns, otherwise they are sim­ 'r he decision, written by Justice Shipman, is in part C harles E. Brookes has endeavored to arrive at ilar to the " Asama." The other armored cruisers are as follows : general conclusions relating to the origin and signifi­ the "Chiyoda, " of 2,450 tons and 17'5 knots, carrying The Westinghouse patent of 1895 was an improve­ cance of spinosity from the study of plants and ani­ ten 4'7-inch rapid-fire guns, built in 1889, and two ships ment upon the quick-action air brakes described in let­ mals. He considers that spines, whethe.r prickles, built 20 years ago, the "Hi-yei " and " Kon-go," of ters patent 360,070 and 376,837, which were issued to thorns, or hornl;',r epresent a stage of evolution, a de­ 2,200 tons, now used as training ships. Each carries Mr. Westinghouse. and which have frequently been gree of differentiation in the organism, a ratio of its three 6'6-inch and six 5'9-inch Krupp guns. the subject of litigation in the Federal courts, The adaptability to the environment, a result of selective Among the protected cruisers the most interesting device of 376,837 has gone into universal use and has forces, and a measure of vital power. The spines of vessels historically are the sister ships " Matsushima," been the standard quick-action air brake upon long plants are referable to two main categories. The first "Hash idate," and "Itsukushima," all of which were freight trains in this country. Westinghouse, i n his is the restraint of the environment (l ausing the sup­ prominent at the Yalu. They are similar in all re­ attempt to create immediate service upon each cal' of pression of structures ; thus, in desert or arid regions spects but t\vo, the first-named carrying her 12'5-inch a long train, enlarged the venting system so that when leaves and branches may be suppressed to form spines. gun in a barbette aft of the secondary rapid-fire bat­ reduction of train pipe pressure had cOlllmenced by The other category is intrinsic suppression of struc­ tery and the other two carrying it forwal'd, as shown the turn of the engineer's valve, the triple valve under tures and functions ; this includes those prickles of in the respective engravings of the ships. No vessels each car should also vent the train pipe of that car. brambles and climbing plants that are not produced

possessing the peculial'ities of these vessels exist in any Each car contained its own venting mechanism. West­ by suppression of stipules, leaves, etc. Spinosity is a other navy. fOl' although they carry no side armor and inghouse also saved power by compelling the com­ limit to variation, since OI'gans of various kinds are only a light protective deck, they mount a gun which pressed air thus vented to pass into the brake cylinder changed into spines, bllt spines are never changed into is even to-day one of the most po\\1erful in the world. instead of into the open air. other organs.-A lnerican Journal of Science, through It is protected by a barbette of 12-inch armoi', and an In 1892 Mr. Westinghouse made a new invention, Botanical Gazette, 27, 147.

armored tube leads from the barbette to the magazine by means of which he vented the train pipe air into •••• • Poisoning from Artichokes. below the protective deck. 'I.' he combination is not a the brake cylinder by the use of a compound piston happy one, fOl' the unprotected condition of these ves­ connected to the brake cylinder pIston. A valve in a M. Roger has reported to the Societe de Biologie a sels would prevent them fl'om engaging the heavily ar­ passageway leading directly from the train pipe to the small epidemic of gastro-entel'itis which occurt'ed in mored ships against which their 12'5-inch guns should brake cylinder controlled the discharge of air from the his practice recently, which he was able to traee properly be directed. As it was, t.he few 12-inch shells train pipe. The application for a patent on this later directly to the ingestion, by those attacked, of pre­ from the Chine�e battleships that did land, wrought invention was filed in March, 1892. Changes were served or canned artichokes.. Exam ining the contents

fearful executi n, a single shell that entered the "Mat­ made in the claims and the application lay in the office of one of the boxes, the vegetable was found to be of It sushima " dismo'ounting two of the guns in the 4·7'inch· for about three years, but there was no suggestion that handsome, almost natural green color, which at fil'st rapid-fire battery, and killing nearly one hundl'ed the invention had a broader scope than a new method gave him the idea that he had to deal with the effects officers and mel!. The rapid-fire battery on the " ){at­ of venting the air of the brake cyli nder until after of a copper salt. Chemical analysis. howe\'er, revealed sushima " consists of twelve 4'7-inch rapid·fire guns and March 6, 1895, when the defendant's counsel sent to the not a trace of that metal. He then submitted the ma­ on thesister ship of eleven of this cali ber. The displace­ complainant's counsel for their examina�ion a state­ terial to an examination by bacteriological methods, ment of these \'essels is 4,277 tons and the speed 17'0 ment ana descriptio!l of the new air brake machinery and was able to isolate a coli-bacillus and a micrococ­ knots to 17'5 knots. which the defendant proposed to adopt and by which cus. The lattel', on pure cultivation, was fonnd to The foul' sister ships of the ,. Chitose" and " Kasagi" the train pipe was vented into the atmosphere. There­ have the propel·ty, when cultivated on slices of arti­ protected cruiser class have especial interest for upon, as it was deemed t.hat the atmospheric pressure choke, of communicating to the latter an intense green Americans f!'Om the fact that these two vessels wel'c venting employed the compound piston method of color. The micrococcus is pathogenic to the rabbit. built in American yards, the fOI'!ller by the Union Iron venting into the brake cylinder which was contained ,. Ie •• Works, of San Francisco, arHi the latter by the Cramps, in the pending application of March, 1892, six new Japanesc Railway Rrldges, of Philadelphia. The two other ships of this class, the claims were caused to be added to the application, The last of the eighteen steel bridges built for the "Takasago" and anothel', as yet unnamed, are COllI ' which, by the use of general ianguage, enlltl'ged the Chinese Rail way, by the Phmnixville Bridge Works, pleting at the Armstron�s. The " Chitose" and " Ka­ claims so as t.o make them apply to the device when have been completed and accepted. These bridges sagi," launched in 1897 and 1898, are of 4,760 tons dis­ used in air bl·akes. This amendment was allowed, and were built within ten weeks aftel' the work was begun, placement and 22'5 knots contl'act speed. This latter the patent was issued accordingly. Claims 1 and 6 are and all but three are on their way to Vladivostock. was exceeded in the case of the " Chitose," which made the amended and claims 7 and 13 are the restricted their destination. A St. Petersburg engineer, who �3'7 knots on her trial trip. The protective deck, 1;!4' claims. has superintended their construction, states that he illches on flats and 4� inches on slopes, is the sole The contention on the part of the complainant is' does not believe there is a concern in Europe where al'mor protection to the hull. Two of our views show that the invention was actually of a broad and pri­ the work could have been done so quickly.

the protective deck of the .. Chitose" in process mary character, and was " a train·pipe vent-valve di­ ••••• of construction. The armament in each ship consists rectly operated by a piston, which is the secondary THE Hamburg-American line is continning its experi­ of two 8·inch Armstrong rapid-fire guns, mounted one part of a compound pist.on so organized that the open­ ment with carrier pigeons for the purpose of convey­ ' forward on the forecastle deck and one aft on the poop ing of the vent-valve is dependent upon the manner or in,;news from the vessels at sea either to New York behind shields; ten 4'7-inch rapid-fire guns in broadside rat.e of movement of the primary part of such com­ or Hamburg. The " Augusta Victoria " recently set on the main deck, and twelve 12 pounders, with two 6- pound piston." The defendant is of the opinion that several pigeons free during a voyage to New York ; pounders and two 2�-pounders. There are 5 torpedo the mode by which the train pipe is vented to the one of these humed from midocean, 1,500 miles to tubes. cylinder constituted the scope of the invention brake � Hamburg, inside of two days.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titntifit !mttitau. J 75 The Volta Centenary. lost for injuries specified in the policy. Motormen twol tried Italian sailors, four mountain guides, ten Information regarding the electrical exhibition at and conductors who have been in the service of the Norwegian sailors who have had experience in the Como and the Volta Centenary is of rather mournful company for two years will receive an increase of pay, Northern seas, and an E�quilllo who knows how to interest after the recent fire which destroyed the entire and motormen and conductors who have been regu­ drive dogs harnessed to sledges. At Archan gel more

exhibition. The s ite chosen for the buildings was pic­ larly in the company's service for five years and over than a hundred dog8 will be embarked. The dllke's turesqlre in the extreme, being located near the south­ will receive their uniforms free of cost. equipment will include fifteen hundred oak cases cun­ eastern corner of the beautiful lake, says a correspond­ • I", ., tainingclothing, food, scientific material, two balloons AN ITALIAN PRINCE BOUND FOR THE NORTH POLE. ent of the English Electrical Review, and was easy of ·constructed at Paris, and apparatus for the manufac­ access by rail or water. The exhibition building proper Pl"ince Luigi of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi and ture of hydrogen. consisted of a crescent-shaped galley with fa<;ade, the nephew of King Humbert, is about to attempt, as oth­ The " Stella Polare, " which was fittedout at Cluis­ extremities of the towers being constructed in imita­ ers have attempted before him, the pacific conqllest of tiania, weighed anchor Monday, June 12, After tO llch­ tion of the well known Voltaic pile. Prom the back of the North Pole. ing at Franz Josef's Land. the duke intends "to this construction opened three exten�ive galleries, the· The prince is the third son of the late Amadeo, ex­ proceed by easy stages, marking his ronte by stations center one terlllinating in a circular building. Run­ King of Spain. He is a captain in the navy, has twice that will show his progress and assure his retreat in case ning parallel with the face of the building, and inter made the tour of the world, and will be remembered of necessity. The duration of his exploration will be secting the center of the circular gallery, were other about three years. galleries devoted to electrical exhibits. A very large For the above particulars and the engraving, we are part of the exhibit consisted of i ngenious electrical inde bted to L'lllustratioll. domestic appliances. Our Engl ish contemporary says, ...... "'Ve were surprise d to find that in nearly every in­ Tile Coloring Matte.' of Hlne Coral. stance an inspection proved these appliances to be of Prof. Liversidge has I llade a series of experiIllents on American manufacture." This papet· is of the opinion the blue pigment of Heliopora cmrulea on llIaterial ob­ that as an electrical exhibition it was of little or no im­ tained by the Fu nafuti Expedition. His resllits are

portance. At the southern end of the galleries was the interesting, although .•hey do not, unfortunately, exhibit of relics of Volta and Galvani, which we have throw much light llfJUU the nature or relations of already illustrated and which were unfortunately near­ this very curious piglllent. He finds th a t "dead " ly all destroyed by the fire. coral after treatlllent with hydrochloric acid yields

• • • a black pigment which dissolves in formic, acetic, and A TRANSCONTINENTAL AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE. lactic acids to form a bright blue solution. '.r he

Our engraving represents MI'. and Mrs. J. D. Davis pigment is slightly soluble ill absolute alcuhol, but starting on what will probably be the longest automo­ quite insoluble in ether. The residue after ignition is bile trip on record, the goal being San Francisco. In bulky, and contains much phosphoric acid. iron, lime. this country we have not as yet had any very long runs, and magnesia. Curiously enough Prof. Liversidge Cleveland to New York (708 miles) being, we believe, the found that pieces of "Jive" coral, or coral which had longest on record. There is no more delightful way of been gathered while growing, although of a distinct seeing the country than to view it from the comforta· slaty blue color, did not yield blue solutions, but llIerely bly cush ioned seats of an autoIllobile vehicle, which is pale green ones. The pigment itself was also of a paJe never tired, anrl knows neither hunger nor thirst. chlorophyl green tint. '.r he paper concludes with a After the industry becomes better established, we PRINCE LUIGI OF SAVOY, list of other blue or green coloring matters in an imals. would not be at all surprised if automobile trips from In con nection with these we would draw the author's New York to Bost.on or New York to Lake George for his bold ascent of Mount Saint Elias, in Alaska. He attention to the asserted occurrence of the Illineral occurrence were of almost daily during the season when is twenty-six years of age and does not, at first sight, vivianite in the skeleton of Belone and sOlIle other the roads are in good condition. appear to be blessed with the strongest of constitu­ forms.-Natural Science ' . With a strongly constructed touring car made espe­ tions; but energy and decision are read in his j uvenile .,... cially for the purpose there w oulrl be no difficulty in countenance. The Wyoming Exploring Party. making sixty to seventy miles a day ovel' ord inary The principal companions of the duke in his expedi­ The expedition to the fossil fields of Wyoming left roads and probably few travelers would care about do­ tion will be his aide de camp, Capt. UllIberto Cagni, Omaha on July 18. It numbered three hundred scien­ ing more than forty miles a day. At present carriages an officer who is as intelligent as he is courageous, and tific gentlemen representing nearly every university using sOllie of the products of petroleum as fuel are who accompanied hinl to Alaska ; Dr. Cavalli, of the and college in the United States. The Union Pacific

the best adapted for touring purposes, but undoubt­ royal navy ; and Lieut. Count Quarini, a linguist, be­ Rail road Company pays all the ex penses of the trip, edly, in time, along important roads there will be longillg to an old Venetian family. Count ll rini, l all Q a and it is hoped that the expedition will resu t in de­ charging stations, so t.hat the electric vehicles will be during the Cretan insurrection, distinguished himself veloping the possibi lities of this great region which is on the sallieplane as those driven with the aid of gaso­ by his bravery and coolness, and received the silver so rich in fossils of the Dinosaur period. After reach­

