ISO Fo c u s The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 1, No. 4, April 2004, ISSN 1729-8709

Drilling

deep

Shell saves money with common standards Metadata : a worldwide library effort Contents

1 Comment Cheryl Stark, Chair, ISO/TC 67 It takes a synchronized team to get the petrol we need 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View By Mr. Malcolm Brinded, Chairman of the Committee of Managing Directors of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. ISO Focus is published 11 times 7 Main Focus a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs

Publisher Central Secretariat of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Drilling deep Manager : Anke Varcin • Assessing the value of partnerships Editor : Giles Allen • Standards as a strategic business asset Assistant Editor : Elizabeth • Only one standard is needed Gasiorowski-Denis • Capturing the added value – ISO/TC 67 Artwork : Pascal Krieger and Pierre Granier • Offshore structures – the imperatives of safety and security ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Applied regionally, effective internationally – in Europe Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas • Standards to the aid of regulation in Norway ISO Central Secretariat • Kazakhstan takes the international route Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 • China’s new petroleum industry strategy Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 • Demands continue to change “ downstream ” E-mail [email protected] • Managing resource conservation in the USA • The key role of training cross-board players © ISO, 2004. All rights reserved. 31 Developments and Initiatives The contents of ISO Focus are copyright and may not, whether in whole or in • Metadata: a worldwide library effort part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval • The next century for gas container requalification system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 35 New this month photocopying or otherwise, without written permission of the Editor. • ISO safety signs – used locally, understood globally • Sizing up card dimensions for international interchange ISSN 1729-8709 • ISO helps libraries self-diagnose their electronic performance Printed in Switzerland 37 Coming up Cover photo : ISO Highlights of upcoming articles

ISO Focus April 2004 Comment It takes a synchronized team to get

the petrol we need

o the consumer, the petroleum A collaborative effort with the entire offered its technology as the basis for and natural gas industry is the support community creates baseline several ISO/TC 67 standards and the Tsupplier or retailer of petrol standards and reduces the number of two groups continue jointly to develop and heating fuels used by that person. internal product specifications that a standards that serve the entire world but This is the industry interface with the company must maintain and use in address the varying needs of different consumer, but that interface contains a negotiation with vendors. operating areas. very extensive, interdependent network Another partner is CEN, the of contributors backing that retailer. “ The whole fits together European Committee for Standardiza- The trade name on a petrol sta- because each portion tion, that has an ISO mirror commit- tion is the company which supplies the tee, CEN/TC 12, with the same name fuel, refines it, produces it, drills for it, recognizes the common and goal as ISO/TC 67. CEN/TC 12 and explores for it. In the petroleum goal, and respects the upholds the spirit and intent of the industry, these companies are known intentions and input Vienna Agreement, by allowing ISO to as operators, and are usually, but not be the lead standardization organization always, responsible for the total supply of the other portions.” for its standards. Any item of European chain. Their owners, or in other words, but not international concern is worked stockholders, expect these companies Vendors are the companies sell- through CEN/TC 12. to operate in a responsible manner to ing goods and services to the operators. The whole fits together because generate a profit for them. These vendors can be service/supply companies selling or using manufac- each portion recognizes the common Operators have various business tured goods and/or the actual manu- goal, understands the part it plays, and streams that work together to supply the facturer of goods. Vendors are also respects the intentions and input of the end-user with fuel, lubricants, plastics, driven by their stockholders to generate other portions. TC 67 works harmoni- medicines, textiles, rubber tyres, ink, a profit, work in a responsible manner, ously towards the common goal of “do and other products. The upstream por- protect workers and the environment, it once, do it right, do it internationally” tion of the operator business encom- and provide a market usable product. A as evidenced by the 91 standards pub- passes the exploration, drilling and vendor welcomes and needs standard- lished during the past five years. production of petroleum or natural gas. ization as it reduces his cost of inven-

The downstream portion separates the tory, design modifications, retooling, crude product into usable products, and simplifies the negotiation with the such as gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, purchaser. bitumen, and other streams. These two pieces cover the But the operator does not work economic side of the petroleum and independently as there are many inter- natural gas industry but are only a related components each with a different part of the overall mechanism. There mandate. And the petroleum and natural are other players that also impact on gas industry operates in many countries how activity is undertaken. Primarily, and regions, each with a different man- the regulatory community, that can be date for exploitation. All components local, state or federal, are required by do work coherently within the frame of their constituents to provide a safe and ISO International Standards to accom- healthy environment, with no damage plish their respective goals. to the standard of living. Cheryl Stark Operators welcome and need Another player is the American International Standards for equipment Petroleum Institute. API is a regional Chair, ISO/TC 67, Material, and materials, so that they can rely organization of operator supporters, equipment and offshore structures on interchangeable parts, established and the service/supply and manufactur- for petroleum, petrochemical materials and workmanship, specified ing segments. The API began writing and natural gas industries performance criteria, and safety for the standards for the industry in 1923, worker, workplace and environment. producing some 550 standards. API

ISO Focus April 2004 1 World Scene

Challenges for developing World Petroleum New momentum for Standardization for the countries Congress 2005 standardization services sector Trade liberalization is undoubt- The 18 th World Petroleum of medical technologies edly opening up market oppor- Congress (WPC), which is to Standardization strategies for tunities for developing coun- be held in Johannesburg, South facilitating the worldwide tries. Yet many of them, espe- Africa, from 23 to 29 Septem- deployment of innovative medi- cially the least developed, still ber 2005, will discuss the cal technologies to enhance have enormous difficulties in theme “ Shaping the Energy public health and foster interna- making effective use of such Future : Partners in Sustainable tional trade were the successful openings, whether Solutions ”. output of the World Standards they result from “ The theme reflects the continu- Cooperation (WSC) workshop multilateral ing efforts of the petroleum bringing together some 130 agreements or industry to meet consumers experts representing the major from special growing demand for cleaner, players in this sector. arrangements, reliable and affordable energy At the workshop sessions, partic- according to a supply in socially acceptable ipants exchanged experiences new study ways,” declares Dr. Elvad from their own technical commit- published by A workshop on standardization Røren, President of the World tees, organizations and countries the Com- for the services sector was Petroleum Congress. in five sessions related to : Vision, monwealth organized by the European Links between Regulators and Secretariat High-level government delega- Commission’s DG Enterprise in standards developers, Standards and the tions from the 57 member coun- Brussels on 9 March 2004. It development practices, New Interna- tries of the WPC and more than was noted that the importance technologies and standards and tional Trade 3 500 executives, 250 students of the services sector is justified the Development dimension. Centre (UNCTAD/WTO). and 350 journalists are expected by its sheer weight in the econo- to take part A number of key recommen- my of the European Union “ Influencing and Meeting Inter- in the dations were made including : national Standards : Challenges (some 70 % of EU GDP) and event. calling for closer cooperation the increasing consumption of for developing countries” between ISO, IEC, ITU-T and Fol- services by manufacturing examines the difficulties hinder- WHO as well as other stand- lowing industry, affecting the cost, price ing the export efforts of devel- ards developing organizations ; the and quality of manufactured oping countries due to short- increasing transparency and theme goods. comings in their standardization mutual feedback among the of provid- Voluntary standards provide and conformity assessment parties concerned ; simplifying ing “ Sustaina- solutions to interface problems infrastructure. The publication and speeding up the standards ble Solutions,” a programme of when the provision of services presents an inventory of the development process ; relying technical presentations and key- crosses national borders. They technical assistance needs of on the use of electronic tools note addresses will focus on the permit users to compare prod- developing countries in relation such as videoconferencing and main areas of the congress, fea- ucts and prices, which enforces to technical regulations and e-balloting; ensuring standards turing the latest in upstream, competition and efficiency. In sanitary and phytosanitary are responsive and relevant to downstream and petrochemi- the absence of standards, market measures and addresses some the current market needs ; meet- cals, natural gas and renewables, transparency remains low, of the identified challenges. A ing the needs of all stakehold- and managing the industry. Spe- whereas standards would enable second volume in preparation ers (regulators, medical com- cial features will include an service providers to focus on the gives 12 case studies. munity and industry) ; increas- OPEC luncheon, an awards cer- internal process of services pro- According to its authors, the ing the participation of devel- emony, specialist workshops duction and obtain economies inability of many developing oping countries in the standards and round tables, as well as a of scale. countries to participate effec- developing process and focus- corporate social responsibility tively in international standardi- ing on the development of hori- The workshop was presented area. zation activities poses serious zontal standards (i.e. risk man- with a number of case studies problems to the trade of these ISO will participate for the first agement, quality management related to individual national countries. For most of the case time in the World Petroleum and biological safety). initiatives which have resulted study countries, one of the Congress and address the theme in standards for particular serv- For more information : important tasks to be addressed of current trends for manage- ices, such as facilities manage- is that of creating greater ment and reporting standards – www.iso.ch/wsc-medtech ment in the Netherlands, for the awareness among industry and from quality to social responsi- More on the outcomes of the operation of call centres in trade groups of the need on bility – and highlight the impor- workshop will be available in France, as well as a CEN initia- their part to carry out the basic tance of the technical specifica- the May issue of ISO Focus. tive relating to translation serv- research and analytical work tion ISO/TS 29001 for imple- ices. The European Commission that is necessary for participa- menting ISO 9001-based quality has issued a general mandate to tion in the work on standardiza- management systems in the oil the three European Standards tion at international level. and natural gas industry. Organizations asking them to elaborate work programmes in For more information : For more information : the services sector in the next www.intracen.org www.18wpc.com 12 months.

