RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

The WW II British B2 Spy Radio and the Spies Who Served in

Presented by William Hopkins Antique Wireless Museum Bloomfield, NY

Bibliography at: https://antiquewireless.org Look for: “bibliography” Also: see additional bibliography, end of presentation 1

Charles de Gaulle - PM Général de Brigade

Free French Forces

18 June, BBC, two broadcasts “Set Europe Ablaze!” on the same evening, one to Established the Special Operations Executive Britain, one to France: (Inter Services Bureau) Churchill: “Our Finest Hour” A Hush-Hush operation de Gaulle: L'Appel du 18 juin

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Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 1 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

VICHY Regime

Gen. Phil. Pétain:“Head of State”

Pierre Laval: Leader of

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- Developed for Secret Intelligence Service – SIS, or MI6 – at Little Horwood and Whadden Hall, Buckinghamshire. - Dropped by PARAchute to resistance units in Norway and Denmark (later Sussex) - Early operators, (unsecessful) British Expeditionary Forces. - Discontinued use because of constant telltale regenerative signal (SUSSEX later)

Mark 7 4

Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 2 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

Book: M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France, 1966 (excerpts in e-Books)

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British B2 (Type 3) Mark II Spy Radio Antique Wireless Association Museum

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AWA Museum’s B2 Accessories, Transmitter, Receiver, Power Supply Serial Number “may be” no. 15 !

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Ref: http://cryptomuseum.com/spy/b2/index.htm 8

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Transmitter - Chassis Sides

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Receiver – Chassis Sides

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B2 Original Hand Key

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*Receiver frequency range: 3.1-15.2 MHz *4 “valves”: 7Q7, 7R7, 7Q7, 7R7 (loctals) *IF frequency: 470 kHz *AF output: 50mW into 120Ω (Earphones) *Sensitivity: 1-3 µV @ 10 mW (CW)

*Transmitter frequency coverage: 3-16 MHz (4 ranges) *RF output: 20 W (fundemental and 2nd harmonic), 16-20 W (3rd harmonic) *Antenna: 18 meter wire (long enough for 1 current node) *Ground: 3 meter wire (eq. length wire, 3 ft above gnd under ant.) *AC power supply: 97-140V and 190-250V (40-60Hz) *Power consumption: 27W (RX) and 57W (TX) *DC power supply: 6V, 4.5A (RX) and 9.5A (TX)

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The Radio and Many Other SOE Items Designed/Created at “”

Inventions as models for Ian Fleming’s “James Bond” 007 gadgets

John Brown: Designer of the B2 3 Mark II; also Type A, B3, the “Biscuit,” bike-driven battery chargers, etc.

Also created at the Frythe (”Section IX”):

- The B2 with Hand Generator: “the Jed-Set” - - Welman one-man subs (unsuccessfully used against Norway) - suppressed long pistol - Time Pencil (No. 10 Delay Switch)

- Landmines to look like dung of cows, camels, elephants

- (MI-9 (Resistance Networks): Christopher Hutton’s Escape Aids

Today the site is owned by GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceutical company

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B2 Radio Factory –Transmitter Test Bench Station VII-A at Wembley

Hit by a “Flying Bomb” (V-1 rocket) in 1944)

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Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 10 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

Also: Radar Transponder: Hotel des Invalides, (WWII exhibit) ”Rebecca” & “Eureka” (”recognition of beacons”) 21

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****************** Also, in NYC (Rockefeller Bldg.): British Security Coordination, BSC under the Canadian, William (“Bill”) Stephenson

British Off-Shore Center: Rockefeller Bldg, Manhattan,Wm. Stephenson. A Man Called Intrepid, by William Stevenson.  espionage and c. esp. Frequently talks about the “Baker Street Irregulars.” Stephenson: Liaison between Roosevelt and Churchill - and much more.

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- Born Vera Maria Rosenberg, Romania

- May 10, ‘40 stranded in The Netherlands

- From Secretary to Intelligence Officer

- Tracked down missing agents, post-WWII

- Got Rudolf Hoess (Auschwitz) to confess

- Atkins: “the most powerful personality in the SOE.” /Foot: p.47

M.R.D.Foot: “… the thought of a singular nasty death. Fighting enthusiasm can be quite as strong in one sex as in another. There was plenty of field work women could do; for two obvious instances, they made excellent wireless operators, and far less obtrusive couriers than men.” /47

Book: Sarah Helm, A Life in Secrets. Vera Atkins & the Missing Agents of WWII Book: Wm Stevenson, Spymistress… 25

* -Trained FANYs at “Chef de Codage” “The author at his most mature” Grendon Underwood 22 yrs old in’42 (Station 53A) and Poundon (53B) to decrypt “indecipherables”

“There was a warning gleam in those forbidding eyes (of Brig. Nicholls): 'What did you tell Colonel Tiltman about the Dutch situation?’