line or benzine. medal awarded for military valol·. ing Laramie the party will go directly into the fossil We understand from press accounts that Mr. and , The Duke personally directed all the preparations fields. They will be organized into messes of ten men, Mrs. Davis are making satisfactory progress in their for the expedition with �crupulous care. each group being provided with two wagons for riding n n g m s trip, otwithsta din a few ishap which. are apt to He took on board of his ship, the " Stella Polare," and another wagon for carrying tents, provisions and .occur in running a vehicle of this kind. other supplies. A dark roolll and com­ The start was made at about eleven plete photographic outfit will be pro­ o'clock on Thursday morning, July 13. vided. Prof. Wilbur C. Knight, of the from the front of the New York Heralo1 University of 'Vyolliing, will have charge building, Thirty·fifth Street and Broau of the party. It will take one cou rse to way, New York. Crowds witnessed the the Grand Canon of the Platte ana will start and cheered the venturesome tour­ return by another course, giving an op­ ists as they began their long journe�·. portunity for viewing some of the finest Owners and manufacturers of motur scenery in the 'V est and also giving a carriages united in giving Mr. and Mrs. chance to collect great quantities of ver­ Davis an escort up Fifth Avenue as far te brate fossils. as the Harlem River. The horseshoe ••• which is suspended in front of the car­ Antique Safety PillS. riage see illS to indicate that the riders The Met.ropolitan Museum of Art has have not enmity toward horses, and it, is some interesting exalllpies of antique hoped the omen of good luck will pre­ safety pins, although they were not vent horses from being frightened along called by that name. '.rhe antique the country roads of the 3,700·mile jour­ fibula is reall y a sa fety pin, and is con­ ney. The ouring car used by Mr. t structed on the same princi ple, consist­ Davis is of the well-known Duryea type ing of a pin with a coiled spring to keep which we have illustrated and described the point pressed against the sheath to on a number of other occasions. insure a safe fastenin g and to prevent in­ '.rhe route of the Davis party is up the jury from being stabbed by the point. "alley of the Hudson River to Albany. The llJanner of using the pin IlIay be then along the banks of the l\Iohawk. seen by reference to llIany antique sta­ passing through Utica, Syracuse and tues, nota bly the Apullo BelvideJ'f�. These Rochester to Buffalo, then skirting the brollze fibuhe vary from two to seven shore of LItke Erie to Toledo, and then inches in length. SOllie have a guard to finallyto Chicago. We believe that the protect the point of the pin ; others sim­ route beyond this point has not been defi­ ply have a catch of bent wire. '.r he backs nitely decided as yet. of the fibulre are of all shapes. In some ••• cases t.hewir e is twisted into odd forms, MANY people are apt to consider that but usually the back is broadened out corporations are grasping and soulless. so as to adlllit of ornamentation. SOllie Of course, no one will deny that this is of the large ones have their backs hol­ wmetimes the case, but the Montreal lowed, Illaking a mere sbell of bronze, on Street Railway Company is certainly gen­ the outer surface of which are cut wavy prous. It has set apart $25,000 a year lines and zigzag decorations. The group for the benefit of its employes. They of buckles are also very iuteresting and will be insured in an accident insurance resem ble the ones in use to·day. Several company of good standing, and the pre­ of them were illllstrated in a recent nUIlI­ mium will be paid by the Street Railway bel'·of 'l'he New York Sun. In beauty Company. This insurance will amounl of design the ancient buckles were to $1,000 in the event of an accident by more than the equal of anything of the any cause, one-half this amount for total kind which is being made at the present disablement, and t5 per · week tor time TD 8TAli.T J'OB. TlUl 8,700-JULB 7:B.U AOB.OH THE OONTlBEliT. time.

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titntifit �mttitan.

The Hyacinth Pest In Florida. r Side-wheel paddle steamers fare better, but the plants aid of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Patho­ The hyacinth pest in Florida is of alarming propor­ are apt to collect in the paddle box. making an impene­ logy of the Department of Agriculture, and Mr. Webber tions, especially on the St. John's River, and its tribu· trable blanket, so that the steamers are entirely block­ has been detailed to in vestigate the matter. After a taries. For several years residents have strenuously ed and cannot move in eit.her direction. Steamers prolonged and careful search, Mr. Webber has dis­ battled against the plague of the hyacinth plant which with low-pressure engines have their injection pipes covered a disease which he considers would do wide- . has invaded their waterways, hindering not only com­ blocked by the plants. Pieces of wood and other d�­ spread damage alUong the hyacinth plants. This is a merce, bat various industries and inflicting sevel'e pe­ bris are often concealed by plants. The timber indus­ parasite fungus which attacks the leaves in spots and cuniary loss on many. At last the plague has reached try has been brought almost to a standstill by the in time cOlUpletely kills it. It is hoped that considerable

!'o serious a stage that the War Department investi­ hyacinths, and the loss to fishermen is most severe. In quantities of this fungus may be obtained for intro­ gated the matter and bills were introduced into Con­ addition the towns along the river are menaced by an­ duction among the hyacinths. If it does not entirely gress with a view of remedying the difficulty. The other evil which is even more serious. When heavy kill off the plants it will, at any rate, keep their growth Windsor Magazine recently had an interesting article rainfalls or floods occur, small drifting islands of hya­ in check. on the subject entitled, "A River Choked with Hya­ cinths are carried along by them until they strike a •••• • cinths," written by 'V alter Akroydd, from which we bridge ; here they clog and form a dam. The pressure ON the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, dis­ obtain our information. The particular species of hya­ of water is very great, and if the barrier does not suc­ carded locomotive flues are being utilized as fence cinth which chokes the St. John's River thrives only cumb, the surrounding country is flooded. In 1894, posts. About half of the wooden fence posts are de­ stroyed by fire, so that the new iron posts present in water or in places where the soil is very marshy. 65 feet of trestle work that'spanned the river at Rice As a rule it simply floats upon the surface of the water Creek was carried away. At another bridge men had great advantages. It is said that two workmen can without any attachment whatever of its roots to the to be specially employed to push the plants through turn out fifty posts per day. The total cost of the new posts is about 15 cents each, counting only labor and soil, and under these conditions it flourishes more lux­ the space under the piers. uriantly. The flowel' is not of the pretty bell-shape Various schemes have been devised for exterminat­ the value of the tubes for scrap iron. which characterizes the bloom of the flower which we ing the plants, but it is not believed that they can •••• • ordinarily know by the nallIe of hyacinth, nor is the be permanently banished, although it is thought that The Current Supplement. range of color so varied. The flowers are invariably they can be kept under control. 'f he Wal' Depart­ The current SUPPLEMENT, No. 1230, has many arti­ of either a light blue or violet. ment recommends the construction of a light dl'aft In the springtime the cles of sterling value. "Incandescent Mantles " is an vast expanse of flowers upon the surface of the water stern-wheel steamer, having a double bow or outrig­ article by Vivian B. Lewes and gives exac tly the kind presents very striking picture ; the leaves grow to ger, which, on being forced into a mass of plants, will II. of information which our readers are always desirous considerable size, a bunch of stems frequently averag­ cause them to gather toward the middle of the boat, of knowing regarding incandescent mantles. " Rules ing from one to two feet in height. The roots also where the inclined carrier will pick them up and de­ for Conducting Boiler Trials " gives the recommenda­ grow, in many cases, to a length of three feet, and in posit them in front of rollers driven by machinery. tions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers exceptional cases, even longer. These rollers in turn will force the water from them, on this important question. "The Preservation of the A pond at Edgewater, four miles above the town of thus greatly reducing their bulk. The crushed material Dune of Hel�oland " describes an important engineer­ Palatka, was first infested with the hyacinth plant. In would then be thrown into barges and would be taken ing work on the N ortlt Sea. "Winged Carriers of Dis­ 1890 the sheet of water was cleaned out and the plants . The pr<>cess would where no damage could be done ease " is a most interesting article by Eliza Priestley. were thrown in the river. They immediately grew be very expensive and a steamer would have to be con­ "The Wear of Modern Guns " illustrates the erosion luxuriantly and travelers and tourists were much struck stantly employed. It is believed that the plant cannot caused by smokeless powders. " Magnetism" is a lecture by the pretty sight, and being ignorant of their multi­ be entii'ely extirpated. Other suggestions have been by Prof. J. A. Ewin�. .. Miscellaneous Notes and Re­ plying propensities, they carried away specimens to the use of booms, which will catch the plants tra­ ceipts " is published for the first time in this issue. grow in the rivers near their homes. In foul' years the veling with the current and bring them to a stand­ fishermen began to be alarmed at the hyacinth which still. 'f hey can then be taken out and destroyed. So entangled their nets, steamers also found that their far, however, none of the schemes have been carried Content8. progress was retarded by huge clumps of the hyacinth. into effect. This is a splendid example of the trouble (lJIu.trated article. are marked with an asterl.k.)

'l' he e\'il has grown until at the present time the hya­ which comes from destroying nature's balance and the ...... 74 Inventions. recently patented ..._ 79 Air reSistancebrake decision problem . . � apa 72 . e e ...... ••. cinth invest the St. John's River for a distance of over whole difficultyco uld have been prevented if the weeds ... , ...... 6670 JParisn Exs positIOnU8V:y· m da e5, Air resistance to movlDg bodies e l· ...... 70 Artichoke poisoning...... : 74 Patents and annual report of the 200 miles, the banks on either side of the water being had Dot been thoughtlessly taken from the pond in Automobile news ...... :: 70 commlsRioner ...... 66, 67 fringed with a border of plants from 25 to 200 feet in which they were and thrown into the river. AU i e : : Plaster of Paris, h ardenin g ...... 68 ����J! ..:� �����: ���t���: :::.���i� 75 Polar expedition , ItuJian* ...... 75 . . . Rail way bridges. J apane e __.... _ width, The stream is so sluggish that the hyacinth is One of the things with which our Department of : s . 74 :: : Safety pins, ant q e ...._. __ .. . . .� :: i u . . . 75 � of Science 1Iotes...... 71 able to hold its own and multiply rapidly. At places Agriculture charges itself is the determination of ques­ coloring.� matter •...... 75 ElCoral.ectri cal� : : . :: ::::...... : . 71 Scient tlc A m er an new fea ures ':n notes ...... i ic , t � ...... 71 of . . . .. _ ._ _ 7 the entire river is covered with a dense mat of plants tions of this kind. Any citizen can obtain expert in­ Eng-illeerillg� notes ... . . _._ ... _ ...... ___ .. . 6 �En� lii(ine, hydraulic...... o esta .. � ...... 6� S� k �� lowering device· ..... � so that there is a vast expanse of flowers a mile wide formation in matters of this kind by writing to the De­ Exploring party. Wyommg...... 70 �pmes, orl�ln of...... 4: EXpOSItion, So th ern Stovepipe couplinll* ...... u ...... 68 ...... b1J during the period when it blooms. Small boats with partment, and if their advice was more often sought Iour, exportation of w b eat ...... 66 Supplem ent, current ...... 76 }" navy, 4-inch . . . . . rrraction overland GUll, ...... 70 engine, •...... 68 screw propellers find it almost impossible to make any and accepted vast sums would be saved. Now, however, .. ___ . .... Volta centenary . . Heavens In AUf(ust. _ .. 67 ____ ...... _. 7. HyaCinth pe.t 10 Florida' ...... 76 Washington monument, light- headway, as the plants becOliJe entangled in the screws. when it is too late, the inhabitants have invoked the ____ ...... ning .trikes ...... _ .._._. __ . __ . Invention, index of. . . 77 69