2 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO Scene

Water safety signs Web site for The Kids’ Kids’ ISO 14000 Programme (MSB), ISO member for (ISBN 92-67-10388-1) is availa- Mauritius, brought together The World Tourism Organiza- ISO 14000 Programme ble free of charge from ISO Hon. Ahmad Jeewah, Minister tion, a specialized agency of the ISO has launched a Web site members and from ISO Central of Civil Service Affairs and United Nations, has recognized (www.iso.org/kidsiso14000) Secretariat. Administrative Reforms and that an International Standard promoting The Kids’ ISO 14000 Hon. Khushhal Chand for water safety would have Programme, which aims to ISO members for Khushiram, Minister of Industry, benefits for trade and tourism, harness the energy of children Argentina and Botswana Financial Services and Corpo- particularly in relation to and young people around the certified to ISO 9001: rate Affairs along with repre- developing countries. world to tackle environmental sentatives of the Mauritius challenges. 2000 The World Congress on Standards Bureau and Council Instituto Argentino de Normal- Drowning said that a “ working The Kids’ ISO 14000 Pro- as well as other organizations ización (IRAM), ISO member group should be established to gramme (see ISO Focus, Febru- and enterprises. deal with and resolve the ary 2004, p. 33) was created and for Argentina and the Botswana Conference speakers highlighted complexities surrounding water is operated by the Japanese Bureau of Standards (BOBS), the adoption of International safety signs and symbols to non-profit, non-governmental ISO member for Botswana, have Standards by the small island produce a set of symbols that organization ArTech. It employs achieved full-site certification economy, particularly in the can be universally understood a simplified version of the Plan- of conformity to the ISO 9001: public sector, as part of the regardless of race, culture and Do-Check-Act methodology 2000 quality management reform initiatives to institutional- level of literacy ” in June 2002, used in ISO’s highly successful standard. ize a “ quality culture ”. An Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ISO 14001 environmental This means that an independent Award Ceremony to celebrate management system standard, auditor has verified that the and to recognize the efforts which is implemented by at least quality system at IRAM and made by the teams of officers 50 000 organizations in 118 BOBS meets the standard’s involved in the implementation countries. requirements which include, of ISO principles followed suite. This educational programme has in particular, organizational In his presentation on “ Stand- the following objectives : processes in place to ensure customer satisfaction and con- ardization in the New World • develop environmental aware- tinual improvement. Economic Order with Emphasis ness among children and on Small Island Economy ”, Mr. In the case of IRAM, the Insti- young people, Bryden stressed the use of Inter- tute is also certified to ISO national Standards as a driver to • teach them to implement envi- 14001. This means that an inde- access international markets and ronmental management in pendent auditor has checked that attract investment. “ Standardiza- their homes and communities, the processes influencing the tion is a very modern way of and impact of the organization’s ISO has approved a new propos- managing the diversity and com- activities on the environment al to develop an International • open them to the value of net- plexity of today’s world ”, said (ISO 14001), conform to the Standard for water safety signs. working with young people in Mr. Bryden, who also congratu- relevant standard’s requirements. The proposal has been assigned other schools, communities lated MSB for raising awareness to ISO technical committee ISO/ and countries in order to bring The objective of the certifications of the role of standardization at Graphical symbols TC 145, , the force of collective action is to give the organization’s man- the highest level of Mauritius’ Safety iden- subcommittee SC 2, to global environmental agement and its customers confi- Government. tification, signs, shapes, symbols issues. dence that the organization is in and colours, and consists of control of the way it does things. three work items : Water safety Launched in Japan in 2000, it is signs used in workplaces and now going international with the development of programme ISO Secretary- public areas ; Specification for General visits beach safety flags ; Code of material in English for subse- practice for the use of water quent national adoptions and Mauritius safety signs and beach safety translations. The first of this A country wish- flags. material is in preparation for the ing to be compet- ISO Kids’ site. A brochure, The itive worldwide Up until now, an International cannot ignore the Standard in this area did not importance of exist, but the importance International of the subject to the Standards and international what is occurring community has at the global lev- prompted ISO el, ISO Secretary- to introduce the General Alan Bryden told the ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden new proposal. attendees of a half-day confer- and Mrs. Bryden (centre) with Dr. Jean Claude Autrey (left), ence held in MSB Chairman, and Mr. Asraf A. Mauritius. Caunhye (right), MSB Director, The conference, organized by surrounded by the staff of the the Mauritius Standards Bureau Mauritius Standards Bureau.

ISO Focus April 2004 3 Guest View Malcolm Brinded

alcolm Brinded is The process has also been Vice-Chairman of the valuable in demonstrating that we MCommittee of Managing don’t have double standards over Directors of the Royal Dutch/Shell environmental issues. Our operations Group of Companies (CMD). Born in South Africa, Gabon and Nigeria in the United Kingdom, Malcolm in Africa, all operate under the same Brinded graduated in Engineering environmental management system as from Cambridge University in 1974 our operations in Europe or America. and joined Shell in The Hague. He Overall this has led to enhanced focus has worked for the Shell Group for and consequent improvement in envi- most of his career – in Brunei, the ronmental performance. Netherlands, Oman and the UK. ISO Focus : Apart from management From 1993 Mr. Brinded worked systems, how do you apply ISO stan- Shell International Limited in Shell Expro in Aberdeen in dards ? several roles, ultimately as Managing worldwide. We now have about 100 Malcolm Brinded : For the purposes Director, responsible for 20 % of the independent ISO 14001 certificates in of developing and operating our plants, UK’s offshore oil and gas business. various Group companies around the our strategy is primarily to use external He was also Shell’s Country world. Seven years ago we adopted an (non-Shell) standards, with a prefer- Chairman for the UK from 1999 until integrated health, safety and environ- ence for ISO/IEC standards, and to 2002. He was Shell’s Director for ment (HSE) management system and, minimize the additional requirements Strategy, Environment, and External as part of the environmental compo- in our company standards. We apply Affairs from 2001 until becom- nent, we decided that all our major rigorous commercial and technical ing a Group Managing Director in installations would be independently authorization processes, whereby any July 2002 and was appointed Vice- certified against ISO 14001 by 2000, additional requirements have to be jus- Chairman of CMD in March 2004. and I am pleased to report that this tified, for both business and technical has been done. Frankly, obtaining the Malcolm Brinded is a Fellow of the reasons. We do maintain a set of Group certificates has been more difficult and Institutions of Civil and Mechanical company technical standards, as well as more rigorous than many expected. We Shell International Limited Engineers, and a fellow of the Royal feedback loops between the users and are now in the process of consolidating Academy of Engineering. Mr. Brinded custodians of these standards to con- some of these certificates, so that one was awarded the CBE in 2002 for stantly improve them. We endeavour to certificate covers multiple plants. services to the United Kingdom oil openly influence the standards bodies, and gas industry. with the aim of increasing the number “ Strong business and improving the quality of external standards applicable to Group use. ISO Focus : With operations in more benefits have come As a global company, trad- than 145 countries and a workforce of from ISO 14001 ing in international markets and with 115 000 people, the companies of the certification.” contractors, suppliers and customers Royal Dutch/Shell Group are engaged who operate within a multitude of in the business of exploration and pro- There have been strong busi- different regulatory frameworks, it duction, gas and power, oil products, ness benefits that have come from is not surprising that we want to use chemicals and renewables as well as ISO 14001 certification. Perhaps most International Standards that are rel- other activities. notable has been identification of the evant to the global market. What concrete benefits have need for training of operational staff Our internal standards system ISO management system standards to enhance their awareness of relevant is being increasingly aligned with brought the Royal Dutch/Shell Group environmental issues and the impact standards from ISO and your sister and what value have they added ? on their work. This has also led to organization IEC. In 1990 we refer- Malcolm Brinded : ISO 14000 has improve the quality of operations and, enced approximately 130 ISO and IEC had a major impact on environmental importantly, to improve the motivation standards in our internal company stan- awareness and procedures in our plants of our people. dards. Today we reference some 800.

4 ISO Focus April 2004 With such an approval, it is a development. These principles apply prerequisite that the applied standard to all Shell employees globally. We meets our needs. This is why Shell have three Group-wide policies : Our invests in active participation in the Business Principles ; our Health Safe- ISO committee work (about USD 2 ty and Environment (HSE) Policy ; million per year). and our Risk and Internal Control Policy to assess and manage business ISO Focus : What is your strategy to risks. The CEO of each Shell business link quality, environment, risk manage- is required to provide an annual assur- mentPSA Peugeot and Citroën,social Direction responsibility de la Communication in your ance that these Group-wide policies business ? have been fully met and implement- ed, based on a comprehensive ‘ bot- “ Shell invests in active tom-up ’ written assurance process participation in the from every business in every country. ISO committee work ISO Focus : How do you assess the (about USD 2 million partnership between the international per year).” oil and gas industry and ISO ? What

Shell International Limited future role would you like to see ISO play ? We spend a great deal on pro- Malcolm Brinded : Our core values curement, of which at least USD 2 of honesty, integrity and respect for Malcolm Brinded : I think the part- billion per year is for materials and people define how we work. These nership is a good one. I can only speak equipment covered by existing ISO values have been embodied for more for Shell ; however we are members standards. Everyone would agree that than 25 years in our Business Princi- of a number of industry associations applying common standards saves ples, which, since 1997 have includ- such as the American Petroleum Insti- money in the long haul ; saving as ed a commitment to support human tute (API), the International Associa- little as 1 % can save us USD 20 mil- rights and contribute to sustainable tion of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) lion per year.