'Nothing, sir, I was instructed not to discuss the country sections.' 'And you always obey your instructions?' 'No, sir. But in this instance, I did.' There was silence as Celt met Jew on the frontier of instinct. We then went our separate ways” in the building.

Leo Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, c1998 The “Funkspiel” w Giskes in the Netherlands – “doubling” an agent

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Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 13 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

I.e., Listening in on the Enemy and Gathering Intelligence SOE’s Encryption Methods WHAT IT TAKES TO BREAK: - Playfair Cipher (since Crimean War) - Lateral Thinking (“OTB”) (the Charles Wheatstone cipher!) - Imagining the enemy (uses “Bigrams”) - Knowing How to Count - Double Transposition (1941-42) using a - Having a Good Memory “Poem” (like Playfair) - Musicality helps - ’ own poems - Crossword Puzzler (?) - One-Time Pad with a “Worked Out Key” – - Knowing world literature WOK; using silk (pat-down proof) (9” X 4 ½ Silk Handkerchief)

Must Keep Separate: Bletchley Intercepts and SOE Deciphers

SOME TOOLS OF THE TRADE TO BREAK A CYPHERED MESSAGE: - Using a “crib” (a guessed word or phrase at beginnings/ends of messages) - Comparing repeated messages (for security checks, omitted information, etc. - “Depth of Two” (different message but same “transposition key” used) - “Anagramming” (finding the same word in two different messages) - Assuming occasional radio receiving mistakes - Listening for the usual: “Heil Hitler”

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A “Poem” or “Text” Code Using Double Transposition

From KLÉBER (SW France) to , 27 Aug, ‘44

FIRST KEY: “DESCENDAIENT LA MON” (“went down my…”) SECOND KEY: “TURPIN DISAIT TENAN” (“Turpin told Tenan…”)

Cybertext to be sent in 5-letter GROUPS: INEEX UJDRT OATGA QGVAE EINOR,…

Plain Text: “Telegram 13. Regroupment of Reserve Corps 64, led by General Sachse (General Badinski led the 276th Division…) Should be completed today. A march begins tomorrow to cross…” [Telegram 14 completed the entire message.) 28

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A “One-Time Pad” ...called a “Worked Out Key” – WOK … also Double Transposition

…printed on Silk

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Agent Training Center Beaulieu Mansion, New Forest in Hampshire

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Training Building at Beaulieu

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‘le nom de guerre”

His disguise

- Don’t ask for a “café noir” or a “café au lait.” Don’t take off your beret inside. - Cycle on the “right” side of the road. - Don’t say “Sorry” when on a bus, a train, or on the Metro. Don’t smile overtly. - Don’t look right, when preparing to cross a street busy with traffic. - Keep your fork in your left hand – Elbows OK “sur la table”

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Some Rules for Wireless Operators

Students scheduled to become W/T Operators went straight from boot camp at Arisaig, , went on to Morse code and wireless school BEFORE proceeding to Beaulieu for final training. Morse school and radio handling demanded an extra 3 months of training.

- Bury – otherwise hide - the wireless set upon arrival (parachuting, etc.) - the aerial to allow cover in W/T’s absence. - Stay with “friends” because hand key “keytaps” are audible - Constantly move the set and/or aerial - Restrict times and length of transmission to restricted plan – German DFs - W/T’s NEVER to be used for other work - Other agents (Organizer, Courier, French “cut-outs” not to go to W/T’s residence or place of operation – i.e., no direct contacts - Establish a reserve means of communication, if W/T must go into hiding - No messages via the W/T if they can be conveniently sent by other means - Messages between 150-200 letters (later altered to 100) - No WTs communicating with other WTs via wireless !