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. electrodes_ Upon this grid cry.tals of copper sulphate swinging portton Is hinged. The main portion is rab­ edges of the opening. The lids are held in place by are placed so as completely to cover the upper .ide of beted to receive the swinging portion, and the bottom a lever, pushed under a hasp. Agricultural IlDplement!l. the grid. The current can' then pa.s from the positive to rail of the swinging portion IS formed of two parts HUB FOR WHEELS OF VELOCIPEDES, ETC_-­ HARROW.-LEONARD F. FOWLE, Rudd, Iowa. The the negative electrode hy way of the interstices between fastened together, between which the glass is clamped. EUGENE GERMAINE, Pari., France. On a .pindle an present invention provide. a simple ridiug attachment the crystals. The negative electrode is, hence, in a clear One sectiou of the rail is rabheted to form a ledge over­ adjusting bearing member is .crew-threaded, which is for harrows to which any form of drag may be quickly solution and out of contact with the crystals. hangillg the adjar.entparu. of the maiu portion of the provided with ' an engaging portion. A locking-device applied. The beam has at iu. forward eud a depending sash. The vertical rail. of the main portion are notched longitudinally movable with relation to the spindle has portion f•• tened to the drag-bar, and-on opposite .ides of to receive the ends of the ledges. The swinging sectious an engaging portion to co-operate with that of the bear­ the beam .ide braces are arranged, which are secured at Hall_ay-Appllance!!. open witbout movement of the main paru. of the sash, ing member_ A spring maintains the locking device their forward end. to the drag-bar at poinu. laterally to and when closed, form an ahsolutely air-tight con­ normally in engagement with the adjusting member, the the point of connection of the beam therewith, converg­ TRA IN-SIGNALING DEVICE.-WILLIAlII A. and nection. spindle and locking member being prevented from rela­ ing thence to the beam, and secured at their rear ends to BENJAlIIIN S. H. HARRIS, Greenville, S. C. The inven­ CORNER-SHIELD FOR WAGON-BOXES_-DANIEL tive rotation_ the beam. The drags cau be connected with the drag­ tion provides a simple construction whereby a Bound­ W. MCCLAUGHRY. Fox Lake, Wis. The object of the (,ASE FOR SACERDOTAL ARTICLES.-JOHANN bar, so that they may play freely between the beam and signal can be given to the engineer by a slight reduction invention is to provide a simple device capable of attach­ J. EUGSTER, New Riegel, Ohio. The ca.e is IIdapted to the side braces. of pressure in the train-pipe without neces.itating the use on- to protect the faces contalD ID such a manner that each of them will be of a separate ipe paralle with the brake-pipe, by ment to any wag box aud adapted CANE-CARRIER AND FEEDER. - DANIEL H. .ignal-p l and ends of the side hoards, so that they will not be readily accessibl�. articles such as are required by clergy­ placing a .ignaling device in direct connection with the WALSH, Plaquemine. La. The caue-can'ier and feeder n ured . he de of a shield formed with men for sacerdotal u�e. 'I'hese a ticles used par­ train-(lipe between the engineer's vah'e and the train-I j T VIce consists r are is designed to remove caue from Mrs or other vehi­ and sides, betweeu the sides being ticularly in the vi�itation of the sick. The invention line. This signaling device form. part of the train-pipe fianges the .paces cles and to deliver it to carriers_ The invention com­ t may snugly the side faces of the hence provides a convenient ca.e constructed to contain and permits the transmis.ion of signals from any car by such that he shield fit prises a .upporting guide-frame along which the rake­ 6hield is place? in position. within a comparatively small space all the article. re­ a slight reduction of pressure in the train-pipe by the wagon-box, so that w en the frame IS fitted to slide. The guide-frame is mounted � the of the of the shield may rest quired by a priest for administering the extreme unction operation of the conductor's discharge-valve, the reduc- lower edge lOner face upon supports in such a manner that it may be laterally upon the bed of the wagon-box. and for like purposes. tion being too slight to .et the brakes. • moved to accommodate the rake to the width of the STEAM-HEATER-FREDERICK M_ RADKE, Man- BALL CHECK-VALVE. ·- .TAlIIES ESSEX, London, cane- pile and swing in a vertical plane about one end, so CHOKE-VALVE FEED FOR LUBJUCATORS. - hattan, New York city. The heater compri.es a novel Ontario, Canada_ The check-vlllve comprises a body as to enable the rake-proper to be lifted, if need be, over WILLIAlII G. WELDON and EDWARD L. EGGER, Cen- arrangement of mu d-drum, steam-drum, stand-pipes, having a straightway passage iu one end of which i. an the cane in iu. reverse movement. tralia, Ill. Thi. attachment facilitates the feeding of oil Because of the arrange­ inwardly-facing valve-seat. J<'rom an upwardly-extend­ to the chest and locomotive cylinder when the engine circulatinJ':-pipes. and feeder. the steam is ing connected chamber a curved ball-raceway leads to is working steam, and when not working steam, or when ment of tubes in which steam is generated, the ic lubricator to forced directly into service when at iu. driest and hottest the valve-seat. Within the chamber is a ball adapted to Electrical A "pparatus. automat is out of order and fails of fuel qui ]'('d and fit the valve-seat and to be forced up the raceway into feed oil. Connected with a casing adapted for commu- point. O wing to the small amouut re less attention the connected chamber to clear the raceway. The in­ CURRENT TRANSFORMER-·SETH K. HUMPHREY, nication with a steam-chest and lubricator-pipe, is an the use of a self-feeder, the heater requires Boston, M8Es This invention is an Improved device for than similar devices. ventor states that the valve is trustworthy iu operation, . automatic reciprocating valve provided with an oil- that It can be used with brass, rub her, and even a tran.forming Ii multi phase current from one voltage to pa.sage adapted to permit the feed of oil in all posi- COMBINED CELLAR-CUPBOARD AND DUMB­ a ball. The another and also from an alternating to a direct cur­ tions of the valve, and having iu. recessed or cup-shaped WAITER.-GEORGE W. MENTZER, Elgin, ilL The glass chief merits claimed are cheapuess of constl"Uction and efficiency of operation. rent without the employment of a rotary trausf0rmer. lower end accessible or expoEed to the action of .team combined eellar-cupboard and dumb-waiter consisu. of a The deviee comprises a core consisting of a disk having from the .team-che.t. counterpoised cupboard raised and lowered by a rope and PACKAGE-SEALING DEVlCE.-JOSEPH T. CRAW. a series of openings throu�h and nver which a number pulley, and adapted to he arranged in a room immediately Jersey City, N_ J. The present Invention .eeks to pro­ of primaries are reaved, arranged in seu. placed opposite above a cellar or dry pit. When in its lowermost posi­ vide a simple device whereby the end lIaps or wings of Mllilcellaneous Invelltlons. one anotber and connected. one set with the opposite tion the top of the cuphoard is fiush with the floor. The empty paper boxes or cartons. u.ually packed fiat. may set. The secondary winding consISts of a series of coils, COMBINED STAND-PIPE AND FIRE-ESCAPE.- device possesse. the merit of being portable. No naIls be quickly and securelo sealed at one end. The device each having connection with Regments of a stationary HENRY VIER EGG, Grand Island, Neb. In this combined are used in hanging. The cnpboard·dumb ·waiter, it consists of a surface over which the portion of tbe box commutator. across Auxiliary windings are extended stand-pipe and flre-escape, tbe stand-pipe is mounted IS auid, ta kes tte rlace of a refne;erator, requires but little to be closed IS passed. The surface has an opening the center of the disk and connected in parallel with the on a hanger arranged to roll on a track in front of receive room., and is so constructed that It can be very readily adapted successively to the sealing-fiaps of a primarie._ a building, so that thc stand-pipe may be placed 10 put into any honse. box_ The waJls of the opening are arranged to direct any position with regard to the building. The staud­ a AUTOMA'rlC CIRCUrr-BRAKER ·- CHARLES M_ SLEIGH-BRAKE. - ABNER D. POLLEYS, Melrose, the flaps to a closed position ; nd Ii cement is applied to CLARK, BrooktynrNew pipe is provided with rungs, forming a ladder on which the surface. Guides define the path in which the box is York city. 'I'he circuit-breaker Wis_ The brake is designed to retard a slcigh when de­ persons may ascend Ilnd descend_ has a spring-pressed rotary disk normally iu position to .eending a hill and to prevent the sleigh's slipping back to be moved. render the circuit continuous. An electromagnet 10 the FRUIT GRADER, DIPPER, AND SPREADER-­ in ascending the hill. The device consists of a bifur­ HAND-STAMP.- JAlIIES COOKE. Omaha, Neh. The To circuit is arranged for action on an overload of current. FERDINAND M. STARRETT, Silverton, Ore. The fruit cated lever provided with a spur adapted to enter the stamp consi.ts of a handle ou which is fitted a screw lock the disk again.t the tension of Its spring, a spring­ grader, dipper, and spreader compri�es a grading cylin­ ground in response to a pull from a link connected with turued by a fixed nut. An impression disk is fixedly pressed latch is employed, connected with the electro­ der which separates tile fruit into desired sizes. The a bandle 10 reach of the driver's hand. In hacking the secured to the screw to move therewith_ A second im­ magnet to he actuated thereby aud to unlock the disk sepsrated frnit drops into a dipping cylinder of lye­ sleigh, the spur is antomatically driven further into the pression .disk is mounted upon t.be first impression-disk upon an overload of current. An electromagnet for the water, whence it is passed into a second tank containing ground, thus preventing the sleigh from slipping down an and is movable independently. By means of a rubber latch. likewise in the circuit. movably holds the latch in a clear water, the object being to check the skiu of the incline. or elastic steeve. the impressior. portion of the stamp has locking position relatively to the disk, and permits the frnit, so that it will dry more quickly, and also to clean BARREL-CL08URE. -FRANZ KOHN, Ploen, Prussia, a connection with the handle that is In a measure yield­ �pring of the latch to actuate the latter and unlock the the fruit. After heing dipped for the second time the fruit Germany. Barrels used in transporting fish are provided ing, enabling the stamp to adapt itself to iuequalities of di.k upon the passing of an overload of current. passed to the drying trays, in such manner that it is i. a with large opemngs closed by covers during transit. The the surface to he marked. PRIMARY BATTERY.- EDWARD BAINES. Brooklyn, dried ill a single layer. present invention provides a cover of this kind, consist- GAME-APPARATUS_-AlIISEY N. COSNER and GIL­ New York city. To the ordinary gravity battery the inven­ ---': WINDOW-SASH. ETTIE M. SQUIRE, Peckville, ing of two hinged lids which cover the opening and BERT L. MATTHEWS. Newton, N_ J. It is the purpo.e r adds a perforated plate or grid located between the to Penn. The wiudow-sash has a main portion to which a I which are furnished with hasps engaging the inner of this Invention to provide an amusing game tlIrough