ISO Focus April 2004 5 Guest View and the European Petroleum Industry Association (Europia). These organi- zations act as catalysts to prioritize Company Profile standards that are seen as most need- ed. ISO’s role is to act as a facilitator, The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies are a global group of energy with the flexibility to develop the and petrochemicals companies, operating in over 145 countries and employ- standards the industry needs within ing more than 115 000 people. the required timeframe. Shell is best known to the public for our service stations and for exploring At Shell we appreciate the and producing oil and gas on land and at sea. But we deliver a much wider cooperation between ISO and CEN, range of energy solutions and petrochemicals to customers. These include avoiding the proliferation of compet- transporting and trading oil and gas, marketing natural gas, producing and ing European standards. ISO should selling fuel for ships and planes, generating electricity and providing energy continue to encourage its members to efficiency advice. adopt ISO standards as their national Shell also produces and sells petrochemical building blocks to industrial cus- standards. Their other challenge is to tomers globally. These go into plastics, coatings and detergents used to make be continuously active in finding new many modern products like fibres and textiles, insulation, medical equipment ways to improve the efficiency of and components for lighter, efficient vehicles. developing and maintaining the stan- Renewables and Shell Hydrogen are small, but growing businesses, investing dards ; not an easy task, but a neces- in making renewable and lower-carbon energy sources competitive for large- sary one. scale use.

ISO Focus : What International Some Facts about Shell Standards, other than those uniquely related to your industry, do you imple- • Shell companies produce more than 3,5 % of global gas and approximately ment in your organization or think 3 % of the world’s oil, similar to other major private oil and gas companies. should be developed ? • Shell produces 13 % of the world’s solar panels. Malcolm Brinded : We rely on many • Every four seconds a plane is refuelled by Shell Aviation. standards that we share with other • In that time, 1 200 cars visit a Shell service station. industries, including supporting stan- dards for testing, materials, welding, and personnel qualification, as well as standards for heavy machinery such as pressure vessels, steam turbines, compressors etc. As these increas- ingly become ISO standards, our work becomes more efficient by not having multiple regional, national and indus- try standards to work through. The full benefit of ISO standards will not accrue until the majority of the supporting standards needed are also ISO standards, with ISO’s role being to provide these supporting standards. We need a complete and coherent set. It is a major step forward for us to have an ISO standard for the casing and tubing that we use for our oil and gas wells, or an ISO standard for the heat exchang- ers in our offshore platforms and refin- eries, but the full value is not achieved until the supporting standards, includ- ing literally the nuts, bolts and gaskets are also ISO standards. Shell International Limited

6 ISO Focus April 2004 Main Focus

And with changes in technologies will come changes in the standards cur- rently being prepared. There is a time delay for the experimental solutions to Drilling deep be validated by field application but eventually the successful experiments will become market norms. Interchangeability of parts is an operational requisite and operators see international standardization as a way to gain consensus among the participants to attain this requirement. By defining the basic requirements via standardization, operator, manufacturer and/or service-supply and regulators benefit. Operators seek to have tech- nically equivalent equipment avail- able worldwide, and reduce the need for internal company specifications. Manufacturers and suppliers find stan- dards a major method to define product specifications and economically to pro- duce equipment for the entire industry. Standards writers attempt to prepare standards for commonly available equipment, which represent broadly available products – not “ one-off ” pro- prietary or patented products. At the same time, indigenous populations, environmental conserva- tion groups, legislators, regulators, employees and suppliers influence the viability of any location. Standards also include health, safety, environmen- tal and conservation precautions, which

Copyright BP Plc. Copyright protect workers, populations in general and the surroundings. Legislators enact he petroleum and natural gas the reasons that lead each economic the rulings to provide for this health, industry is a very visible busi- actor to develop, support and use ISO’s safety and environmental demand. Tness sector in the global market- and IEC’s International Standards, and Regulators must enact criteria for oper- place. The actual employment numbers the importance of including all ISO’s ation that address these rulings, and find for the industry are estimated to be stakeholders in the process. that incorporation of standards eases the between 1,5 and 2 million, figures that Finding and producing oil and volume of technical criteria that must be may be conservative as each megacom- natural gas is becoming more difficult, written into regulations. The regulators pany employs over 100 000 people, and as the easily attained sources have wish to participate in international many integrated companies employ long been depleted. Activity is migrat- standardization as part of the world 50 000 and above. ing to more challenging areas with community, as national borders do not The ISO technical committee, lesser quality reservoirs and in more end the responsibility for health, safety ISO/TC 67, that develops standards inhospitable climates and situations, and environment. Regulators are able for materials, equipment and offshore and is requiring a shift in the technol- to make certain their responsibility is structures for the petroleum, petro- ogy to overcome these new obstacles. covered as concerns health, safety and chemical and natural gas industries, Technology is key to accessing, trans- environmental protection. comprises many economic players porting and refining these raw materi- Early petroleum and gas industry in this vast sector. Contributors from als to finished products that meet a standardization is said to have started ISO/TC 67 as well as those from other world demand and can still be pro- in Azerbaijan late in the 19 th century. committees and organizations explain duced at an attractive consumer price. Modern oil industry standardization

ISO Focus April 2004 7 Main Focus started in the American Petroleum Institute (API) in 1923 and variations were adopted worldwide. By the 1980’s, however, there were significant driv- ers for change. There were significant European variants arising from the North Sea. There was also pressure for European Standards in order to create the “ Single Market ”, with the utili- ties, energy and “ extractive ” industries attracting particular political attention. The current international standardization activities of the oil industry in ISO com- menced in 1988 with the reactivation of ISO/TC 67 under API leadership. Today, the work programme stands at nearly 150 standards (56 % of API origin) of which 97 have been published at least once (excluding eight so-called fast-track standards which are now in revision). China has announced that it will block-adopt ISO standards as Chinese global industry through the two main national standards, many concerned Assessing the oil and gas committees, ISO/TC 28, with the petroleum and gas industry, value of Petroleum products and lubricants, over the next three years (see p. 23). and ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment, By establishing in 2003 a new federal partnerships and offshore structures for the petro- law on technical regulating, Russia leum, petrochemical, and natural gas opens up for use of international stan- industries. dards and a wider industry participa- tion in the Russian standards work. By the Leadership Team of Measuring the need for “ GOST state standards will become petroleum standards voluntary national standards, and ISO/API oil and natural gas 1) when making the new set of standards, committees API has a long history of priority would be given to using avail- developing petroleum measurement he American Petroleum able International Standards, including standards. Over the years, API has Institute (API) is the US those available from ISO/TC 67,” says developed relationships with other petroleum industry’s primary the OGP Bulletin. T organizations, such as ASTM Inter- trade association. Its membership of When making the new set of national, the American Gas Associa- approximately 400 companies covers standards, priority would go to using tion, the Gas Processors Association, all aspects of the oil and natural gas available International Standards, and the Institute of Petroleum, and industry, including exploration, pro- including those available from ISO/TC has sometimes published joint meas- duction, transportation, refining, and 67. urement standards with these others marketing. The development of con- The movement to cooperate organizations. API’s Committee on sensus standards is one of API’s old- internationally is more than ever on Petroleum Measurement (COPM) has est and most successful programmes. the move. also played a pivotal role in the devel- Beginning with its first standards in opment of International Standards 1924, API now maintains some 500 through ISO/TC 28 subcommittees SC standards covering all segments of 2, Dynamic petroleum measurement, the oil and gas industry. In order to achieve formal recognition for the API standards that are already used glo- 1) Dr. Jim Bover, ExxonMobil, Chair of bally, and to expand the application of ISO/TC 28 ; David Miller, PE, API, Director, Standards Programme ; Bruce Reynolds, existing standards traditionally written ChevronTexaco, Chair of API Executive with the US industry in mind, the API Committee on Standardization of Oilfield standards programme includes active Equipment and Materials ; Cheryl Stark, BP, Chair of ISO/TC 67 ; L. David Wilson, involvement in the development of Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Chair of ISO standards suitable for use by a API Committee on Refinery Equipment.