- ”Louis” in OSS, Southern France; caught, transmitted SK, not VA sign-off; not heard by his “new” handlers – transmitted 4 mos., then escaped. 34

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Tempsford Air Field (north of London) Tangmere Airfield (south, on the coast)

SOE Agents: once outward bound, called “Joes” and “Janes,” or just Bods Dinner before shoving off: Two Eggs. 8 – day period of the moon used – dead reckoning (using rivers, churches, mountains)

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Smithsonian Institution 37

- Mercury engine, 9 cyl. Rotary - 87 octane gas - Idle at 300 rpm; cruise at 2700 rpm. - Variable pitch prop replaced>constant - Armaments removed - 150 belly fuel tank made permanent (150 gal., increasing 600 to 1000 miles) - 10 hr maximum flight - Rear canopy slid back for quick access - Permanent ladder (rungs painted white) - Passenger seat facing rear, for 2, and shelf behind for extra seating - Smaller radio - Flaps automatically extend/retract - Large wheels for soft, grassy fields

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

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Two remain operational in Canada: Ontario and Quebec Canadian Warplane Museum, Hamilton, ONT (in repair after a crash)

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Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 20 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

45:55-49:02 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFcFZuvZiIk

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Lockheed Hudson – Early 1942

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FANYS and WAAFS Work Radio Stations

FIRST AID NURSING YEOMANRY SOE STATIONS at Grendon Underwood, Station 53A and Poundon, Station 53B

WOMEN’S AUXILIARY AIR FORCE (from women recruited close to receiving sites) Bletchley’s Y-Stations across Great Britain and SOE agents

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- Here: a Y-Station WAAF Interceptor - Some 600 Station Complexes Across the UK - Military Intercepts to Bletchley Park - Station 33 - (Enigma / ”Ultra”) - In the UK: Some 10,000 National HRO Receivers in Use

”Y” short for “Wireless”

SOE also used HROs at: Grendon Underwood and Poundon Stns.

Later, the U.S. OSS used Hallicrafters SX-28s

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One of Two Transmitter/Receiver Antenna Sites for SOE Here: Station 53B at Poundon

- 125 acre site - 50 Transmitters in center bldg. (simultaneous oper.) - Each transmitter, 250 W - One 15 kilowatt transm. - 34 folded dipoles - 7 high-gain rhombics (8 – 10 Db gain) for Yugoslavia, M. & Far East

Radio Operators housed in camouflage site for security.

Everything remotely controlled. First Site at: Grendon-Underwood, Station 53A Source: P. Lorrain, Clandestine Operations, 1983, p. 174. 46

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Phase 1 (ca. 10-20 km) Phase 2 (ca. 1-2 km)

Phase 4 ( field monitor by walking/driving) Phase 3, (ca. 200 m)

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1) Gestapo (Secret State Police) under Hermann Goering, then Heinrich Himmler. Virtually all Gestapo agents were also SS (“protection squadron”); 2) Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service) under 3) (Military Intelligence – defensive) under Vice- Admiral Wilhelm Canaris

Josef Kieffer, SS/SD, Senior Hugo Bleicher, Abwehr, Abwehr radio listening post Intelligence Off., Paris Paris

The British and Americans had their own programs and methods to catch nazi agents in country; both were highly successful, with exceptions.

The British XX System, or Double-Cross System, and its Twenty Committee for counter-espionage under MI5. 48

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SOE’s Fingerprinting of two WT

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- SOE F-Section number of ALL agents inserted: “480”; 130 captured; 26 survived - 75 WOMEN (2 Netherlands, 2 Belgium, the rest to France) 39 trained at SOE schools, deployed From July 17, ‘42 (Yvonne Rudellat) to July 7, ‘44 (Christine Granville) - 29 of these women captured by the enemy - 16 executed (one died in Paris of illness; one took cyanide) - “First Woman” already in theatre: (American in southern France) * * * * * - First agent inserted: Georges Bégué Univ. of Hull, , Engineering A Frenchman and “signaller” in the French Army As George Noble, parachuted May 5,’41 with heavy wireless and clothing bundle Suggested BBC “messages personnels”

From Paris, wireless 3 times per day!

These statistics do not include the RF-Section (’s Free French), also out of London and North Africa)

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Agent in , France “Les Marguerites fleuriront ce soir” (The American “fixer” in SOE) Daisies will bloom tonight.