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. i (itutifi( jtUtri(lu. the medium of which a game of shooting matches may Cigars, coin controlled machine for 8elltng, J. V. NEW BOOKS, ETC. Hoeye, .... "", ...... 628,�38 be played. A tilting chute is provided, adapt"d to hold 6Z9,263 �usiness "nil '5!Person,,1. ELECTROTYPING. A Practical Treati e Cigarette box, M. M. Marcuse ...... a ball which is to be delivered upon a tray. A gun is s Cistern, W. J. Slack ...... 629.277 The charge insertion under thu head ts One Dollar a on the Art of Electrotyping by the Clevi., plow, S. D. Poole ...... 629,113 provided for the tray, the charge of which gun is to be far 629,114: line for each insertion ; about ei{1ht words to a line. Clothes pin, E. F. Reser ...... Latest Well Known Methods. By C. 6'./9,140 firedat the ball while it is traversingthe board. Conveying apparatu., T. J. Vollkommer ...... Advertisements must be received at publication ojfice S. Partridge. Chicago : The Inland Cooker, steam. C. Ball ...... 629,320 WIN DOW - CLEANER. - LEWIS COCHRANE and as early us Thursday momma to appear the fo!low­ Printer Company. Pp. 149. Cord or rope machines. automatic stopper for, J. m 1899. Holden" ...... " .. " ...... 629,010 FRIfDRICH THIELEMANN, Brooklyn, New York city. ina 'week's issue. 16mo. P.l'ice $1.50. Corking machine, A. A. Pindstofte ...... , 7 This device consists essentially of a tubular arm, whIch Corn .beller, C. N. McLaughlin ...... 628,91>5(i29 £U 2 The literature of electrotyping, though quite considera· Cornet shank, Horn & Wain ...... b'29 . M is slotted throughout the greater portion of its length Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. Couch and cbair, combined, H. H. Pattee ...... 629.2tM- ble, is not up to date, and for this reason electrotypers 6 and contains a slide provided with an arm passing For hoisting engines. J. S. Mundy. Newark, N. Couch, box, J. Hoey ...... " ...... 29,0:l4 J. will undoubtedly warmly welcome Partridge's book. Counterbalance for tools, liquid, C. W. Bolsinger. 6'29,101 through the slot and carrying outside the tube a device Mr. Coupling. See Car coupling. 1' hUI coupling. .• U. S." Metal Polish. IndianapOlis. Samples free. It is a thoroughly scientific treastise on electrotyping adapted to hold a sponge or rag by which the window­ Crate. bICycle, H. G. Streat .." ...... 62\l,049 Ga.oline Brazing Forge, Turner Bras. Works, Chicago. as conducted modern foundries, and the illustration� Cream pasteurizing machine, Stewart ...... 629.007 pane is cleaned. This slide is connected with the end of in Crusher. See Ore crusher. W. J. of the apparatus and machinery show that the latest 6 Yankee Notion•. Waterbury Button Co., Waterb'y, Ct. Cultivator, E. Cbildren ...... 28.92. a spring band or bar which projects from the inner 629,162 methods are described. 'l'here is considerable fieldfor a Cultivator, J. C. Hasting...... lower ends of the arm, where it may be engaged to move Handle Spoke Mchy. Ober Lathe C ,Chagrin Curtain rod. J. Berbecker ...... 629,187 & o. Falls,O. book of this kind at the present time. Cushion. See Billiard cusbion. Spring cushion. the slide up and down in the arm. The device can be Cutter. See Band cutter. Weed cutter. Ferracute Machine Co., Bridgeton. N. J., U. S. A. Full 629,276 used to clean the outsideof a window from the inside of H A Cutter head, S. J. Schimer ...... line of Presses, Dies, and other Sheet Metal Machinery. INTS ON MALGAMATION AND THE Cycle driving mechanism, A. P. Stephens.. 6'29,177, {)2g.l'i8 a room. 7 GENERAL C ARE OF G OLD MILLS. Cycle steering mechanism. A. P. Stephens ...... b'29,1 9 629,028 Inventions developed and perfected. Designing and Dam, G. L. Cudner ...... CHRONOMETER-ESCAPEMENT. - ARTHUR By W. J, Adams. Chicago : Modern 629.082 V. machine work. Garvin Machine Co., HI Varick St., N. Y. Dish washing means, W. 1. Law ...... CHARDON, Rue de Bretagne 23, Paris, France. In de- Machin ery Publishing Company. s l et u f i 'l'he celebrated .. Hornsby·Akroyd'; Patent Safety Oil Illustrated. Pp. 111. Price g�;� �rt���:�t, s�·i·n��:��� I�. �h?iat��: .��:: tent.escapements as now used, I,he flank of the tooth of 1899. Door bolt, A. G. Bayles ...... 629,060m:� Engine is built by the De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma. $1.50. Door cbeck, C. Hanington ...... 629,247, 629,248 the escapement-wheel which drive8 the balance-wheel is F. r r ...... chine Company. Fo( t of Ea.t 138tbStreet, New York. straight and radiallyinclined. The result is that between D T �?gu�a. ��6�a�����...... C HIMNEY ESIGN AND HEORY. A . . 629,165 Door banger. F. Larson ...... the moments when the tooth meets and leaves the driv­ The best book for electrICians and beginners in elec­ ggg� �g:��. : ...... �:�i629,020 Book for Engineers and Arc hitects. Double action jack, E. '1'. 'I'refetben ...... ing stnd, there is a sliding movement of the stud on the tricity is Experimental Science," by Geo. M. HODkins. b'29,239 '0 By William Wallace Christie. New Dough for bread, making. W. S. & C. 1. Corby .... By mail. $4. Munn Co DubIishers. 361Broadway: N. Drawing instrument, A. Holz ...... 629.078 tooth, whIch results in bad driving. To obviate this, the & .• Y. York : D. Van Nostran d Company. Dressing case, telescoping.ID. S. McIntyre ...... 629.012 inventor has devised an escapement-wheel of which the rr Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientific Drying kiln. W. B. McHenry ...... 629,202 1899. Pp. 164. 8vo. Price $3. Dye and making same. cresol sulfur. H. R. Vidal. 629,221 tooth has a curve formed so as to reduce friction at the and other Books for sale by Munn Co 361 Broadway. Educational appliance. J. O. Osman ...... 629,04:6 & .• The literature npon chimneys has been mostly scat­ part where it acts on the stnd. New York. �-'ree on application. Egg tester, H. L. Tower ...... ".".. ". 628,966 628.934: tered through periodical literalure, so that a really com­ Elastic fabric, woven. Green & Astill ...... BEVEL SQU ARE.-SPENcER F. BROWN and CHARLES Electric circuits, means for preventing 8parking prebensive and up-to-date work upon the subject has when making and breaking, A. Muller ...... 629.201 BEAUCHENE, Lake Linden, Mich. This invention pro­ long been needed. The author has performed his task e vllles a try and miter sqnare, by means of which a miter admirably, and the tables, formulas, and illustrations �r��:fo:�e'iJ�W. �acka�d::::::::::::::: t��l£l��t�l�ectric wires. automatic carrier for. Scbottle & �:� may be delineated and a straight cut indicated at the top are most excellent. We do not admire the abbreviation Willitz ...... , ...... " 628.!m or bottom and at the side of an object, and marked �] Iectrode, .torage battery. C. W. Kennedy ...... 629,200 HilluB." for illustrations. There Is no authority for it, Electrolysis apparatus, J. T. Morrow ...... 629,043 with a single stroke of a marking. tool. Two square Elevator gate, �'. W. Daeuble" ...... 628,925 but thlS is, however, a detail. It is a substantial addi­ Ele a ti l sections are rigidly joined together, olle of the sections 629,302 tion to engineeriug literature, and the author has per· �:t���r . lI� W:���s!��. �.����. . ��. �. �.����� . ha ving a slot in which portions of a miter.plate fit. HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Embroidering macbine shuttle, J. J. Sonderegger���: 629.278 formed a sigual service to the engineering profession in Emulsions, separating, F. W. Arvine ...... 629,059 The miter plate is mounted on a bolt fittedin the square, Name .. and .Ad�l·ess l!Iust accompany letters giving such valuable data in condensed form. Engine. See Carding engine. Rotary cylinder whereby movement of the miter-plate is permitted. or no attentIOn will be paId thereto. 'l'hls allis for OUI engme. Rotary engine. Steam engine. Engraving machine, H. M. Ruden ...... 62t',210 Means are provided for locking the miter-plate on the information and not for publication. ENERGY AND H EAT. By John Roger. . References to former articles or answers should Exhibiting or displaying appliance. Brown & Bur- square. York : Spon Chamberlain. pee ....., ....." ..... , ., ...... 629,2a2 give date of paper and pa� or number of question, New & �]yegla.s bolder. W. C. Kantner ...... 62\1,035 Inq uiries not answered reasonable time should Pp. 36. 16mo. Price 50 62�,930 TYPE·CASE.-CHARLES J. BOTZ, Sedalia, Mo. The In 1899. cents. Eye!Manhattan, New York city, It is the common practice to � Uf officeSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, )f ��i;' �� 'V:ft������.� . .��.��.��������[2 9�� 629,281 :::-k 0� l� ,:;;. Addres. MUNN & CO., attach temporary blocks to mitered casings that are to be 63IBroadwav. New York. Floor surfacing machine, H. :McLoughlin...... 629,203 ��.� 629.244 Flue stopper. J. W. }I·leming ...... glued together, so as to give a bearing surface for ttie Fly catcher, D. F'. 'rrowbridge...... 629.279 handsrrews nsed to bold the parts together while being (7700) H. Y. N. asks : Are buildings Frost protector, J. H. �tevens ...... 628.997 Frying fish,rack for. M. Geer ...... b' 29,127 glued. It is the object of the present invention to covered with iron or steel roofs more or less liable to be F'urnace. See Roasting furnace.H. Rotary furnace. correct the faults of this method. This end is attained struck by lightning? Are instances on record of build­ INDEX OF INVENTIONS Steam superheating furnace. )i'urnacebot air pipe, I. Stearns ...... 629,095 by means of a miter-clamp, the frame of which has ings so protected being struck ? A. We suppose tbat For which Letters Patent of the Fuse, time. O. Hartmann ...... 629,160 an iron roof npon a building would render it more liable Galle. See Plow Jand gage. . flanges projecting from one side and extending at an United States were Issued . 629.226 to be struck by lightning. We have no instances to cite Game. 'V. A. \Vissemann ...... angle with each other corresponding with the angle of for the Week Ending Garment supporter, G. McKnight ...... 629,112 in support of our opinion. Gas burner, acetylene, G. & J. W. Bray ...... 629.0tll the miter.joint. One of the flangesis a skeleton-flange ; Gas burner. incandescent. A. Bacbmeyer ...... 629.285 Gas generator. acetylene, Eldridg-e Blum ...... and in this skeleton· flange a block is moved toward (7701) W. A. M. writes : 1. Suppo!>e I JULY 18, 1899. & 628.92H Gas generator, acetylene. R. A. WheelOCk et a1. 629.282 and from the other flange by means of a cam. A compress air with an ordinary air pump direct into Gas jet igniting apparatus, A. Bachner ...... • 629.14:6 friction-roller is journaled upon the sliding. block and is BACH BBARING THAT DATB, Gate. See Elevator gaLe. Spout gate. storage tank, maintaining a constant pressure of 80 AND Gate, D. E. Helton ...... 629,0'1'5 en�aged by the eccentric. A projecting arm upon the pounds. What power would that air generate if used at Gate, J. A. Perky ...... 629,014 block engages the opposite side of the cam to withdraw LSee note at end of list about copies of tbese patent •. j Gate opening or closing device, swin�ing, G. B. once in a cylinder 7 inches by 18 inches? A. About 50 Morton ...... " ..... 629,200 the block. per cent of the power used in compressing air may be re­ Generator. See Gas generator. 629,099 Acetopbenonphenetidid, making, F. Valentiner .. Gold waste from jewelers' washings, trap for re- turned by immediate nse of the compressed air. What 62H,241 SPOOLING DEVICE FOR SEWING.MACHINES.­ 2. Addressing machine. A. Dick ...... covering, D. I. Byers ...... 628.922 628.919 CAROLINE M. WAGNER. Hamburg, Germany. By would be the minimum sized tank that would insure c Governor mechanism, G. A. Brachhausen ...... C, ��lh���ik�·a� ������.�::::::::::·::::::: Grinder, mower knife, G. H. Fowler ...... 629,069 this attachment a separate spooling.device, such as is full power for one stroke of cylinder piston full length ? Alloy of aluminum, ... Mach ...... 62Y.084 (�un, Rocquin...... 629.209 ��Ammalf;:��� trap. J. WadswoI. rth ...... 628.9f>Hgrg:�1 Guns.I\tl. horizontal C. wedge breech closing mechan. used in lace·making, is rendered unnec.eflsary and the A. The sIZeof the tank is of little value, except as an 6 , " ...... b'29 ,170 Back pedaling brake. C. A. Macy ...... 29 040 ism for. C. Poblit.""."...... 