8 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries General sector standards Drilling deep SC 3, Static petroleum measurement, SC 5, Measurement of light hydro- carbon fluids, and SC 6, Bulk cargo Canvassing the oil and transfer, accountability, inspection and gas industry reconciliation. Indeed, API, on behalf of ANSI, assumed the responsibility This collaboration with ISO for the secretariat of the main ISO/TC began in 1989 with the reactivation 28 committee as well as both ISO/TC of ISO/TC 67. At that time, API staff canvassed the oil and gas industry Copyright BP Plc. Copyright 28 subcommittees SC 2 and SC 6 in 1995, and many of the international and submitted approximately 70 API Content and drafting petroleum measurement standards are standards for the initial TC 67 work of a functional specification based on API standards. programme. Then in 1993, API’s (ISO 13879) Executive Committee endorsed three “ The interface between principles to guide the internationaliza- Content and drafting ISO and other petroleum tion of API standards : of a technical specification • The long-term interests of the (ISO 13880) measurement standards petroleum industry are best served developers could be by a common set of standards ; Classification and conformity enhanced in order to • These standards must be timely and assessment of products, processes eliminate any duplication responsive to the technical, eco- and services (ISO 13881) nomic and environmental needs of of effort.” the international user community ; Sector-specific quality management However, at the November • A cooperative effort of American, systems – Requirements for product 2002 ISO/TC 28 plenary meeting, it European and Asian petroleum and service supply organizations was recognized that with the reduc- companies, affiliates, and contrac- (ISO/TS 29001) tion in both expert and staff resources, tors and suppliers is needed to the effectiveness of the interaction develop these standards efficiently. between the ISO/TC 28 measurement Collection and exchange of reliabil- subcommittees and, for example, As the ISO/TC 67 programme ity and maintenance data for equip- API COPM, could be improved. An grew, API assumed the role of TC ment (ISO 14224) ISO/TC 28 ad-hoc task group was 67 and SC 4, Drilling and produc- established to study this issue and tion equipment, secretariats in 1995 Materials for use in H2S-containing to ascertain whether there was still to improve coordination efforts, and environments in oil and gas an actual need for ISO standards on as the work programme matured, production petroleum measurement, or whether API looked to formalize its approach in this effort. This is reflected in the Part 1: General principles for selec- existing, market-relevant standards paper “ API Standards in a Global tion of cracking-resistant material (such as those developed by API and Environment ” which articulates the (ISO 15156-1) others) already fulfilled the needs of both the global industry and legislators API global standards methodology and Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and from around the world. After evaluat- approach. API believes that the great- low alloy steels, and the use of cast ing the current situation, the task group est benefit to the oil and gas industry is irons (ISO 15156-2) reported back to the ISO/TC 28 Advi- derived from common technical stand- ards on materials and equipment, espe- Part 3: Cracking resistant CRAs sory Group in June 2003 and recom- cially for procurement purposes and for (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other mended that in general (there was not commodity products. This is reflected alloys (ISO 15156-3) unanimity on this subject), there was still a need for ISO petroleum meas- in the growing number of US national urement standards. However, the task adoptions from 1 in 1999 to 25 today. Life cycle costing group recommended that the interface Part 1: Methodology (ISO 15663-1) between ISO and other petroleum The critical need for Part 2: Guidance on application measurement standards developers technical expertise of methodology and calculation could be enhanced in order to lessen, methods (ISO 15663-2) and hopefully eliminate, any duplica- The critical success factor for tion of effort. A meeting of all affected all oil and gas industry standards is Part 3: Implementation guidelines parties took place in 2003, and options the continued availability of technical (ISO 15663-3) were explored so that improvements in expertise from the hundreds of volun- the service provided can be achieved. teers around the globe who develop

ISO Focus April 2004 9 Main Focus and maintain the standards. Industry committees. Its primary charge will of the standards “not” targeted for joint consolidations, downsizing, and demo- be to balance resource requirements development with ISO. graphics are creating major resource (people and budget) with industry API remains committed to challenges that impact both API and standards demand. One of its key roles continuing its leadership role in stand- ISO efforts. This resource issue is will be working with ISO/TC 67 and ardization for the oil and natural gas further exacerbated by the additional ISO/TC 28 management committees to industry and, working with ISO, will efforts required to take existing region- develop annually a collaborative work continue its search to find more effi- al standards and make them suitable for programme for oil and gas standards. cient methods to develop and maintain global use. This work programme will focus on key global standards. To address this growing reserving the current approach of joint Information on the avail- resource shortage, API has completed API/ISO standards development to ability of published API standards, a strategic review of its standards pro- those areas most critical to the success or on standards under development, gramme. This review, conducted by a and continued viability of the industry. is available from API at 1220 L balanced team of oil and gas business In addition, the collaborative work pro- St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, leaders and API standards leaders gramme will strive to achieve agree- www.api.org. For more information from both upstream and downstream, ment on what other important industry on API standards, contact David Mill- has confirmed that the industry still standards need to be developed inde- er, API’s Director of Standardization, strongly desires “ global ” standards. pendently (and more efficiently) with- at [email protected]. This team supports continuation of in either the API or the ISO structure. API’s strategy on working with ISO to To this end, API will be working to develop and maintain global standards expand its international participation for the most important areas of global to promote broader global acceptance interest – providing it can be done more efficiently. Without a significant effi- ciency improvement to make the most of ever-shrinking industry resources, the review team concluded that the via- bility of API’s standards programme is “ at risk ” within the next five years. The review team has made three key recommendations to address the efficiency improvement challenge. First, API will be completing a full review of its entire suite of 500-plus standards to make sure that we are making the best use of current limited resources. Secondly, API will be intro- ducing a resource model that makes broader use of contracted technical experts to help facilitate the standards development process. Thirdly, API is making significant changes in its gov- ernance to better address the growing resource challenges.

API governance structure changes One of the key governance structure changes includes the devel- opment of a senior level committee that will provide oversight to all API “ standards-based ” programmes. This group will consist of a blend of industry business leaders and the senior officers

of the executive level API standards Photo courtesy PSA Norway

10 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Pipeline transportation systems Drilling deep Copyright BP Plc. Copyright

Pipeline transportation systems (ISO 13623)

Pipeline transportation systems – Pipeline valves (ISO 14313) – Welding of pipelines (ISO 13847) – Subsea pipeline valves (ISO 14723)

Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline transportation systems for materials and equipment at the ISO Standards as and IEC levels ? What about standards – Part 1 : Induction bends for products, and for alternative energy (ISO 15590-1) a strategic sources ? – Part 2: Fittings (ISO 15590-2) business asset In the field of exploration and production, the industry is spending Cathodic protection of pipeline at an annual rate of perhaps USD 350 transportation systems billion all across the world. The sup- – Part 1 : On-land pipelines By Graham A. N. Thomas, ply chain has a mixture of global and (ISO 15589-1) Head of Engineering local companies, with significant cross- Standards, BP border trade. Processing plant for the Steel pipe for pipelines – Technical refining and manufacture of fuels and delivery conditions hy is an industry that has petrochemicals are also being installed operated successfully world- worldwide. Global standards are need- – Part 1 : Pipes of requirement W wide for many years with ed, both to facilitate efficient procure- class A (ISO 3183-1) industry standards developed outside ment in the world market, and to ensure – Part 2 : Pipes of requirements the recognized national/international that materials and equipment are con- class B (ISO 3183-2) system, now developing key standards sistently safe and reliable to operate. – Part 3 : Pipes of requirement class C (ISO 3183-3) International

ISO/IEC

ANSI National NACE JISC AFNOR ASME Industry DIN IP Company EEMUA PIP NORSOK Figure 1 – The chequer-board ABS DnV of organizations that develop engineering standards for the petroleum and Owner & users, contractors, natural gas industry. suppliers, manufacturers ISO Focus April 2004 11 Main Focus

The need of one TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) The objective for a company is to umbrella for all Agreement provides an incentive to operate safely and responsibly while adopt them. maximizing its return on capital There is however a chequer- employed, and therefore to maximize board of organizations that develop Pooling resources the life cycle value of materials and engineering documents ; this is illus- equipment purchased. trated in Figure 1. Companies have for cost-efficient their own “ standards ” but may also development use documents from private organiza- A single team brings tions, from industry associations and Standards are a strategic busi- together all economic from national standards bodies. ness asset. The economic benefit of players nation-wide standardization was shown in a German (DIN) study in 2000, to be A significant success in 2003 1 % of GDP. For estimated oil and gas has been the development of ISO/TS industry CAPEX of USD 350 billion, 29001, Petroleum, petrochemical and this translates into an annual global natural gas industries – Sector-specific industry standards impact of USD 200- quality management systems – Require- 500 million. Standards also serve to ments for product and service supply improve industry safety and reliability organizations, simultaneously with a and reduce regulatory burden. revision of the API Q1 Quality System, updated to the new ISO 9001:2000. A single industry team was created from “ In petroleum ISO/TC 67 and the API Quality com- exploration and mittee. It brought together oil indus- production, the industry try and quality experts from ISO/TC igure 2a – API 176, Quality management and quality 61 and EN ISO is spending at an annual assurance, from the API Monogram 3706. rate of perhaps Programme, under the leadership of a USD 350 billion all across former Chair of the IAF (International In the USA, there are several Accreditation Forum). The resulting hundred Standards Developing Organi- the world.” zations (SDOs) that operate independ- ently and develop national standards ISO provides a framework in About the author under ANSI (American National which Americans, Europeans and oth- Standards Institute) rules. ANSI pro- ers can pool resources in order to main- Graham vides the US interface with ISO and tain global industry standards that can Thomas has IEC. The SDOs tend to focus on spe- be adopted without modification local- een Head of cific industries or disciplines and, while ly. This is cost-efficient for standards Engineering they often cooperate with each other, development, and more importantly, Standards for BP they may also develop overlapping or for global trade and operation. nd Chairman of he BSI commit- conflicting standards. When the content of an ISO ee for oil indus- In Europe, the national stand- standard is adopted worldwide, the ry equipment ards bodies with the large and inde- industry can operate to consist- ince 1990. pendent collections of standards are ent standards everywhere. Industry He is a long- now replacing their national standards standards (whether local, regional or standing member of the global industry with the new pan-European standards international) contribute to the set of team that has been establishing key indus- of the same scope. standards and practices used at a site try standards in ISO, for adoption without ISO and IEC provide the rec- or operation. For multi-national oil modification worldwide, and for which he ognized umbrella for all these organi- companies now, the approach is to leads the United Kingdom delegation to zations to come together with bodies rely as far as possible on international ISO/TC 67. Graham Thomas is Chairman from other countries, and develop com- industry standards and/or other indus- of the European Petroleum Industry Asso- ciation group for refinery equipment, mon international standards that can be try standards and practices. Company Member of the Board of Directors of the adopted without modification by the knowledge and requirements based ASME Codes and Standards Technology national standards bodies worldwide. on experience is captured first in Institute, Member of the Quality Commit- By contrast with CEN, the adoption company documents, and then trans- tee of the American Petroleum Institute of resulting ISO/IEC standards is on ferred to the industry standards where (API) and, since 2002, Chairman of ISO/ a voluntary basis, although the WTO industry consensus can be achieved. TC 118/SC 1, Process compressors.