Klaus Barbie: “The woman with the limp.” Book: Sonia Purnell, A Woman of No Importance

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Andrée Borrel (“Monique”) 1919 – 1944 PHYSICIAN (PROSPER) - "un garçon manqué” athletic - Cyclist / mountain climber - Boulangerie Pajo, Paris - To Spain as a “Republican” - Red Cross, then Underground - Perpignan, an MI9 safe house,”PAT” line. (She learned security.) - Pyrenees, Portugal, London - “Royal Patriotic School” (MI5)

- Rejected by “Free French Forces” (she had worked with Brits / escapees Posthumously: - The “Corps Feminin” > FANY as Lt. MBE - Sept. 24, 1942 with Lise de Baissac (Odile), FIRST SOE Women to Medaille de la Resistance parachute into France. King’s Commendation for Brave Conduct - Francis Suttill: “she is the best of us.” - 2nd in command; “coups de main” - Gestapo / /July 6, 44 53

Captain Isidore “Izzy” Newman (Julien - Pepe) MBE 1916-1944 CARTE, SALESMAN - Teacher in primary school in Hull (1938). - “..a good catch for any Jewish girl.” Mama - Army Aug., ‘41 SOE to wireless training - “He does excellent work in instructing other students in Morse. … One of Buckmaster’s best operators (in France). - Feb. 26’42 to Gibralter > 9 days submarine - Problems with the CARTE réseau (circuit) - 200 messages for P. Churchill (Cannes) - 54 Messages for F. Liewer (Rouen) - Betrayed, captured, murdered in Mauthausen

..”extremely security-minded, never transmitted from the same place twice, cycling many miles every month; often riding 40 miles out of Rouen to transmit, in an area thick with enemy troops.”

SALESMAN: destruction of 900-ton minesweeper at Rouen; aluminum-alloy factory; large electrical supplies dump; troop train derailments; intelligence on Le Havre port 54

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Courier and W/T Op W/T Operator Used Paris trains Paris: 105 messages Radio spare parts in Organized finances a cosmetics bag. for Résistance Returned home via 5 mos. Lysander (15 mos.) V-1 Rocket info. Post-war: Cared for DF – detected. her sister Torture: Ravensbrück, In NYC: United Torgau, escape Nations UK Protocol to Leipzig ! Eileen “Didi” (Rose) Jacqueline (Jacqueline) WIZARD, SPIRITUALIST STATIONER

… and their brother Francis

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFcFZuvZiIk 56

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Yvonne Cormeau W/T Operator (Annette, Fairy, Sarafari) 1909 – 1997 WHEELWRIGHT (SW France)

Born, – Belgian father /Scottish mother

- A war widow and mother of three children

- The second woman W/T op sent to France

- Once pretended radio was an X-ray machine

- Sent 400 messages in 12 months

- For 6 mos., one village – no water or electr.

- Helped dislodge Army Group G from Toulouse

- Shot in leg by German patrol

- Postwar: remarried at 70.

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Francis Cammaerts (Roger) DSO 1916-2006 DONKEYMAN, JOCKEY, - Son of Emile Cammaerts, Belgian and prof., who transl. of G.K. Chesterton’s Father Brown mysteries. - At Cambridge, hockey star - Taught, & London. - Close friend Harry Rée, also SOE. - Conscientious objector; but brother in RAF died.

- March ‘43 to France (12+ circuits then) - Super Security-Minded - Back in London:“Problem of F and RF!” - Visited VERCORS Maquisards - “Head of Allied Missions, SE, France (10,000 strong Resistance army) - Gestapo arrest. Saved by Christine Granville on a bluff. - Postwar: teacher, headmaster, Univ. of Plymouth; and educ. 58

Bill Hopkins, AA2YV 29 RARA Presentation with the AWA August 5TH, 2020

Harry Rée (César) 1914-1991 ACROBAT, STOCKBROKER

Teacher Conscientious objector April ‘43 to France Sabotaged Peugeot factory, Sochaux Shot 4 times; swam, escaped to Switz.

Postwar: Prof. Ed., Univ. of York His son: Jonathan Rée, philosopher.

Henri in “School for Danger”

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Vera Atkins: “very brave woman, but a law unto herself and a loner.”

Ian Fleming’s Vesper Lynd in “Casino Royale” (it’s possible)

- Born, Warsaw – Polish noble family father, Catholic / mother Jewish - A “Chopin” connection - Skied over Tatras, deliver intelligence - Escaped from Hungary via Cairo - Inserted from Algiers, Jul 6, ‘44 - At Col de Larche, Polish and Germans surrender - Posed as Montgomery’s niece, Cammaerts freed! 60

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Explosives in a pod

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- Born 1914, Paris - Father: Chartered Acct., Paris - At 17, rheumatic fever - Brazil: swimming/dancing - First Aid and Morse Code - Worked for British Embassy

- 1943, WAAF - April 5, ‘44 para., Orléans - HISTORIAN – Maquis supplies - On missions, gun battle. - While transmitting, 31 July. - Tortured, executed 5 Feb, ‘45 at Ravensbrück (also , Denise Bloch, Cecily Lefort) - Odette Sansom lived.