629.157 spooling is greatly accelerated by reason of the greater equalizer for the strokes of the compressor piston, to Band cutter and feeder. D. Ward ...... 628,970 Hair crimper. M. It-"ischhaber ...... catch condensed moisture and as storage for special nses. Barber's or dentist's cbair, H. R. Kuersten ...... 62H,321 Hair. dyeing, J. C. Boot ..." ...... 629,281 number of revolutions obtainable with the .ewing-ma­ Barrel header, B. Holmes ...... 629,1 29 Handle. See Tool handle. 8 chine. The attachment consists of a bobbin which is It may be from fiveto ten times the capacity of the com­ t . Handle securing device, W. J.. . H. Pape...... 62 .958 �:���too���. ����:� �� ���� ...... 629,182 Hanger. See Door hanger. Hat hanger. , held in an adjustable sleeve driven by a friction·wheel pressor cylinder. 3, Would it be advisable to nse a water Bearing, car axle, A. J. Weil...... , ...... 628,971 Harrow, W. Richards ...... ,629t2�·2 62!J.(){'7 engaging the hand-wheel of the machine. jacketed air pump or air compressor, or would not the' BearIng. roller. Dryman & Fulton ...... Harrow, pulverizer. and crusher. combined. J .. Bed, foldinJ!.L. C. Bailey...... Cllrpenter .. , ...... ; ...... 629.:n3 air heated by compression be more powerful when used 62\1,286 H29. 11R FIREPLACE.-CAsSIUS B. NAY, Fairmont, W. Va. Bedstead. invalid, E. C. Scribner ...... 629,27.1 Harvester and shocker. corn, O. A. Wolf...... at once, and less expensive to install the plant? A. For Bicycle brake. C. A. WardiIL ...... 629.05Ii r To provide a simple construction by which to prevent Bicycle parcel carrier. W. D. McCormick ...... �;�;;�� c�ia�to�;'��.��::::::::::: :::::::::::::: pounds pressure, the temperature of the air will rise 6?,:l,111 the escape of fire or smoke at the top or sides of the 80 Bicycle speeder, W. R. Gulick ...... , ' 629,(l)2 �:tHat pouncing machine. W. H. Jackson ...... :r:�f,2!UIlO from to Fah., which is too high for economy in Billiard cue tip, J. Stenger ...... 629,217 lIay press. W. H. Gray ...... " ...... "',, .., b'29 .030 front, is the purpose of this invention. With this end 60 ° 433° Billiard cushion. D. Kavanagh ...... 629.m2 Heat insulating coverings. manufacture of. Bor- operating tbe compressor. 'rhe high temperature will Blower, C. H. Bicalky ...... 629,121 rowe Lumley ...... " ...... " ... 629,102 in view, a fire-frontis used comprising a front plate pro­ Heater. &See F;lectric heater. Water heater. not conduce to the best conditionA in the press. It is Bobbins in shuttles, machine for inserting. J. J. Yirled with inwardly-projected side flanges and with 4. SondereJ!ger...... , ...... 629,308 Heels. device for securing rands to. C. A. Bliss . . . 629,148 proposed to compres� air with an ordinary air pump Boiler, Karavodine ...... 628.984 Hinge, W. B. Arnold ...... 629,185 bencbes projecting beyond the adjacent faces of the 2� V. _ Boiler attachment, W. Sommer ...... 629,216 Hinge, box couch. Keely ...... b'29.131 inche� by inches cylinder, running at strokes per C. '1'. . side flanges"nd adapted to receive the side linings of 6 30 Boiler tube cleaner. J. Keenan ...... 629.080 Hitcbing staple, W. S. Ayre...... 6'18 .911 minnte, into a tank inches by inches. The air com­ Boilers, automatic alarm for steam, M. Pren- Hog trap, J. J. Ebmen ...... ". 629.243 brick. 16 60 cel. ' , ...... , .., .." ' , " , , " ...... , , "A. . , " .." ..." 629,'206 Hook. See Snap hook. pressed to 80 pounds would be nsed in tbe cylinder above Horse detacher, J. Orteig ...... APPARATUS FOR HANDLING COAL. -WILLIAM Boilers, pipes, etc., from corrosion, means for 628.956 mentioned, 7 inches by 18 inches, for one stroke only, one protecting, H. S. Hoss ...... 629,092 Horseshoe, W. Cabill" , : ...... 029,234 H. WALL, Nanaimo, Can.ds. The apparatus comprises Bolt. See Door bolt. Horseshoe. soft tread. J. C. Higgins ...... 629.29.� in every two minuees. Would this proposition he feasi­ 629.315 Hook mark, G. N. Beels ...... " ...... 628,913 Hose leak stop. C. J. Dorticus ...... frame or platform with supply and dumping tracks at 629,229 n ble ? And would thc power exerted be quick or slow? Boring and turning mill, G. W. Moreton ...... 629JJ42 Hub. vehicle wheel. C. C. Ballin ...... 628,99'2 intervals of wbich are openings. The platform has a Boring machine, H. J. Roberts ...... Huller. See Seed huller. For the full length of the stroke, 18 inches? A. Your Bottle, non.refillable,G. W. Skanks ...... 629. 7 Humidifier, R. C. Ulbrich" ...... 629.181 series of chutes lying below the dumping-tracks. To 30 7 compressor or air pump should be three times larger in Box. See Cigarette box:. Journal box:. Jug Hydraulic chair. F. Koellig-kramer...... 629,03 transfer the coal·cars from the supply-track to the packing box. Hydrogen. apparatus for producing carbureted. capacity or run three times faster than stated, in order Box machine, honey. C. Mondeng ...... 629, 167 J. Fielding ...... "" " ...... 629.�17 dumping-track, a carriage is used. Tilting gripping­ to fill the press every two minutes pounds pressnre. Brake. See Back pedaling brake. Bicycle brake. Index, W. W. Simpson ...... " ...... b' 29.2H dogs move the cars along tbe tracks and are operated by at 80 Car brake. Wagon brake. Ink well stand, E. Oldenbuscb ...... " ...... 629.088 Six and one-third volumes of free air is rcquired to make Brush. rotary. P. K. Westergard ...... 629,225 Insect screen, A. C. Gulick ...... 628.936 cylindersand pisto"s; and valves and operating means Buckle. Wagner & Dailey ...... 62!l,054 Ironing device for smoothing edges of hlundered one volume at 80 pounds pressure. The transfcr of air Burial casket, E. O. Peoples ...... 629,090 shirt neckbands, H. Drummond ...... 629,066 control the passage of pressure to the cylinders. The power is quict, and your 9rrangement is feasible. Burner. See Gas burner. Vapor burner. Jack. See double actlOnA. jack. 6 apparatus is deAigned for loading vessels and transfer· Burner. H. F'. Smith ...... 28,005 Joint. See Hail joint. Railway rail joint. Button. collar. Goldsmith, Jr ...... 6;?g, 1 9 Journal box. H. C. Swan ...... 629,051 cars with coal. (7702) P. C. T. asks : Can you give me J. 5 629.180 Button lathe. automatic, G. Griffin...... 628.U81 Journal box. '1'. B. 'J'aylor ...... Journal lubricator, E. B. Brown 628,921 a formula or formulrefor producing coTd by the mixing Button. separable, D. W. Scalf ...... 629.l19a ...... •• ...... RUDDER-FRAME AND GEAR FOR SHIPS.­ Cable reel. E. Turney ...... 629,11;,) Jug packing box, J. Canale ...... 629.2.'15 of cbemicals ? A. There are many substsnces which . I.. FRANK S. CORMIER, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. Camera, kinetographic. H. Casler ...... 629. 6;) Key ring. G. W. Sheet ...... 629,213 0 "".. " ...... 628,990 produce a fall of temperature when they are dissolved. Can assembling' and cooling device. Fulton & Key socket, C. G. Perkin ...... This invention is designed for tempurary use on sbips, and 9 Cook" , ...." ...... ,. "'''''''', ...... , ...... 629,IR k is attachedto a vessel when tbe rudder has been broken We give several formulre. All parts are by weight. Can fillingmachine. E. Metzenaur ...... 628.951 ��ntil�:���h���. d1�cular. F. Wilcomb ...... 629,116 Capsule"J. Weyland ...... , ...... 629.141 Kuitting machine latch opener attachment, away or injured. The temporary .teering device com­ 1 . Snow...... parts. . ",,, ...... 62\),155 3 Car brake, street KnelL ...... Elliott & Miller ... . W. }i'. fj2!l.l!l� 629.123 prises a cage-like rudder frame to the front of which a Crystallized chloride of calcium 4 Car brakes, pump for street, W. F. Knell ...... f.i2!l.1!14 Knob attachment. H. W. Davis ...... • Car coupling, W. Reese ...... 629. 17:i Lamp, acetylene gas, G. W. Bayley ...... 628.912 strut-brace is hinged, having a forked forward end fit­ This will freeze mercury. · ...... Car coupling locking device. G. P. Stewart ...... 62g.218 Lamp. acetylene gas, Snyder & West ...... 629.215 6'2!l.i{()6 Lamp, acetylene gas. M. Strakosch ...... " ...... '" 628.964- ting on each side of the steru-post. A rudder is IJinged 2. Water...... 1 Car dust gUllrd. passenger. J. E. Scott ...... Car seat, ball bearing. J. S. Johnston ...... 629,258 l .. nmp. acetylene �as gener8ting. H. Stearns et at 629,309 6 to the rudder. frame ; and a series of guys hold the rnd­ Nitrate of ammonia ...... ' , ...... I Car wheel, automatically adjustable roller, J, J. J�amp. electric arc. Hall & Burdick ...... 29.2H1 Miller ...... " ...... (;29.011 Lamp, incandescent. Miller...... 629,198 der-frame and brace In place and turu the rudder. 3. Sal ammoniac...... 5 Carbureter,A. J. Grau ...... 629.24!i Lamp. incandescent vapor.A. H. P. J. Fitzgerald ...... 62H.OOS Nitrate of potash ,...... 5 Card. Jacquard or dobhy, H. Polif'an...... f:i2!l.OO;� L:nnp lighting attachment, vapor, J. A. Yarton .. 629.227 b'29,O;i2 Sulphate of soda...... 8 Carding engine, traveling fiat.H.. Taylor, Jr ...... I ..nIll p or burner. gas, A. T. M. Jobnson ...... b'29.296 Carrier. See Bicycle parcel carrier. Cash carrier. Lamp raising device. signp,1. T. J. Walsh ...... 629.2'2'2 , ...... 62Sl.2R9 W-l,97::\ Designs. Water ...... 16 Carrier. J. M. Dodge ...... ]�amps.manuf acture of incandescent, A. Wierre. Cartridge loading machine, .J. H. Barlow ...... 62H,120 Last, hinged, N. 'v. Arnold ...... f;2!U84- Sui phate of soda...... 8 " ..... " ...... 629. 160 PAPER-BOX BLANK. - EDWARD E. PINKERTON, 4. Cartridge loading machine, T. P. Flynn ...... (i29,029 Latch, W. K Lott ... Hydrochloric acid , .... ,...... 5 Case. See Dressinllcase. Lathe, F. C, Huse"."" .. " ...... "" . 62\1.2i\ti Sioux City, Iowa. The leading feature of the design Cash carrier. M. C. Swezey ...... 62Sl.219 Lead sucrate, making. G. Kassner ...... 628,98.� consists of a center. piece, slotted sirles, and ends having The nitrate of ammonia and water as above are the Casb reglster and recorder, J. Pfeifer ...... 6'28.9Ht Leather splitting machine. J. Busfleld...... �.062 Caster, furniture. A. B. Diss ...... 62ft,ISS Lift safety gear. Halket Kennedy ...... 629,033 divided tongnes. chemicals used by the makers of portable freezing ma­ Catapult for thruwing projectiles. C. F. Mc- Lock. See Sash lock. & chines. In tbe liquefaction of nitrate of ammonia a Glashan, .. " .. ' .....' ...... , ...... , ...... 629.044 Lock lever. G. J. Riblet, Sr. , , ...... "."." ...... 629.208 'r ELEPHONE ·RECEIVER CAP.-HENRY R. COOL, Cattle guard, .J.W, Ross ...... , 629.305 l�ocomotion, electriC. H. Van Hoevenbergh ...... 628,968 large amount of the heat of the water becomes latent Cbain, drive, T. Holt ...... " ...... , 628,939 Loom, A. W. Beardsell...... 629,311 Urbana, Ohio. The design provides a novel arrange­ . 628.914 when the temperature falls to near zero Fah. The ma­ Cbair. See Hydraulic chair. Revolving and re- Loom attachment. J. Beg-ins...... 629.2.1)1 ment of earpiece whereby it is said the holding of the clining chair. Loom. circular, J. & C. Herold...... cbine may be simply a large pail or can with a cover, Chapelet. chain pump, or similar apparatus. H. Loom harness mechanism, W. W. Uhlinger ...... 629.220 telephone is rendered less fatiguing than usual, and the 6 . ' .. 6'29,091 a smaller can sitting inside containing water or othcr F". M. Lemaire ...... 29 107 Lubricating device, "" . P. Phillips ...... sound is improved. Check holder. conductor's magnet_ ..ic,...... �-"linner...... t)28.m�2 J ..ub ricator. See Journal lubricator. J. 629,083 material to be frozen or cooled. Water as cold as can Check row wire. J. W. Parker ...... 628.9;')9 Lu bricator, J. F. Lewis ...... 1 NOTE.-Copiesof any of these patents will be furn­ be obtained is poured into the outer chamber and an Chimney stack draught device. J. G. Thomas ..... 62R01B Manger. feed. C. H. Hain ...... 629, 06 Chimney top or ventilator, J. A. Hodel ...... 629.2:13 ::\-1 at. See Felt mat. Ished by Munn & Co. for t"n cents each. Please state equal quantity of nitrate of ammonia put into the water Churn, J. B. Cbristie ...... 629,2:18 Measure. tailor's. H. C. Bluthenthal...... 6'29 0'�1j . . the name of the patentee, title of the invention, and date in the outer chamber in several portions with a small Churn, H. G. Scbatz ...... 629,274 Measure, tape. II. Steinmetz ...... 629,139 Churn and butter worker. combined. W. E. Penn. 628.988 of thispaper. scoop Cigar lighter, A. C. Grublke,.,., .. , ...., ,.,... ,' .. '. 628,\182 (Continued on page 78)