12 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Fluids Drilling deep document incorporates ISO 9001: 2000 verbatim, with supplementary requirements for the oil/petrochemical and the scope for international or glo- industry clearly identified and adopted bal standards is limited by the differ- identically in ISO/TS 29001 and in API ences in regulatory approach. Q1, seventh edition. The API Quality Regulations for fuels and the Registrar can now offer a single audit consequent standards for oil products that provides all the certification neces- and their test methods are evolving worldwide towards similar techni- Copyright BP Plc. Copyright sary for ISO 9001, ISO/TS 29001 and the API Licensing Programme (Mono- cal solutions but at different speeds. gram). Therefore when a standard is needed Field testing of drilling fluids quickly in one region but not others, – Part 1 : Water-based fluids a regional or national standard will be (ISO 10414-1) “ Global standards developed first and the ISO system will – Part 2 : Oil-based fluids facilitate efficient follow when there is a global need. (ISO 10414-2) procurement in the world market, and ensure that Drilling fluids – Laboratory testing (ISO 10416) materials and equipment are consistently safe and Drilling fluid materials – reliable to operate.” Specifications and tests (ISO 13500) Another measure of success is the (small but) increasing number of Cements and materials for well these ISO standards that are adopted cementing without modification as “ co-branded ” – Part 1 : Specification API-ISO and EN-ISO standards. Figure (ISO 10426-1) 2a shows the outcome of an original API standard having been offered to – Part 2 : Testing of well cements Figure 2b – EN (ISO 10426-2) ISO, that was further developed in ISO, ISO 14310 and API – Part 3 : Testing of deep-water well and that has now been adopted identi- 11D1. cement formulations cally both as EN ISO 13706 and as API (ISO 10426-3) 661 Fifth edition. There are about 20 – Part 4 : Preparation and testing ex-API standards that have achieved Standardization of new tech- of atmospheric foam cement this status, with more expected. Figure nology presents similar challenges. slurries at atmospheric pressure 2b shows the outcome of a standard that Whether this is technology for deep- (ISO 10426-4) was initiated in CEN but was transferred water oil production or for hydrogen to ISO under the Vienna Agreement (for manufacturing and distribution as an ISO-CEN cooperation), and that has alternative fuel, the technology devel- Equipment for well cementing now been adopted identically both as opment requires standards that can – Part 1 : Bow-spring casing EN ISO 14310 and as the first edition evolve rapidly. Such standards in the centralizers (ISO 10427-1) API 11D1. first instance are best developed out – Part 3 : Performance testing of the technology itself but, due to of cementing float equipment The interface with the national and commercial interests (ISO 10427-3) regulations is a challenge involved, we are seeing development of competing technology that will The industry, then, is delivering strive to dominate the market. The Completion fluids and materials ISO and IEC standards for key fields scope for meaningful international – Part 1 : Measurement of viscous of operation. The interface with regu- standardization will emerge as the mar- properties of completion fluids lations, however, presents an ongoing ket matures. (ISO 13503-1) challenge. Industry standards play an important role in being accepted by reg- ulators for compliance. Such standards Passive Fire Systems are normally developed on a national or regional basis with a degree of par-

ISO Focus April 2004 13 Main Focus Only one standard is needed

By Alan Grant, Executive Director, International Association of Oil and Gas Producers

he global upstream industry has one standards objective : T We want a single standard for each subject that requires a standard. The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) has served as a catalyst to achieve this on the industry’s behalf. OGP’s position on standards is straightforward : • The development and use of ISO and IEC International Standards should be promoted ; • Standards should be simple and fit for purpose ; • International Standards should be used without modification wher- • Minimize additional company ever possible ; requirements ; • Development of standards should • Ensure any variations are justified About the author be based on a consensus of need ; technically and/or commercially ; Alan Grant • Duplication of effort should be • Ensure continuous improvement ecame Execu- avoided ; via feedback from users ; ive Director of • Company specifications should be • Influence external standards bodies he International minimized and written, where pos- through active participation in the Association of sible, as functional requirements ; technical committees and working Oil & Gas Pro- ducers (OGP) in groups of key external standards. • ‘Users’ should be represented on February, 2001. standards work groups. OGP’s own long-standing His career with Standards Committee is formed from he oil and gas To achieve this, OGP works representatives of our member com- ndustry spans with ISO and other standards organi- panies. Typically, an OGP Standards some 30 years and includes assignments in zations at national and regional levels. Committee representative is the person Oman, Brunei, Russia, the Netherlands and Additionally, a number of large com- the United Kingdom. In December, 2000 in the oil and gas company responsible panies have now developed standards he returned from Yuzhno Sakhalinsk in for the management or coordination of policies along the lines of OGP’s posi- Siberia, where he was President of Sakha- technical standards. The OGP Stand- tion. Typically these policies : lin Energy Investment Company, to live in ards Committee monitors, coordi- the UK after 25 years abroad. In addition • Maximize use of common industry nates and influences the development to his work in OGP, he is (non-executive) standards (international if possi- of International Standards to meet the Chairman of the Board of Maersk Oil ble) ; needs of OGP members. There is close (UK) Limited.

14 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Drilling and production equipment Drilling deep communication between the nation- al associations, particularly one of are not yet universally applied, at least OGP’s members, the American Petro- they are available and their application leum Institute (API). OGP’s Standards is widening all the time. Committee also monitors and influenc- This is proof that for the es relevant European standards. majority of component type standards – whether for projects, materials, welding, testing or other parts of the

Copyright BP Plc. Copyright Interchangeability of fit, quality control system – there is no form and function call for divergence. Clearly, only one standard is needed. To help achieve Drilling and production equipment The history of upstream oil and gas industry standards goes back this singularity, OGP will continue to – Drill stem design and operating to 1923, when API first sought to pro- be a major provider of resources into limits (ISO 10407) vide interchangeability of fit, form and standards development. – Wellhead and christmas tree function between equipment of dif- equipment (ISO 10423) ferent suppliers and users. American – Drill through equipment standards subsequently formed the (ISO 13533) basis of our industry standardization. What is OGP? – Inspection, maintenance, repair However, developments in the North and remanufacture of hoisting Sea in the 1970s and gas production equipment (ISO 13534) in the Far East and Australasia in the 1980s required a step change in – Hoisting equipment (ISO 13535) Mégane: Frontal collision against technology.deformable The obstacle industry at speed continued of 64 to – Marine drilling riser couplings use American standards, but with an (ISO 13625) kpm (EuroNCAP – European New Car increasingAssessment amount Programme of company type test) amend-. – Drilling and well-servicing ments and supplements. structures (ISO 13626) – Drilling and well-servicing “ We want a single equipment (ISO 14693) standard for each subject Since its founding 30 years ago, – Sucker rods (pony rods, polished that requires a standard.” OGP has grown to include 56 oil and rods, couplings and sub-couplings) gas companies, industry associations – Specifications (ISO 10428) European standardization was and major service providers. Today, given a huge injection of energy in OGP members produce more than Pumping units the 1980s and 1990s through the draft- half of the world’s oil and over a – Specifications (ISO 10431) ing and subsequent adoption of the third of its gas. concepts of the ‘ Public Procurement ’ OGP exists to : Subsurface safety valve systems Directives and the so-called ‘ New • Represent the interests of the – Design, installation, operation and Approach ’ Directives. In 1991 the upstream industry before interna- repair (ISO 10417) Vienna Agreement between ISO and tional regulatory and legislative the European CEN was signed to avoid bodies ; duplication of effort and facilitate the Downhole equipment • use of ISO standards within Europe. Achieve continuous improve- – Subsurface safety valve equipment This developed into a simple ments in safety, health and envi- (ISO 10432) model, i.e. make use of the best of ronmental performance and in – Packers and bridge plugs American technology (standards) the engineering and operation of (ISO 14310) and use this as the basis of an ISO upstream ventures ; and • – Lock mandrels and landing nipples upstream standard with minimum Promote awareness of corpo- (ISO 16070) modification to make it truly globally rate social responsibility issues applicable. This was the genesis of within the industry and among stakeholders. Progressing cavity pump systems for ISO/TC 67. artificial lift ISO/TC 67 is now delivering. OGP has offices in both London and By the end of last year, we saw the – Part 1 : Pumps (ISO 15136-1) Brussels ; for further information publication of 92 ISO standards cover- visit http://www.ogp.org.uk/. ing a vast variety of equipment used by the oil and gas industry. Though they