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Lilian Rolfe’s Morse Code Skills:

Bob Lyndall, Morse Training Instructor, interviewed:

“‘In 1943, whilst on rest in the crew training centre at no.13 operational training unit at RAF Bisector, I was surprisingly presented with a group of newly recruited WAAF’s with orders to instruct them in Morse. One girl was outstanding in her intelligence, linguistic ability, aptitude for Morse... that her name remained in my memory.’

Lilian Rolfe already: ‘knew Morse and trained for approx six weeks. Bob was not permitted to get to know Lilian outside of the classroom as security was always tight on these courses, so much so that Bob said that he knew there was some sort of: ‘secret service organisation, but not that it was called SOE.’

It was not only wireless operators who were taught about their role in the field, other agents were briefed on the work of the wireless operators and how to treat them, and this is clearly stated in the SOE Syllabus.” Vicurs, p. 57

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Violette (Bushell) Szabo (Louise - Corinne) Awarded the George Cross 1921-1945 SALESMAN - A “tomboy” long-distance bicycling, shooting, gymnastics - Childhood years in France - Worked at Woolworths in Oxford St and Le Bon Marché - 42-day romance / he, 31, she, 19 - Etienne died at 2nd Bat. of El Alemain - Learned Morse Code and cipher - April 6 – 30, ‘44 to Le Havre & Rouen - 2nd insertion: 8 Jun ‘44, to Limoges - Caught in a Citroën – firing gun. - Captured, Ravensbrück, Jan 27, ’45 - Daughter Tania honors her mother’s memory. - The London Memorial to all SOE Agents

1958 Film: Carve Her Name With Pride

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Marks goes to test Violette Szabo (code- The life that I have name Louise) on her ability to encode Is all that I have messages without error, using a poem. And the life that I have Is yours. “I opened the door of the briefing room. A dark-haired slip of mischief rose from The love that I have behind the desk, held out her hand, and Of the life that I have smiled. She had a cockney accent, which Is yours and yours and yours. added to her impishness. It seemed inappropriate for the Head of Codes to mark A sleep I shall have the occasion by singing ‘Every little breeze A rest I shall have seems to whisper Louise’, so I shook her hand Yet death will be but a pause. in silence. Professor Higgins instructed Eliza Dolittle to encode a WOK message at least For the peace of my years 200 letters long.” …. In the long green grass “It won’t come out! Why do I keep making Will be yours and yours and yours. mistakes? She thumped her head: ‘Pourquoi?” “I also learned she was the ... and… deadliest shot in the training “Do you know a poem you’d like me to try?” school.”

Maurice Chevalier singing “Louise” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtGSE90RycI

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Harry Peulevé (Jean) W/T Operator 1916-1963 SCIENTIST, AUTHOR

- Algiers, Stratford-Upon-Avon Electr. Eng. in London -BBC Camerman

-First: July ’42, Nimes (parachuted “blind”) Broke leg - Second: Aug ‘43,Correze w/ the Frances-Tireurs (Organizer & W/T! Partisans - Aug ‘44 captured - Met V. Szabo in prison - Buchenwald; of 43 SOE, only 7 escaped

- Escaped Buchenwald with Yeo-Thomas of RF(de Gaulle) Section

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- Univs. Cambridge, Geneva - Fluent, French, Span., Ital. - Ice Hockey star at Cambridge (15 international “caps”), golf (6 handicap) - Vice-Consul abroad; - Undersecretary, Home Office - SOE, June, ’41 - F-Section (France) 4 times - First, to evaluate CARTE - His French Courier: Odette Sansom - Relocated to (St. Jorioz) - Mar.-April in London (via Lysander and Hudson) - Next day, April 15, captured by Hugo Bleicher (German Abwehr) - Paris, , Sachsenhausen, Flossenbürg, Dachau, , Churchill wrote 3 books and several Villabassa (w/ 140 notables) newspaper articles about SPINDLE and - SS withdrew, Apr. 27. his and Odette’s survival