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. I citutific �mtti,au.

. Measuring instrument, electrical. E. W. JewelL . 629,130 II II II II II II II .J . J. . �.10;) Meat tree or hanger for meat, Fitzgerald .... 6 02 Mechanical movement, B. 1\ Brown ...... 29, 7 Medical battery and appenda�e, cuin freed, B. " . . . . . (j29.022 ORDINARY RATES. Wolinski...... _ ...... THE LICHT OF AMERICA"� . . . for wbeelmen is tbat given by tbe far-famed Mercury holder. It:;. D. Gilbert ...... _ .. 628.�J.'tl Inside Page, each insertion. ,. a cents a line ti�.23ti Back Page. each insertion. - line Metal working machine tool holder. J. Carr ...... 1:;W -- $1.00 a Metals. cell for the precipitation of•• J. Luce ...... ti2fl• r:rFor some classes of Advertisements, SpeciaL and LAMP = rates are reqwired. Mill. See Boring,and t.urning. mill. MAls the nearestd approachES toTIC the sun as an artficial light; Always H�I./her Milling dredge. L. D. Sibley.. _ ...... ti29,04-S steady, clear and wbite. Easy to cbarge, easy to operate, F. h29.204 Morpbin, making ethyl. J. von Mering ..•.; ...•. 629.2!l4 always dependa.ble. A 11 parts metallic and easy to reach for The above are charges per agate line-about eight Mortising machine. lock, G. H. Heady ...... cleaning purposes. A perfect searcbligbt for 100 feet ahead. words per line. 'l'his notice sbo"fsthe width of the line. Motion. mechanism for producing reciprocating, Strongly, durably,.!neatly made. Best retlectors. Convex front s t a a Luitwieler & Wilkinson ...... , ...... 629,039 2 4 ����e��� �]� �a%�e;ilt��� ��f: {fn� �; :!e�����: Music boxes, device for tripping vibrating "ass. � in. thiCK. Heigbt of lamp 71rinches. Burns hours. ment. as the�� letter press. Advertisements must be . 62'J.2;J9 t n r oNe j�� ;'eeiT�t� aia fgl��.W. �� tongues of mecbanic�l, A. Junod ...... C:�b'i�� �t :�y ����� received at Publication Office as early as 'I'bursday Musical instrument, A. C. Jaccard ...... ti�}.257 � � � � � mornin� to appear io tbe fuilowine- week's js�ue. . 62!l.212 t d Napkin bolder. W. I. Scbryver...... Meriden, Conn. F. . . 628,943 EDWARD MILLER CO. �:I�s���ii,:� Note disk rack, C. Kasik ...... & 63 Ordnance. breecb mecbanism for. breech loading,. STORES: 28 & 30 West Broadway. N W YORK. Pearl St •• BOSTON. i� & . 629.288 E Dawson Suckbam ...... 629.11.l8 Manufacturers of .. Royal " Bells and " Everlit " Oil Lam s. foot power Ore crusher, Turman & Hampton ...... p :: Screw ... Organs, crescendo alld diminuendo device for. F . iiiillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I1111111111111111111111111111111111111111U1II1I111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Star * ...cutting O n · a · · i R Automatic XYj:�:�� 1 ri;:.��p'ii� .i��.·�.�� .·�.r.���C ·�K.: ��CYOT�AlRR:YY]P; VMU�P�S��AM. N� D) EEON�G}]I�N;E;sE s.-. Packing for yielding�lr!E� rotary shafts, Sciama & Sos· :::��: Their Origin and Development.-An important series 0 [r,====':-:-:' Cross feed e n i i r t O :::::======:=====i Latandhes I-inch k 9 t Swing. pad��;:. �a·rt:i1Xo·�:'ii: Ma'rk: : . . ��8 ��:t�� fr6r: l� ��� n1���ar:d �Tt� ;�IJr Pen. metallic. �'. J. W. �iFIscher.· ...: :. ...::: : :...... :: :::: : ::: : :: 629,007��:lJ� ings showin� the construction of various Iforms���� of New and Original Features a g J s nd i i J a o ta S{,lIdfor Catalogue B. �:��:::��i���:r;J��I��ltl� ��c:ine� I�. ·B: iiess: :::. ��;C�E�ENi�� l��9� t Seneca a l · : H28,917 l .�:t� rl l�· p�?� l���nl� F l s Mfg. Compnny, Photographic washing apparatus. C. W. BJudget ��:�fs each. For sale by Munn� & Co. and an newsdealers. 9 5 Watu St.,Seneca Falls. H . Piano pedal, auxlliary. H. }1'. Spurr, Jr ...... (i28.963 . 6 Y 629,072 This Wind, Sturn, or Hor.'e Power _ _ Piano. upright grand, H. W. Gray ...... h�ats We offerthe t� actu al hfltse powllr _ ___ Pianos, attachment for automa.tical1y operating,. WEIS�T"�U AMERICAN PATENT�. - AN INTER- (i. H. Davis ...... 629.103 Piercing and eyeletting machme. '1\ Weardim .... b'29 .000 GAS E NGI N E eFlotingand valuable table Elhowing the number of natents . . . .150. 1t'8S 10 per cent discount for c:tllb. Bui lt Pigment. making. 'I'. J. O'Sullivan ...... b'29.268 interchangeab le plan. Built material. granted for the various subject� upon wbich petitions A. C. . 628.962 of best Pile driver. Speer ...... ;\Iade lots of tberefore we can make tbe pricA. ba'7e beenflied from the beRinninQ" down to December 629.199 in I U() 31. 1&l4. ­ Pillow holder•• 1. P. )Iorris ...... Boxpd for sh en weip-bt Ibs. Made lor Contained in SCIENTIFIC10 AMERICAN SuP m t. z .-lOlll Gas PLEMENT. No. 1 IIII'.!. Price cent •. '1'0 be bad at Pin. See Clothes pin. or Gasoline. ipAlso H r ont Enginel!l. 4 to 30 h. p. tbis omce and from all newsdea.Jers. Pipe. See Furnace hot air pipe. Sewer or drain o i a WEBSTER MFG. CO pipe. . . West t�th St" Chical[o.•• SHAPERS,PlANERS.DRILLS, Pipe plug, waste, J. H. Little ...... 6 9.196 to'4 �CWER & FOOT Plaiting apparatus, C. L. Hurlbut ...... 629.2552 I . 629.08.1 Plate or �lab material. P. Madler ...... SEBASTIAN LATHE CULVERT . 029.156 ...AT H E S.CO. I �t'tf� 120 LNpE.prl�g�ST. 2�T;,.rL CINCIIJ�uNNATl���� I. Plow land gage. R. B. Fentem ...... O. Plow manure distributing device, .J. }1'. Witthold 628.97(i 62\J.137. 1;29.108 Plow, rotary disk. Spalding & Robbins ...... Plan- Poison distributer. K Braun ...... b' 28,920 Foot Power �r� �,,;ra���:;� Pole Rnd sbade roller hanger, combined, S. D. . . SHEPARD LATHE CO .. 133 W. 2d ��ISt .• ����S�Cincinnati.�. O. Dilts...... 629.323 Potato masber. G. B. St. Jobn ...... 628,998 O O D Press. ee ay press. 'I'obacco press. PrintingS pressH gr pper. A. OImesdahl...... 629.039 i . 629.087 HI§. ORKING MACHINERY Printing press stop motion. rr. M. Nurth ...... GH GRASDEingle W Machine� or Com- . 2 . ����t� n�rl'i."t���F:i.�� ;o'}; . ..:r;a r; · :A: 6 9 183 plete Equlpments for Reynolds ...... �e¢��;n;ie...... ;.e . 629,271 - f W k Protector. See Frost protector. A CI • PU i break lg ac , d . . Your nden olicite 62!l.262 Williams' Shaving Stick, 25 cents. carr I6ai3 P.. . II . 'll .���.� . ��� :. 002 • • irF. ;� �:� � �� Pump priming deVise, E. M. CoryelL ...... �'. �:...... ���'. 629. Oenulne Yankee Shaving Soap, to cents. . Illustrated. Matter and Prices on 628.989 .. Luxury Shaving Tablet, . cents. ot ...... WOLVERINE " • • 25 application. ; e di�h Wagoi;ra ck.' Williams' Shaving Soap (Barbers'). . 8 :1-1ot� ' 62\1.223 ���Radik:ator.' steam or bot�:�k: water. C. F. Waltber ...... Six Round Cakes, cents. , • • • . . 629,()()9 I lb., • • • • 40 J A FAY &. CO 1 Rail joint, C. P. Goetzinger ...... GAS GASOLINE ENGINES Exquisite alsofortoilet. Trialcake for 2c.stamp. 10-30 John St.. CINCINNATI. OHIO Rails. etc .. apparatus for clamping and holding. & C. B. V oynow. . .. STATIONARY AND MARINE. Rans under moving trai.. ..ns, .... instrument ...... for...... test· 629.053 The].B.wn.LIAMSCO.,Glastonbury,Conn. . 628.928 ing. P. H. Dudley...... The U Wolverine" is the only revers­ LONDON: 64 GREATRUSSIELL8T., w.e. SYDNE.Y : 161 CL.AR£NC!.ST. Railway brake actuating apparatus, A. Kholod· ible marine JitR,8 engine on the market...... 628,944 It is the lightest engine for ib� power. WORK SHOPS kowsky ...... '" ...... ti:t9.211 of Wood and Metal Workers, witb­ Railway. electric. Hussell & We. lchaus .. Requires no licensed engineer. Ab­ out steam .power. equipped with Ra.l1way rail joint. '1'. Donahue ...... 629.:i14 solutely safe. Manufactured by BARNE ' FOOT POW ER Railway sWitcb, street, C. & A. )loran ...... 629,265 WOLVERINE MOTOR WORKS. EVERYBODY HAS SOMETHING TO MEND A. S Railways. girder structure. for suspension, MACHINERY - Rieppel...... 62\1.273 12 Hu ron St., Grand Rapids, Mich allow lower bids on jobs, and give Reamer. W. Radley ...... 629,171 b . R · greater profiton the work.Cataloa Macb mes . . 629.143 BALL BEARING AXLES AND RUB- M,ndME, ,myth;ng--cMna,N glDSass, ID"bl" ALLb,;c-a-b", ,teo e sent on trial if desired. Free. n�1�ig�r';,1;r� J: ...... uire8 no brush. Colorless; odorless, and will stand hot wa.ter. Register. See Cash�rh register. ber Tires.-A paper read a ('e W. F. & before the Carriage1894, Buil ders' � · JOHN BARNES CO. Re�ulator. See Speed regulator. '1 National Convention. PbiJadelpbia, October, 8how- ! r t and locality. Good 1999 RUBY ST . flOCKFORD=--.:.I L=- =--L -=__ _ lv r ing chair, � Koeni kram n agentsA�E��can make8 8W. bIgril� money.�D W1"itei� us about your locality. _ �r;� k��� :��; Ii . g; er. 629.036 ' h�� ��:sa��� ����O of a ��;� ::: _ _ y i . 6'J9.023 r e at�� �i��:T� ';��i���. C� �� G CAL C Hoastin" furnace. L. T. Wril