ISO Focus April 2004 15 Main Focus

Standardized products, such as Capturing those commodities covered by many of the ISO/TC 67 standards, tend to the added value become less costly than specialized ISO/TC 67 products, delivered in small quantities. It is therefore fair to say that ISO/TC Photo courtesy PSA Norway 67 has a positive impact on the cost effectiveness of the industry it serves. By Alf Reidar Johansen, Hydro ISO/TC 67 has a positive impact ASA, Norway, Chairman OGP overall. It is up to us – the users of Standards Committee, member standards – to capture the value added of ISO/TC 67 by making use of these standards and thus capitalize on the work put in. uestion : What is one entitled to expect from ISO technical Q committee TC 67 ? Answer : In all logic, standards to add value for the global oil and nat- About the author ural gas industries, to be used locally worldwide. Alf Reidar ohansen started Has ISO/TC 67 delivered ? Yes, work with Det it definitely has : by the end of 2003, Norske Veritas well over 100 standards have been DNV) in 1968 published for use by the industry at n the Ship large. standards to suit the needs of this large Heavy Machin- Let us take one example – ISO and globally oriented energy industry. ry Department 11960:2001, Petroleum and natural Heated discussions may take place, or two years, hen Offshore gas industries – Steel pipes for use as experiences and views are exchanged, Department until casing or tubing for wells – a stand- but, in the end, consensus prevails. 1984. He worked for the Norwegian ard for materials for making casing Here we see how TC 67’s standards authorities inspecting pipe laying at the and tubing. This standard was devel- have a positive impact on experience Ekofisk field in the North Sea. oped by an ISO/TC 67 subcommittee and knowledge transfer amongst those In 1984, he joined Saga Petroleum, a pri- (SC 5, Casing, tubing and drill pipe, that participate. vate oil company, working with develop- chaired by Japan) in close cooperation During development of the ment of specifications for new offshore with the related API committee. It has ISO/TC 67 standards, much experience platforms. He was project manager for the been adopted by the USA as API is derived from the experts participat- development of the Norwegian offshore 5CT/ISO 11960, by the Europeans as ing. These experts typically come from industry (NORSOK) standards 1996-98, EN-ISO 11960, and is, furthermore, industrial companies with an interna- continuing in Saga (that became Norsk Hydro after the merger) until today as adopted by national standards bod- tional agenda and normally with a standards manager for the company’s oil ies around the globe and recognized wealth of experience in their field and gas activities. by the industry worldwide. It allows of expertise. Valuable information is He is Norway’s head of delegation to ISO/ all the casing and tubing manufactur- passed from those soon to retire to the TC 67 and CEN/TC 12 from its start till ers around the globe to make quality younger engineers, thereby “ securiz- 1998. He was a member of OGP Standards pipes for the use of a very large indus- ing ” this knowledge and experience Committee from 1986 and has been chair- try. The result is one single standard within the industry. By implementing man since 1993. for global application by the industry the resulting ISO/TC 67 standards and for the procurements of casing and applying them to the commodities, tubing. Hence, a positive impact on systems and practices they describe, global trade. good and tested solutions are thereby Another example of advan- applied and further tested and matured tages gained is the international expert during regular maintenance of the networking activities that arise from standards. This ensures safety, right the ISO/TC 67 work. In this context, from the design stage to operation of many technical experts from around the plants themselves. Visibly, ISO/TC the globe meet to discuss the tech- 67 also has a positive impact on educa- nical details of new or revised ISO tion and safety within our industry.

16 ISO Focus April 2004 Drilling deep

The provision of a single suite of ISO offshore structures standards will directly enhance the safety and economic performance of the industry. The enhancement will primarily be in developing regions where existing standards may not be best current technology or where the application Offshore of standards may be inconsistent. It ISO STANDARDS FOR is in these regions that a considerable THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY structures – proportion of the new investment in the imperatives offshore structures will be made ; thus Subsea production systems the standards initiative is timely and of safety and will make an important contribution to security the industry. The oil industry is highly regu- Copyright BP Plc. Copyright lated and, in a number of countries, regulators have developed national by Richard Snell, Chair, regulations governing the design and ISO/TC 67/SC 7, Offshore operation of offshore oil fields. With structures, BP Exploration the development of an ISO offshore Senior Advisor – Structures and structures standard, the need for Civil Engineering national regulations to address detailed aspects of structural design will be he oil industry operates world- substantially reduced. wide, and the offshore struc- T tures’ design, materials supply “ The need for national and fabrication companies that serve regulations to address Photo courtesy Norsk Hydro the oil industry are dispersed through- out the world. An offshore platform, if detailed aspects of Flexible pipe systems for subsea and not designed, constructed and oper- structural design will marine riser applications ated correctly, can be a dangerous be reduced.” (ISO 10420) place. It is also often a very big capital investment, providing an important In addition to the oil companies Design and operation of subsea component of a country’s economy that own the platforms, regulators, in production systems and energy supply. A known and particular, take a close interest in the internationally consistent high level integrity of structures as they age or – Part 1 : General requirements and of structural integrity is essential to when their use changes as a result of the recommendations (ISO 13628-1) meet safety, investment and security of addition of new equipment. Technical – Part 2 : Flexible pipe systems for energy supply requirements. improvements are enabling more oil to subsea and marine applications The oil industry is developing a be extracted from existing fields often (ISO 13628-2) new suite of ISO structural standards requiring platforms to be modified and – Part 3 : Through flowline (TFL) for the design and operation of offshore used beyond their original design life. systems (ISO 13628-3) structures. The scope of work encom- The ISO offshore structure standards – Part 4 : Subsea wellhead and tree passed by the standards includes fixed provide guidance on assessment of the equipment (ISO 13628-4) steel and concrete platforms, floating suitability of structures for extended structures comprising a diverse range and new operation, thus meeting an – Part 5 : Subsea umbilicals of hull forms with their associated sta- increasingly important need. (ISO 13628-5) tion-keeping requirements, site-specif- The work is being undertaken – Part 6 : Subsea production control ic assessment of mobile offshore units by ISO subcommittee TC 67/SC 7 systems (ISO 13628-6) (mainly drilling jack up platforms and which has engaged a worldwide group – Part 8 : Remotely Operated Vehicle semi-submersibles) and arctic struc- of more than 300 technical experts (ROV) interfaces on subsea produc- tures. The standards are ISO 19900 from oil companies, contractors, con- tion systems (ISO 13628-8) (published) to ISO 19906 (at various sultants, classification societies and – Part 9 : Remotely Operated Tool stages of development). regulators. (ROT) intervention systems ISO Focus April 2004 17 (ISO 13628-9) Main Focus

Varying design and have an active interest in the devel- construction practices opment of sound structural standards Applied such as IMO and the International The different structural forms Association of Drilling Contractors regionally, and materials each have different exist- (IADC) also directly or indirectly effective ing design and construction practices. participate. Ship-shaped structures have a consid- The standards address only internationally – erable history of technical develop- the aspects that are unique to the oil ment over centuries. Fixed platforms industry. This is essentially the marine in Europe are comparatively recent, with most environment, functional duty, ultimate of the technical development being serviceability, temporary and acciden- within the last 40 years. The ISO tal conditions, safety considerations, By Alain Loppinet, suite of offshore structures standards operation and inspection and the has been planned to provide both structural components and foundations Chair CEN/TC 12 consistency between historic practice or anchors used in platform sub-struc- where needed – such as definition he petroleum, petrochemical and tures. The topsides structure (items on natural gas industries in Europe of the marine environment, seismic the deck of a platform) is usually fab- loads, topsides structural design and T are essentially international by ricated from heavy conventional steel marine operations – and to respect and the wide localization of oil and gas sections and, for this design, actions deposits. The customers and the refin- build on proven existing best practice and functional requirements are speci- appropriate to each type of structure. eries and plants, situated in European fied but reference is made to other countries, nevertheless mean that they In preparing the new standards, TC standards for component design. 67/SC 7 has developed strong links need to be looked at from a European The scale of the undertaking perspective, too. to – and gained the participation and in preparing this suite of standards is active support of – the developers of European regulations laid out substantial. For example the fixed steel for the most part in EU Directives need the existing design and construction platforms standard ISO/CD 19902 will practices. These are primarily the to be followed, and base documents be approximately 600 pages. Roughly have – at least – not to be in conflict American Petroleum Institute (API), 60 % of the design equations in ISO/ the classification societies and regula- with any Essential Safety Requirement CD 19902 further develop prior best included in the “ New Approach ” tors in countries with national design practice. regulations. Other organizations that Directives. A few EU Directives also demand the exclusive use of European standards if they exist (Public Procure- ment for petroleum excludes certain About the author sectors [exploration-production]).

Richard Snell is Senior Advisor We need standards Structures and for Europe Civil Engineer- ng at BP, work- Our industries are an integral ng for BP’s part of the international community and Exploration share their goals. We are fully in agree- Production Tech- ment with the slogan: Global standards ology Group at used locally worldwide, as well as the he companies Research and Engineering Center at Sunbury-on- Thames, United Kingdom. He has more

than 30 years experience in marine and Total Copyright offshore engineering. He is currently chair of ISO/TC 67/SC 7, Offshore structures. Richard Snell is the author or co-author of 30 technical papers on offshore engi- neering. He graduated in Civil Engineering from Leeds University in 1969 and is a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

18 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Subsea production systems Drilling deep ISO/TC 67 in order to create a collec- tion of European standards that suited the Europe context and were identical API documents). But this does not in any way stop European suppliers from