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- First woman to be awarded George Cross, - Also a Chevaler of the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur - Born, Amiens, France - Blinded 3 ½ years; polio - A difficult convent school child - Odette Sansom had 3 daughters (England) - Joined SOE, based on a postcard - “She is impulsive and hasty…” - Landed as Cassis by boat, first to Auxerre, then to SPINDLE in Cannes - On the train, a courier had lost a list w 200 names; escape to Annecy (St. Jorioz) - Captured, Apr. 15, ’43, Fresnes Prison, Paris, Ravensbrück Concentration Camp - Escape to U.S. Army with camp commandant Fritz Suhren (executed 1950) - Married , 1947-1956 - Married Geoffrey Hallowes, 1956-2006.

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- Born, 1918, Cairo, Russian-Jewish parents - Educated in Paris, lived in the U.S. - Boxing champ in his youth; “giant fellow” - 1938, French Foreign Legion, - June 1940, prisoner of war, 3 mos. Escaped - Via Spain to Great Britain, joined SOE - Aug 28, ‘42, parachuted north, in the wrong place - Joined SPINDLE w/Peter Churchill & Odette - SPINDLE collapsed, group to Annecy - Escaped capture, Apr. ‘43, over Pyrenees - Mar 4, ‘44 parachuted back; Gestapo trap - Gross-Rosen Concentration Camp - Executed Aug/Sept, ‘44

Peter Churchill dedicated his book, Duel of Wits to “my beloved Arnaud, the late Captain Alec Rabinovitch, a violent, difficult, devoted and heroic radio operator, and through him to all 'underground' men and women of his supreme caliber who died, as they lived, in solitude.”

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Location of city of Annecy and village, St. Jorioz on Lac d’Annecy

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NNW toward London

St. Jorioz Faverges St. Jorioz to Les Tissots: around the mountain, - 20 Km around the lake

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Garage in the foreground added in later years

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The mountain peak “la Belle Étoile” behind Rabinovitch’s transmitting direction (mountain top, 8898 ft. - transmit site at Les Tissots: 2475 ft.)

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Born, South Africa, parents died 1941 RAF Flight Mechanic for airframes May 1, 1944 into Orne, Calvados by parachute Once stopped, searched; her code in a hair string. Collected intelligence from German soldiers.

Postwar: Married, (Doyle) Kenya, Fiji, Australia Now, Aukland, NZ

Rode bicycle – sold Soaps – chatted up German soldiers

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“Pippa’s” area of operation

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Pippa (Latour) Doyle

On Thursday, October 5, 2017, Pippa (Latour) Doyle received the French Brevet Militaire de Parachutiste [French parachute wings] medal for her service at an award ceremony at Auckland, New Zealand’s North Shore.

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470 SOE; Telemark; Maquis

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Additional Bibliography SOE – OSS – BSC – Escape Lines – Forgers – Writing SOE History

Pearl Witherington Cornioley, Code Name Pauline. Memoirs of a World War II Special Agent, Chicago: Chicago Review Press, (c2013) 2015, 184 pp.

William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid, NY: Ballentine, 1976, pb. 541 pp. Seth Meyerowitz with Peter Stevens, The Lost Airman. A True Story of Escape From Nazi- Occupied France, NY: Caliber, 2016, 299 pp.

Philip M. Williams, OSS Station Victor. Hurley’s Secret War, Glousestershire UK, Amberley, 2016, 96 pp.

Seth Meyerowitz with Peter Stevens, The Lost Airman. A True Story of Escape From Nazi- Occupied France, NY: Caliber, 2016, 299 pp.

Patrick K “O’Donnell, Operatives, Spies and Saboteurs. The Unknown Story of World War II’s OSS, 2017.

Sarah Kaminsky, Adolfo Kaminsky. A Forger’s Life, LA: DoppelHouse Press, 2016, 232 pp. (transl. from French by Mike Mitchell).

Dominique Soulier, The Sussex Plan: Secret War in Occupied France, 1943-1945, 2013, (transl. from French).

Christopher Murphy, “The Origins of the SOE in France,” in: The Historical Journal, 46/4, 2003, pp. 935-952. at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1277/1/displayFulltext.pdf

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Come Visit the Antique Wireless Museum Bloomfield, NY 9 am – 2 pm Tuesdays throughSaturdays

During Covid-19, Sign Up For a Visiting Time at https://antiquewireless.org

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