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. I,itutifi, !mtti,au. 79

. .. .. Valve. straightway. H. A. McGrory ...... 629,08fi Valves, oil distributIDR device for slide. J. B...... vap��li��nej.:·i·lic��(i�sor ce·ni: ·ii: �ierkel·Mark .·.. ::. . _ : . . 629.19j Vault lightaut omobile.lllumination tile. J...... �:� The New System Vehicle. J. ]1'. 1'. ('onti...... _ . . . ti�,tlt)4 628.941-1 OF EDUCATION Vehicle bed. folding, '1'. Lotherinj.!ton.. __...... H. Hoeven- Vehicle. electrically. driven. Van berl:!h._ ...... _ ...... __.. ... _ ...._ ... __...... H28.H67 H.. M. Hunter .. __ Steam Vebicle. electricA.ally propelled. .. li:.J9.U791 760 [J...... Vehicle. motor, Riker (reissue)...... 628.Yj�l1. tilting seat. G. ��yer, Jr...... Engineering Vehicle . . b?I.117 Mechanical, Electrical, VehICle wheel. C. �.J . Wingate ...... Civil and Minmg Engineer­ Velocipede, C. \V.Hathawa y ...... _ ...... _ . .._ . .. ti2H.�I:� ingj Architecture; Draw­ Vi01il1 or �imilnr instru:neut. F. Schmidt ...... fi2H.!lH3 in&,; Surveying; Chemistry : e r . Shorthand ; Book-keeping �:�gg.hJ��pi���L� X�·Bur·r;b·am:: �:::::::::: '1'. H_ . 62Y.021 and English Branches Wa/otonrack. adjust.able. '!'rue ...... ::::: _ . :tr�:3n62H.HXl TAUCHT BY MAIL. S. H..Hl allcbard...... Studenb (lu.lIfted Wall coverin�, Washer. See Adjust.ing- washer. f.i29.C24 to examination D. C. Barnard._...... __ paM8 •• W:lsbingmacbine, \V ater healer, automatic, H.. Scblumberger . . . ti29.175 We have belped thousands to better positions heater, C. A. H2R l22 I \-Vater solar. Davis. ______and salaries. Send for free ci.roulars, 8tating . ______the subject in which you are interested. W:tter wheel. P_ Hellretty ...... _... . 629.250t128.!l4fi THE INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, 'Vater wheel. J .•1. Lefeb.el'...... _ ...... _. e a S d Scranton, Pa. cultivator, I( M...... b'W.015 �:s����t��:' ;rr':I�:,s7rPJ��m� i;tJ��s�; b�r:. :'�Jd Bos: 942, Weed cutt.er and . Rherri.ll. . ti2R.926 \YeighilllZ'machine. C. lJelaet...... C in Wheel. See Vebicle wheel. Water. .wheel. Winding drum. K '1'.Wright ...... 628.977 �!.i B� m:r�' ���\i'rn::,:. *,illr��y�t:" WiJ'e fabric machine tensiun "nd tepd mech- I CE MFG. CO., 0'99 Clinton Street, Milwaukee. Wis. Roper's New Engineer's Handy-Book anism. H. S. Hissell...... _. _.... 628.HI5 Automobiles /�.� 1. W. \V ire Mtretcher•. DarHngton ...... fi29fi2R.HSti.240 for STEAM ENGINEERS and ELECTR!CIANS. for H. It. for 13, 1899. Wires, die joining intersecting. . . Lnmb .. 629 44 rrhe �CIENTIFIC AMEIlICAN May is \V ood splittilHlnJ3cbille. P. F. \V ise .. . · . . . ..4 .... . 1 !� �. of devoted main.1y to illustrationM and detailed de­ TY PE WHEELS. MOOEla I..EXPER1MENTAL WORK�BMALl.. MACHI.m Thoroughly revised, rewritten and much enlarged by Woven tnbric and mode weaving same,...... H_ 629.2',)2 ..NOV ElTlES r.. ETC. �NE.W ':O STENCIL WORKS 100 NASSA.U S! N.Y. It. M. E., YTON B.S., ...... of vebicles. EDWIN KELLKlt, and CLA W. PIKE, Hardwick...... scriptions various types of horseless Ex-President of the Electrical Section of the It-' ranklin A. . _.' contains on Wrench. McKaA.ie- ...... _ . ... 6296�.,31&045 1'I�is issue also an article the mechan­ iY" Send for Circular Institute. Embracing all the recent inmrovements in Yarn. drying, H._ Gage ...... "M." tbe Rteam Rmrine and giving fnll instructions for the Yarn R. A. 629.158 ics of the bicycle and detailed drawings of an auto­ N drying apparatus. Gage ...... _ ... _..6 29.270 CARE and MANAGEMENT of an E L ECTRICAL PLA T . Yarn drying machine. J. K. Proctor .. _.___ ... . mobHe tricycle_ Price 10 cents. !ol��:ifi�I� &h� Yoke &. t.i29.0nS T U R B I N ES ; k if.�� A. 900 center, neck, Deplanty Schockmann. . Nearly222 pa�es, :12.; illustrations, over 700 main sub­ The following copies of the SCIENTIFIC AMER­ jects, tables. and 645 questions most likely to be ICAN SUPPLE!\U.:NT give many details, of Auto­ I.p�rpod. Rsked when under examination before heinfi?;licen sed SIS LAKE COMO, N. J. un enlZ'ineer. mobiles of different types, with many illustrations TELESCOw. N. ALPELEN, WA NTED �I�� F l leat i d b O. DESIGNS. of the' vehicles. motors. boi1er�. et.c. rrbe series H. P. U l �x vl\}' �i�'J';\V; ��"ii�l:'e�,3.Ii 1/ Electric Motors, $1iito $�ii. Bench T. make n very valuable treatise on the tmbject. The 74 Speed Lathes. $1 COLUMBIA MFG. Se'Tldjor ('irw in,. 1022 Market St .• Pbiladelpbia. Pa. Badge, W. Cosgrove ...... 31.218 814 . 993, 1055. 1056. JO,'1. CO., Walnut Street. Philadelphia. Bad"e. �'. J. Deck...... 31.2W numbers are ' 732, 979. 1053. 10>1. Pa. or A...... :U .266 1059 1080. Bag saCk. M. Bates...... to 3131,2.21;;;78 1058. . 1075. 1078, 1tRl. 1083. 1099. 1100. 1l13, Bioycle handle bar bandle. R. H. Matber ...... "Am erican-Hunnings" A. A. Low . . . . Bottle...... 31.:U.2332.% 1122. 1178. 1195. 1199. 1206. 1210. Price 10 cents eacb. SAL E. Bottle stopper plug. L. H. Broome ...... _ ...... For by or FOR K::::rM��'s ���: d TELEPHONES. Rox, ...... 31.2.o.wi by mail. sale all newsdealers address s t n Transmitters, M&p,'neto Bells and Tele.. A. I>ntzor ...... H...... A...... ��If� � �� H e��: ���;0��1sY:���A� N� ��" pbone Switcbboards. Over �OO,OOO of Brush back similar article. . Weihman ...... 31.226 MUNN &. CO., Publishers, W:i�tl�l our telephones in succeEsful operation. Button hooks, etc .. handle for. W. H. Saart ...... :n .2'25 We have from9to 16acres of e an e 361 Broadway, New York. OTI"'E" land 45 minutes from New · ...... York, on Y . N.H. & H. �r� e� i�� \�t�eor �;��bY o� Y�!����'th�� c&e �r.:<: ::: : ::::: :::: :: :: :::::ii'i!i R.RN to tbe N. . sinl!'leline metallic circuit and numbIlFSe1lder of . · · · · · · . :io ::Rrun,254 .• which we give corporation locating and employ- to 8fii:: sepai�rat.or. n. . . .. e fortelephonescataloaue US.be used on one line. Cream C. Camp ...... o h A." Cream separat.or.C. S. Hanna...... _ . .. 31,255 � B�� 27�i�l���:a��, E ON �Nd���� �o; ttur5C2-. l :r� · . AMERICAN ELECTRIC T LEPH E CultiVator thinning and weeding shoe. Oeder &. �g��.n South Canal St., Chicago, III. Wright...... 31.201 CO., p, or D. INVENTIONS WANTED. W a fe Cn feeding R.�T.inva lid. Ho�"n...... 31.26.131.:t:�(1 J:�n'a'u� ��e':. t� 1 73 Game board. Wallaee...... our business we would be pleased to hear from persons Garment, bifurcated. H .•Ja cob ..... _:...... 31.2709 to H. 1 26 desning have novelties or patents manufactured on Garment supporter holder. D. Warner ...... 331 .,24-4 royalty. Will furnisb best of reference. Rejected de· &. . . . . s HammerIce head. "' ilJiams. Waters ...... GENERATORS il r e s c BuyTHAT ARE GOODTe NOTlepho .. CHEAP THnesING " cream mould . J. D. Anderson ...... 31.2iXl Acetylene Gas g�. t�gu� ����: .. S . Jewelry. ornamented stone for. J. Ih Herzog ...... :n .220 �\��:d� id��.bl �����gI�r� : &g� ���.� The difference incost is little. e Iluarantee Lace fastener. shoe. G. H. Richards ...... 31.241 g d W �' .•1. our apparatus and guarantee our customers Lamp dome. DuDner ...... :11a1..2:l'2:18 �e�;ipWo�� a";��'he���' X',f; c� . . . . �v� � up. againstloss by patent suits. Ou,' guarau· Malrnetframe. field,W. P. �'reeman ...... 1 2 Pl>clty.llf" From Send $15 jOr New Catalo(1Ue. botb good. Nipple, K Pearl...... 3 . :12 ��Q tef'and TELEPinstruHONEMent.s CONSTRUCTIONare CO J. B. COLT CO. , D WESTERN Nut locking washer. A. H. McAllister...... 31.242 &. E PT. N. GAS GASOLINE ENGINES C Penholder. O. Hnber ...... 31.222 WAT E.R MOTORS 250·2 54 South Clintnn St .. hicago. 31.271 West 29th St .. New York. BAC.KU5 WAT[.R MOTOR CO NE.WA RK N J U oS A Protector, W. C. Halleck ...... Laraest Manufacturers of Te!ephO'7les case. F. (' _ . Pi..JZzI�box or . . Hoffman...... �n.26531.2H4 3·7 exclusi'nelll in States. �� R. the United Puzzle box orS. case. . Skh·mer...... 31,249 RaIlway raU, C. Laney ...... DON 'T LOSE --­ . : ��ff'\���.��s�e�n:7.�:::::::::::::: ::::: :::: ::::::. �l:���31 .252 modtiS and Shed. cattle. W. Heaton...... iil.2t52 bUl'ne?�rf!'.f" :'��e.f"WPencii!��l �1J!1l character, J. Caesar ...... �ateDt €xp�rim�ntal Work L. 31,272 Holder. Fastens to 80Ck. Spoons.Skirt protector. forks, Mabee...... _ ..... st knives. etc .. handle for. H, L. Wal- ��ri�t iear;t16: Inventions Developed. Special Machinery. lace...... 31.m 3���iac�t E . BAILLARD, for. . . :n.22.1 e Liberty Street, New York. Spoons. etc .. bandle E. W. Campbell...... :n.247 V. & .. . ���i�wiv�l G��r �q���'iCata· Stove ma.llazine section. Dwyer Lane ...... :n .2:-l1 Jt By lOc. 106 J. T. handYlogue of. mail,and othereacb. SyrinjZenoz zle. Wethernld ...... _. 31,2;;0 th.ese novelties SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH.-A POP· TIre. vebicle wbeel. E. P. Kelly ...... made with Washburne Fast­ Type, etc., in chases and frames. female mem. ber eners jree jorthe the askino. i e e a TI for devices for locking forms of. M. E. Conn; . . 31.260 AMERICAN RING ��rc�� �i�p�t��,, ��� l \ !T. tp�\��·lO�����. �1� �a1fE Type. etc., in chases and frames. rnnle member CO., Box P, by ·Munn & Co. and all newsdealers. for devices for locking forms of. M. Eo Conn... :n.261 Umbrella tip. R. P. HulLcap...... H. :11.24031,243 Upholstering applianced Voight ...... JUST PUBLISHED. �:hrJI ��g��r c��\�i.�: �.Pfn��ii::::::::::::::::: Burst Wat�r PiP�S a (bing tb� Past . . :n.2iW C...... _ . . . . �t�� of Vial. wooden. W. Estes ...... You can now make all water pipes as secure from burstin� in winter 11.8 in S11mmer. Warp stop motion machusbine . . drop.. R. Crompton ..... 31,2531.2489 Tb13 pneumatic system i� the only one which successfully prevents the annoy­ Water meter, L. H. N ...... ing and costly bursting of water pipes. It bas solved a great economic problem. trouble-slope� causes the Architects. Mechanical Movements This.0,. endorsed by EnJilineers and Municipal Officials. No new bouse POWERS, DEVICES AND APPLIANCES. expandino to slide tnlo HIP:bIJ house m· ia d �s �ri �·��· : � �� owners should avall the TRADE MARKS. the air-dome, takilnj} the :��'!:8 f�iz:\'..��� c:�r����� ti � s . HISCOX, M. E. strain o the p'pe. The gf jor Illustrated Booklet. gi\,inj)full explanation and discount. By GARDNER D. air-cwkwn also prevents or Se1Id 33.207 "Hammerilng:lf ." Covered PNEUMA'.rJC DOME MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Author of on Axes and hatchets. Supplee Hardware Company. 3:1.244 by THE "Gas. Gasoline and Engines." Beverages. carbonated. D. L. Ormsby ...... and ForeiqnPat�nts. Northwest, Washinll'ton, D. C. A...... 3.1 .247 U. S. ii01 E !oltreet. . Bread. Scbeele...... Large 402 P�ge 1649 Bread. Schlater Brothers ...... � ...... 33.248 8vo. s Illustrations, , . .. :{;{.24-2 with Descriptive Text. Cigarettes. Notara Brothers ...... __...... _ . . .. 33.2411 PRICE, $3.00. Confectionery, Stern & Saalber.ll...... Corn _ . . . . A dictionary Of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Df"­ products. Hudnut Company .. _ ...... 3:1.2:{j3.1.249 YEARS' &; . . 50 vices. and Appliances. with 1649ill ustrations and explan­ CottonE""s, fabrics.C. Burton Rrothers. . Company ... . H3.202 ator text. This i8 a new work on illustrated mechanics, J. Mabr & Sons ...... EXPERIENCE Cii o n v e n o Fish, Harvey & Outerbrid�e...... _ .... _ ...... 33.2.� t� ;:�: Groceries. certain named, Hulman. & Company .... 33.�51 �� n:��f;�� ;g!:!i: ::hg� �i :b:��a��r�!� a��d' Groceries. certain named. Ransom Brothers Com· tive field,for the use of Mechanics. Inventors. Engineers, . . . . 33.258 Dro.ugbtsmen. and all others interested in any way in pany ...... mechanics. Grocers' goods. certain named. Foley Broth. ers &. -SECTIONS.- IronKelly or Mercantile Company ...... 33,250 steel in the form .of rough blocks, slabs.. or. 33.2.� 1. Mechanical Powers.-Wei"hts. . _ . . Revolutloll of pigs, Youngstown Steel.. Company...... Liniment. W. E. Mellor...... 3:l.240 The Pipe of the CenturyE c r e s . . . 3�.2:J() . ..THE PAT NT 2. T���:�j���:: �� 1p:�:'r��\l�p e8:Jfe�l:: Needles. '1'. Harper ...... PATENTS ... "MALLINCKRODT" tiOllGe ar. 8pur. Bevel, and Screw Gear. etc.��c-· Oil cans. Marion Fruit Jar and Bottle Company ... 3.·l2.�H Measurelnent of R. }i'. aa,255 3. Power.-Speed. Pressure, Paints. Seamanparts...... and suppli�s._ ...._ ..... ____ ...... TRADE MARKS NICOTINE ABSORBENT AND VENTILATED SMOKING h ie d nCe Phonographs. their National DESIGNS PIPE, IS THE ONLY PIPE FIT FOR A 4. S�:.� t·/oU:�:�B�� r��� �:d �WJ��ct::_ . Rngines. Valves and Valve Gear, ParaIfe] Motto)} Re�:3;��;���;��f:� : A: 'E: 'Ma�'ur: :::::: COPYRIGHTS &.C. G ENTLEMAN TO SMOKE. Rotary Rootingma terials. & :::::::. ittfrl3it259 c t Hear. Governors and Engine Devices. flexible.F. W. Bird RonMcGraw .... . 33 3 Steam"Engines, Ap Oscp)iaillances.ting Engines.-Injectors, Stiffeners.cig-ars. certain named garment. A. P. .2 8 n �uSrk��rnrci�dt�� �'b ��ge�:� Bowls of the Best French Brier, exceedingly �. ql��I��(; 18 n an St�ama Pumps. Tobacco. and cigarettes.m smoking and plug. .243 invention;�s�:�I ;:��proba bly patentable. Communica- neat and graceful in appearance, and cost no more than . 33 s t ts to 6. M��i �� j:���iP�a;':��'dao�so� i� ���·giDes. vac���S�rr!:.°tt:::e�� (iJiiI'ted t �r!l��\�� . an ordinary pipe. 1.'bere are no filthystems clean. Canada) J:�Jne __. . ·Sta.'tes 3 ,239 �i� f���� b,3��tl�:�n ��\-J:�g�rl�� and by a simple and effectiveconstruction. the poison­ -,""alve (;earand Appliances. Connecting Rods and Company ...... __ . . .movem_ ...... ents. 3 specialPatents notice. taken through l'dunn & Co. receive ous nicotine juices are thoroughly absorbed before and Heads. -- Watches and their parts and watch to with\)ut charge. in the reachin tlJe mouth, and a cool. clean and healthy .,.. Hydraulic Power and Devices. Water American Waltbam Watcb Company ..33,231 3.1.2.% fJh ii���� ded it not satls- Wheel8, Turbines, Governors. Impact Wheels, Wbisky, Old NICk WIlliams Company...... 33.245 y. :�llM,���id �nO� Pumps. Rotary Pumps. Siphons. Water Lifts, Sci�ntific Jlm�rican. �:Send�� for8' Illustrated Circular " S. A." and prices. Ejectors, Water Rams. Meters. Indicators. Pres.. .. sure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints. Filters,etc. culationA handsom of ely illustrated weekly. I ar�est cir­a THE HARVEY &. WATTS CO. , P d LA BELS. any scientifiCjour naL Terms. $3 s. ���SI 31�::rS,1.�rl����a :;��b�m���!�'ed�(l; year ; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. Canal Street, N. Y. Station E, Philadelphia. .. Bromo·Fizz." for a beadache remedy. Newman's Br adway, 275 9. E����I;icMP��e:-�� iJe:n��:�c�1�':t�fl�8n::;� Steam Bottling Works ...... 7.023 O ew CROOKES TUBES AND ROENTGEN'S tors, Motors, Wiring, Controlltngand Measur­ .. Greenleaf's Smoker," for cigars. W. E. Green· MUNN & Co.361 N York ing, Lighting, ElectriC Furnaces. Fans, Search leuf ...... 7.020 Brancb Office. 625 F St.. Wasbington. D. C. ho r e t a d 1 0. Light and F,lectric Appliances. Hock- ih e ��� gf��o�ie� t��� ��� �8��E��f �fc1���f�: Navhration and Roads.- .. H. B. Brand." for velvet-eensk irt bindings.. _ a.boutCr\)okes tube�. SCIEN IFIC AMF.RICANSU PPLE­ffi Vessels. Sails, Rope meyer Brothers...... 7.019 Nos. 189. �31",T �43. �44, 7!'�, 1!1r., Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers. Road Scraper .. Harbor City Rrand." for peas, Manitowoc . Pea ME90;NT,'). !IU�.J 10 S ;,)1.41. 0;,)6. and RoHer, Vehicles. l\lotorCarriages. 'fricycles, 111;')4. li7.la;).8. ) ) lIa7. al'so Bicycles, and Motor Adjuncts. Packing-Companfory_ ...... di ...... _7.O'n . 7.028 SCIENTU'IC AMERICAN, Nos. 111 and 14. Vol. 74. 11. Heat·ing.-Racks and Pinions, Spiral, Elliptical, .. Kidney Bean."Pari s."a for me ci e. M. W. Logan ..... 7.022 (b� (y,,�writ�r €xcbang� These profusely illustrated SUPPI.. EM ENTS contain a .. La Perla de Cigars,n A. Neudorf ...... 7.021 most exhaustive series of articles on Crookes tubes and and WormR:picyclicai Gear Differential and Stop Motion .. Life Boat Hrand," for pp.lls.. Manitowoc Pea Pack· 1 Barclay SI.. NEW YORK Gear, and Planetary Trains. ,. Fer�u· . . . 7.029 J.2 the experiments performed with them. Among them Bon's " Paradox. ing Company. _ ...... __ ....._ .....food._. _ ...... La Salle St., CHICAGO will be found Prof. Crookes' early lectures, detailtng 12. Motion and Devices Controllinll: illotion. .. Pillsbury'R-�'IH.kedFood ." for oat Pil1sburY4 124 very fully the expt:rimentswhiCh so excited tbe world, -Hatchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks. (ntennit­ \V ashburn Flour Mills Cnmpany ..for _ ...... food. 7,034- 38 Bromfield St.. BOSTON and which are now a�ain e·xciting attention in connec· tent and Stop Motions, Wipers. Volute Cams. .. Pillsbury's �"'laked Oat · ��ood." oat 817 Wyandotte St., tion with Roentgen's photngraphy. Price 10 cents each. Variable Cranks, Universal Sbaft Couplln�s, Pillsbury· Washburn Flour Mills Company. 7.036 KANSAS CITY, MO. To be bad at tbis office andfrom an newsdealer,. Gyroscope. etc. . 7.ml to 7.03.1, 209 North 9th St. . . - . Pil1sbury's Ollt Food." for oat food, Pillsbury· 1 3. Horolollical. Clock and Watch M0vements Wa�hburn F'lour Mills Company...... 7.0;15 ST. LOUIS, MO. and Devices. Diamond 14. lllining. - .. Pillsbury's Vitos." for wheat food, Pillsbury- 432 SI.. QuarryiD�, Ventilation. Hoisting, \V ashburn Flour Mills Company...... 7.037 to 7.043 PITTSBURGH, PA. Conveying, Pulverizmg, Separating, Roasting. .. Prather'g ��al!leCle ansing Fluid." for cleansing GjIn8trumentBr ass&.. Dram8, Band Unifor ms H. 446 l!i. M�f;�Vd �n;c::�y flUid.1\ Prather ...... 7.02.j We will save you from 10 &. 8uppUc8. ���l\�nces.-Hanli(ers, Shaft A. to 50% OIl Typewriters of ail �W Write for catalog. Ball Couplings, Unl- .. Schroeder's Complexion Salt. for a medicine. 7 024 illustratioDs. FREE; it J!;ives Mu� Bearings.a leBeari s, Steps, If. Schroeder ...... makes.P!'" Send tor Oataloaue . fot' New Randa. al � e oats. A. & sic and Instructions ' �e::rs, S�o� �� g��s. °Scir��s.r�;�:g�, sH�rs��? .. Success," for breakfast J. B.. . Kern.. . LYON & HEALY. l . ';.030 Sons ...... _ ... _ ...... 88 AdBmo St.. UIIHJAGO. Machi ne�. rJ'extile Pliances. etc. •. 1 6. C��8��u��i:npH:�1"f.t��?e1��-;;i�)!!Xi st ValleyCondensing Brand/' for condensed milk, Northvl.. . _ .lle u ul Jii'o�:. �� fe Company ...... _ ...... 7.026 Driving. Dumping <'ars, Stone Grips; Derricks, S Roof and Bridge , O R ���::ls� �u;���r6n ��\�t;:s. PCAT E:�ALOGUE" 1 1. Drallgbtinll:- Device8.-·Parallel Rules. Curve PRINTS. E a Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsograp�B, Panto- � L Sw.e& D. MOG EY. ra . . J. B. A. & '.- . BAY 0 NNE: CITY. N J - . Success' Di!lIt," for fiour. Kern Sons .. 153 � 18. �sJ>� I\':!�ous Devices. Animal Power, E Sheep Shears Movements and Devices. Eleva­ T A � tors Cranes. Sewing, Typewriting, and Printin.ll printed copy of the specification and drawing of � iC any patent in the foregoing list. or any patent in print ¥��nf��res. t�����t�::. ��B.1'�;sk SFu���::: issued since 1SO:�, will be furnished from this officefor 'BEST BICYCLE BRAKE...... ; Acet.yleneGenerators. Gasoline Mantel Lamps, 10 cents. in ordering please state the name and numb361er t w d Fire Arms. et.c. of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., ';.�� il:�t l'����'ilti� iJ!���:,ur ••* Copies .prepaid to ·any address on receIpt of price. Broadway. New York. SpeCial rates win be given where til!"i���:i �::i��"i��� llf" Se1Id forDescripUve Circular. a large number of copies are desired at one time. Canadian patents may now be obtained by the in­ is composedTH ofEa friction TRE disk securedBERT to tbe bub of rear wbeel,BRAKE a clutch on tbe disk and a ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore­ c'utch on tbe rear sprocket wheel. Both clutch�s have inclined surfaces upon which balls MUNN &. CO., Publishers, .going liElt,pr ovided they are simple. at a cost of 140 each. roll. Wben tbe bike chain I. pulled forward. tbe bans also move forward and ride up tbeir SCIENTIFIC AMEIUCAN OFFICE, If complicated th� cost will be a little more. J4"' or full incline. Back pressure to pedals produces reverse motion. li"'ree booklet of particulars. instructions address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway. New 361 BROADWAY . NEW YORK. York. Otber fOrelj(D �tamal &leobQ obtaiuQd. :,sr:Q°nll Trebert Automatic Ooaster and Brake 00. ISY�:'-f�SE,