Copyright BP Plc. Copyright as far as possible to their international counterparts. manufacturing and selling equipment Each time a new work item is everywhere in the world. To solve initialized and voted within ISO/TC 67, this problem, our experts are asked a vote is held in CEN/TC 12 amongst wherever possible to find EN or ISO European members to know whether to equivalents to US references. Care and use of casing and tubing take it into the CEN/TC 12 programme, Î The Pressure Equipment (ISO 10405) on condition that five European coun- Directive also posed a problem to our tries nominate experts to participate in refineries insofar as piping systems Steel pipes for use as casing or the ISO/TC 67 work to promote Euro- were concerned, that we used to build tubing for wells (ISO 11960) pean concerns and needs. according to ASME B31-3. In ISO, we Steel pipes for use as drill pipe developed ISO 15649, Piping, identical – Specification We defend our interests to ASME B31-3, and within Europe, (ISO 11961) with the help of our ad hoc group The EN ISO standards (ISO AH5 of EUROPIA and EEMUA, we Field inspection of new casing, standards adopted via the Vien- prepared a Technical Report indicat- tubing and plain end drill pipe na Agreement process) are neither ing how to use ISO 15649 and be in (ISO 15463) compulsory nor harmonized between conformity with the essential safety Formulae and calculations for themselves (they are presumed to con- requirement of the Pressure Equipment casing, tubing, and drill pipe perfor- form to the EU Directives). However, Directive. mance properties (ISO 10400) by their construction and by design, if Î We now have in our CEN/ they are not in conflict with any Direc- TC 12 collection of European stand- Procedures for testing casing and tive, they can be used in Europe with- ards : tubing connections (ISO 13679) out any problem. In addition, they have to be adopted in every European coun- 59 EN ISO standards ; Corrosion resistant alloy seamless try as national standards and any other 3 EN (ISO-modified) standards ; tubes for use as casing, tubing, and national standard existing on the same 1 CEN TR (technical report). coupling stock (ISO 13680) subject has to be cancelled. Î Thus, in Europe, we have Let’s turn to the challenges this Evaluation and testing of thread EN standards identical to ISO stand- seemingly simple structure poses : compounds for use with casing, ards for our industry, and suppliers can tubing and line pipe (ISO 13678) Î The European gas supply manufacture more of the same equip- industries have their own interests, ment anywhere at a lower price. Aluminium alloy drill pipe and do not want to apply ISO/TC 67/ Î Our industry would like (ISO 15546) SC 2 standards (pipeline transmission to see the same level of success in the systems) for various reasons, some API arena, and have more ISO stand- of them technical. In CEN/TC 12, we one that has it : Do it once, do it right, ards adopted back by American Petro- had to exclude this industry from our do it internationally. This being so, we, leum Institute so that our goal of : as an industry, have decided in Europe scope in order now to have EN stand- global standards used locally to adopt the International Standards of ards (modified within ISO) identical worldwide ISO/TC 67, but also to take an active in content but not in their scopes. Our part in the writing of these standards so final goal is nevertheless to have only will become a reality every- that our interests and regulatory con- one standard for both industries. where throughout the world. cerns are taken into account. Î References to standards : The Vienna Agreement was a CEN, just as ISO, wants to live with tool created by ISO and CEN at the homogeneous systems ; to do so, we precise moment that we were initiating are going to use EN and ISO standards international work on standards, with a when they exist as normative references About the author view principally to proposing a coun- (mainly for materials, tests, measure- ter-balance to the influence of API and ment etc.). But in our industry, led Alain Loppinet is Chair, CEN/ upgrading the API documents. It cor- for many years by the USA with API TC 12, Materials, equipment responded perfectly to our needs, and providing the standards, a lot of Ameri- and offshore structures for European industry decided to set up can references are included (60 % of petroleum, petrochemical and CEN/TC 12 as a mirror committee of our EN ISO standards are based on natural gas industries.

ISO Focus April 2004 19 Main Focus Photo courtesy PSA Norway

In particular, the major effort Standards had become intricate and complex to to develop ISO standards under TC 67 enforce, maintain, and interpret, and seems to have been a success, with a to the aid increasingly outdated with respect range of standards already in place and of regulation to the pace of the general technical others in the pipeline. development of the industry. This led Because of the dependence in Norway to frequent and resource-consuming of our type of regulatory regime on updating of the regulations. national and International Standards, A revision of the legal frame- PSA has had a proactive input into work took place in 1985 and reflect- standards in order to rest assured By Odd Bjerre Finnestad, ed important changes in the regula- Advisor to the Management of that the particulars of standards are tory regime. The revised regulations acceptable as seen from a regulator’s the Petroleum Safety Authority were, as far as practicable, expressed point of view. Today, we employ some (PSA) Norway in terms of functional or goal-setting 20 personnel and use a total of 5-6 requirements, i. e. they stated the pur- staff-years annually for standards-set- poses of the requirements rather than ting or standards-revising activities. specifying the technical solution. This Among several priorities related to the work under ISO/TC 67, we have “ Standards are vehicles for promoting good 1 As of 1 January 2004, the part of NPD responsible for safety was established as a practice by providing separate entity : The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA), an independent, government authoritative definitions regulatory body under the Ministry of Labour and Government Administration. The mandate of what is good practice.” of the PSA has been extended to cover supervision of safety, emergency preparedness type of regulatory framework offers a and working environment on the petroleum

Photo courtesy PSA Norway installations and associated pipeline systems freedom to choose technical solutions at Kårstø, Kollsnes, Sture, Tjeldbergodden, t the point when the petro- that are optimal with regard to the par- Mongstad, Melkøya and Slagentangen, as ticular field developments and compat- well as on any future integrated petroleum leum (Exploration-Production) installations. Aindustry was introduced into ible with corporate philosophies. Those Norway in the late 1960s, no frame- who have to implement them, howev- work of regulations incorporating er, need some guidance with regard to requirements to health, safety and assessing what the regulator sees as About the author environment existed. being acceptable technical solutions or When the Norwegian Petro- prudent operation. This is achieved by Odd Bjerre leum Directorate (NPD) 1) was estab- referencing national and International Finnestad is a lished by the Norwegian Parliament in Standards. The point is, however, to ea master and June1972, its first task was therefore to make it absolutely clear that the par- as served both n the Norwe- develop such a framework. There was ticulars of such recommended stand- ian merchant no comparative industry in Norway ards are not compulsory requirements. They only describe solutions which are marine and the at that time, although the country did Royal Norwe- acceptable to the regulator. have extensive maritime experience ian Navy. He and competence. as been The first approach to regulating The importance of using manager of the industry was to prescribe specific International Standards organizational development projects at the requirements with regard to health, Norwegian Ship Research Institute. He has safety and environmental issues. Most The petroleum industry in been with the Norwegian Petroleum Direc- of these were copied from more expe- Norway has cooperated actively since torate since 1980, latterly as an adviser to rienced regulators’ rules and regula- 1994 to develop a common set of the management on regulatory strategic issues and international cooperation. He tions, such as those of regulators in standards within specific areas of the currently holds the same position in the Canada and the United States. industry (the NORSOK standards). newly formed Petroleum Safety Authority Although this approach led These were further developed during Norway. Mr. Finnestad has also been sec- to some harmonization of rules and the late 1990s to become more inter- onded to the International Labour Organi- regulations between different regula- nationally oriented, when the quality zation, Geneva, to conduct studies on regu- tory systems, we soon realized that and importance of use of Internation- latory regimes in the petroleum upstream our framework of rules and regulations al Standards became clearer. sector worldwide.

20 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Offshore platform safety systems Drilling deep

did not address offshore developments. These standards were largely a legacy

Copyright BP Plc. Copyright from the former Soviet Union, and were very prescriptive and, in many cases, dated back to the 1970s and 1980s. National standards are often Photo courtesy Eni/Agip more stringent than International Standards mainly because of specific Kazakhstan local and regional industrial condi- tions. takes the inter- No formal standards approval national route process is currently in place in Kazakhstan and, as a result, each and Offshore production installations every project has to draw up a list of – Basic surface process safety standards to be applied. All stand- systems (ISO 10418) By Anatoly Baryshnikov, ards applied need to be translated, – Requirements and guidelines for expertized against the equivalent cor- emergency response (ISO 15544) Eni/Agip, Milan, Italy, Head responding Kazakhstan standards, and – Guidelines on tools and techniques of Italian delegation to ISO/ registered with the Kazakhstan author- for hazard identification and risk TC 67, member of ISO/TC 67 ities. The regulatory approval process assessment (ISO 17776) Management and Executive of standards at federal, regional and municipal levels can result in sig- – Heating, ventilation and committees, and Rupert nificant delays up-front of any project. air-conditioning (ISO 15138) Heygate-Browne, Agip KCO, Just to give an idea of the challenge The Hague, The Netherlands Control and mitigation of fires and involved, the number of standards explosions on offshore production azakhstan is considered a included in the Kashagan project is of installations new frontier in the world oil the order of 1 200. – Requirements and guidelines Kindustry. (ISO 13702) About 70 % of the country’s oil The benefits of reserves lie concentrated in three giant participation in standards oil fields: the Kashagan field (1,4-2,1 particular focus on the development of billion cubic metres), the Tenghiz field development requirements for design life extension (1,0-1,4 billion cubic metres), and the Although the Republic of in SC 2 (pipelines) and SC 7 (load- Karachaganak field (0,3-0,5 billion Kazakhstan was a member of a number bearing structures), simply because a cubic metres). of international organizations such as large number of field installations are The Kashagan offshore field, ISO, it had never actively participated approaching – or even already have located in the North Caspian Sea in any International Standards devel- exceeded – their original design life. and operated by ENI (Agip KCO), is opment work for the oil and gas busi- In general, standards are impor- one of the largest and most exciting ness. As a consequence, considerable tant to our system for the help they give hydrocarbon discoveries for many time and effort needed to be spent by to support and complement our goal- decades in the world, and will make a Agip KCO and ISO/TC 67 to create setting regulations. They are vehicles major contribution to the development the right environment for the adop- for promoting good practice by provid- of Kazakhstan’s economy and future tion of International Standards and ing authoritative definitions of what is prosperity. de facto International Standards in good practice. They provide the basis While developing the Kashagan Kazakhstan. Numerous presentations, for progressive improvement and rep- field, it came to be realized that adop- workshops and meetings have been resent a “ common currency ” for both tion by the Kazakhstan authorities of held and attended with Kazakhstan the industry and the PSA. However, international oil field practice repre- ministries, government agencies and compliance with good practice as sented a critical factor for success, their national standards organization defined by standards is not necessarily and that this would have a significant KAZMEMST on the potential benefits sufficient to ensure that risks are as low impact on both costs and schedules. for them participating in this work. as reasonable practicable ; this needs to Preliminary discussions with the As a consequence KAZ- be complemented by explicit assess- Kazakhstan authorities identified that MEMST set up a Gosstandart techni- ment of hazards, associated risks and a number of national standards existed cal committee (TC 33) as the mirror their control measures. for onshore oil field development, but committee of ISO/TC 67 to represent