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. So I titutifit �tUtricnu.

, '. ' Tribune Bicycles �� R� for 1899. CUT is natural pipe tobacco, and is free from ftavoring. coloring. and anything artiicial. It is cut in slices, just right to ill the average size pipe. and for this reason there is no waste and loss every time you ill your pipe. as there is with all other kinds of pipe tobacco.

Write forlarge New Oatalogue /UustraUng our IT full l e of twenty·three mo&l3. Traveling is a Pleasure i The Black Mfg. Co Erie, Pa. Send Ten Cents n .• Ail varieties at lowest prIces. Best Railroad Winton k o es in stamps, just as soon as you can. for a trial box of this new pipe tobacco. !�:g lt&l'':,s:'::f°�rt?�le�� l';!'CI�at� Motor Sewing Machines. Bicycles. Toul et,. Save You wt11 enjoy the tobaccQ and you wi11 like the curved box. It is a Money.S al oLists Free. CHICAGO Chlc•. Bll�:r�O. Ill.' C S ';l'ALE Co .• Oarriage brand new idea for all "out- door" pipe smokers.

It its the pocket. "A slice to a pipeful." are using with great sat.. DUNLOP Get our Book· Greamisfactlon ander economyies let of anu DETACHABLE dealerar of U8 R THE NO N i o ; e! ;'����I� TIRES Danj;!er! Dirt! k AMERICAN ���Send �� for Testimunials� I�� to � DUNLOP No No are heldon the or TIRE CO., ritlt lty laflatlon Belle.llle. N . . J • Charter Gas Engine Chicago. III. . No oem8llt�

BRISTOL'S RECORDING INSTRUMENTS. GEO. Pressure Gauges, Vacuum Gauges. Volt� ·EIputlmentBy M. al Scie HOPKINS. nl meters, Amperemeters, Watt meters, and 'J bermometers, make continuous records 20th Edition R.evlsed and Enlarged. Day and N4Jht. Wlll ltyfor themselves. r ft n e :��. �nI3a���!3rr' !t��� �� J:r �i:C�� 914 PlLIres. 820 Illustrations. Price cloth: .. lars and Specimen Ohart. $4.00 In $6.00 In hili!morocco. po...... Tbs Bristol Company. Waterbury, Conn. otbers 811who & desireIi t w. 4iiiiijj;-�to Impart or obtainwe a D" -- ever made. It is a new idea. and a good one. Every Golf practical knowledge Physics. This splendid01 --4st a�'Hti�;�'1 e os man, Bicyclist. Canoeist, Camper. Fisherman, and "nIIlT.,/lnt"· work gives young and Slt:::ALw.!!UMINUM���r� °b!������::' tile�PA�k:IINT�� J.� .:� old something worthy W-.� �.��.c;,.�. SendCa forldwell Wustmted Co (Jalawgue.M in St .. r LouW. E.isv ille. 221 E. a Ky. .. I THE CRIFFIN MILL ueen's Patent \I Triple Plate" � ToQ epler-Holtz Electrical Machine. Can used at ali times ofb� year and tn � kinds of wea.ther. � � a11 USED THE rcJon�� application.� l"�&��,� We� IS NOW OF BY OVER LARGEST 1 IJ " • • • • : PORTLAND CEMENT : MANUFAC'l'(J'RnRS IN TUn WORLD, and there were more � Griffin Mills sold to Cement Manufacturers during the past �J\ A the other Grinding Mills combined. \, year than of all J For refere ces. and ill strated • the highest n u • '' u n full ''' � r " g o gi'; i;�;;; ass. ,. lv rizer ;:.: e y Pu e , Th Bradle M .��.l I..>'�.c.>o-.-n.�•••• c.>-- .c.>--�.c.>--�.r>-�;

© 1899 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.