ISO Focus April 2004 21 Main Focus

Kazakhstan interests within ISO/TC government agencies but also interna- to meet the current project schedule. 67, to facilitate the process of adop- tional and Kazakh oil companies and Discussions have also been initiated tion of International Standards for the Kazakh industry. with ISO/TC 67 and API on how these oil and gas business, and to assist in A formal process for the reg- organizations might assist in resolving the development of new International istration of standards was initiated some of these issues. Standards through ISO/TC 67. in mid-2002. Agreements were made Major operators of the Kazakh with several Kazakhstan Government- Petroleum Association (KPA) have approved institutes for translating, initiated a programme for sharing North Caspian Sea. ‘ expertizing ’ and registering standards standards and regulatory information. for use by Agip KCO on their projects. It is proposed that a common database To date, a total of 76 standards have be set up, possibly through KING, and been registered with the authorities stocked with Russian translations of including some 53 ISO standards. International and de facto standards A further 59 standards, including 21 that have been registered with the International Standards, are also in the authorities. Individual operators will process of being registered. then be able to access this informa- Progress on registering tion with their contractors and sup- International and de facto standards pliers. The standards database will with the Kazakhstan authorities is facilitate the transfer of technology to still proving a complex and time-con- Kazakhstan and assist in developing suming process. As a consequence, a greater participation by Kazakh sup- formal request has been made to the pliers and manufacturers. Kazakhstan authorities to determine how the process can be accelerated

Photo courtesy Eni/Agip About the authors

Anatoly Rupert Taking Kazakhstan Baryshnikov is Heygate- specific interests into n engineer in Browne is a account he Quality Chartered Assurance Mechanical Following the formation of department of Engineer with a the committee, Kazakhstan became Eni E&P Divi- Masters Degree a ‘ Participating member in ISO/TC ion in Milan, rom the Univer- 67 at the end of 2002. It nominated taly. He joined ity of Manches- specialists to participate in the TC 67 Eni in 1994 and er Institute of new work item on Arctic Structures, reviously Science and which will include the North Caspian. worked in the Russian oil industry. He is Technology, and is currently working in primarily engaged in tubular and material The Hague, The Netherlands. He is the Kazakhstan has also expressed a keen performance study with more than 20 Standards Coordinator for Agip KCO the interest in participating in the pipe- years of experience in this field, including operator for the Kashagan field in the line transportation and processing about 70 published papers, 3 books and 15 North Caspian. Mr. Heygate-Browne has equipment and systems subcommittee patents. Anatoly Baryshnikov is a coordi- been working with standards development work. nator of Eni participation (including Eni in the oil, gas and petrochemical industry In mid-2003, responsibility for divisions in Kazakhstan) in international both internally and externally (national and developing oil and gas standards was standardization for the petroleum and natu- international) for the last 10 years. Mr. transferred to a newly formed institute, ral gas industries. He is Head of the Italian Heygate-Browne has some 30 years inter- the Kazakh Institute for Oil and Gas delegation to ISO/TC 67, and a member of national oil and gas industry experience (KING). The Kazakhstan government ISO/TC 67 management and executive working in Asia, Africa, USA and Europe. transferred its interests in several other committees. oil and gas institutes to KING, which now has a direct management reporting responsibility to the national oil com- pany. One committee, TC 49, forms an inherent part of the KING institute, and represents not only Kazakhstan

22 ISO Focus April 2004 ISO STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Rotating equipment Drilling deep

China builds its Storm turbines – Special purpose applications (ISO 10437) new petroleum Lubrication, shaft-sealing and industry control-oil systems and auxiliaries – Part 1: General requirements strategy round (ISO 10438-1) International – Part 2: Special purpose oil systems (ISO 10438-2) Standards

– Part 3: General purpose oil Photo courtesy CPSC systems (ISO 10438-3) – Part 4: Self-acting gas seal A strategy in three support systems (ISO 10438-4) phases By Changyi (Terry) Qin, Senior Flexible couplings for mechanical • power transmission Engineer of Material Science, For Phase 1 (by 2005), the primary Vice Chief Engineer of Tubular accomplishment is the transfer and – Special purpose applications adoption of all existing interna- (ISO 10441) Goods Research Center of tional and advanced foreign cor- – General purpose applications China National Petroleum porate petroleum standards, with (ISO 14691) Corporation, Head of Chinese the accomplished transfer of 100 Gears – High-speed special-purpose delegation to ISO/TC 67 ISO standards, adoption of 100 gear units (ISO 13691) advanced foreign corporate stand- s soon as China became a mem- ards, the integration of 100 Chinese ber of WTO, the Chinese Petro- Centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petroleum industrial standards, and petrochemical and natural gas Aleum Standardization Technical the development of 50 Chinese- Committee (CPSC) developed a strat- industries (ISO 13709) English bilingual standards. This egy for international standardization will raise the transfer ratio of ISO Shaft sealing systems for centrifugal that would be applicable to the mar- standards to over 85 %, and the and rotary pumps (ISO 21049) keting of the Chinese petroleum indus- adoption ratio of foreign advanced Petroleum, chemical and gas service try, and the requirements of interna- corporate standards to over 85 % as industries tional development and involvement well. In the meantime, the empha- of the Chinese petroleum enterpris- – Centrifugal compressors sis will be placed on trace-up es entering world markets. The strat- (ISO 10439) studies of important ISO standards egy is actively to adopt International – Packaged, integrally geared centrif- and foreign advanced corporate Standards and foreign-advanced cor- ugal air compressors (ISO 10442) standards, and try at a proper time porate standards through deeper par- to use them as Chinese technical Packaged reciprocating gas ticipation in the activities of inter- standards. compressors (ISO 13631) national standardization and in the Reciprocating compressors development of International Stand- • In Phase 2 (2005-2010), CPSC is (ISO 13707) ards. It aims at higher world market- to broaden the scope of contacts ing shares for China-made petroleum with the international and foreign Rotary-type positive-displacement equipment and products, higher inter- petroleum industrial standards compressors national competitive capabilities for organizations, and participate sub- – Part 1: Process compressors (oil- the China petroleum construction and stantially in the development of free) (ISO 10440-1) service teams, and greater influence international and foreign advanced – Part 2: Packaged air compressors for the Chinese petroleum enterprises. standards by way of simultaneous (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2) The execution of this strategy includes drafting, reviewing and publishing Gas turbines – Procurement the following three phases. of those international and foreign – Part 5: Applications for petroleum ISO Focus April 2004 23 and natural gas industries (ISO 3977-5) Main Focus

advanced standards that are the After China became a member most important to the Chinese of WTO, CPSC planned a petroleum industry. At the same development strategy for time, it proposes to submit and international standardization to be applicable to the market- recommend those Chinese tech- ing of the Chinese petroleum nical standards with unique supe- industry, aiming at a higher riority to ISO or foreign standard world market share for China- authorities for wide acceptance made petroleum equipment outside China. More tasks in the and products, higher interna- tional competitive capabilities realm of ISO standards drafting are of China petroleum construction to be shouldered. and service teams.

• During Phase 3 (after 2010), the Photo courtesy CPSC Chinese petroleum industry is to have realized the overall simul- “ The strategy aims at CPSC will make efforts to taneous drafting, reviewing and higher world marketing organize the Chinese petroleum indus- publishing of all International trial enterprises to join in the develop- Standards parallel to China’s own shares and greater ment of ISO standards more actively, national and industrial standards, influence for Chinese taking a more proactive attitude and and will become a major force in petroleum enterprises.” undertaking more initiatives, and developing ISO standards related expects to strengthen the exchanges to the petroleum industry, facili- with the ISO petroleum-related com- tating the development of interna- transferred or are in progress, repre- mittees, oil companies, and advanced tional petroleum standardization senting 65 % of the planned numbers. foreign corporate standards organiza- together with all other ISO member The second is the plan to adopt 119 tions like API, CEN, OGP, and DNV. countries. The technical standards standards as Chinese industrial stand- Joint mutual cooperation is greatly val- of the Chinese petroleum industry ards, 78 of which are adopted or are ued to establish the right relations for should enter the world market, and under adoption, representing 65,5 % further development of the petroleum become one category of standards of the planned numbers. The third is industrial technical standards around accepted by the international petro- the plan for 47 Chinese-English bilin- the globe. leum industries. gual standards, 8 of which are already developed, 10 in progress, another Implementation 12 listed in the annual plan of 2004, amounting to 30 standards in all and of the strategy representing 64 % of the initial plan. About the author To implement the international The execution of these plans greatly standardization strategy of the Chinese strengthens the links of the Chinese Changyi (Terry) petroleum industry and promote the petroleum standardization with inter- Qin is Senior links of the Chinese petroleum indus- national standardization. Engineer of trial standards with ISO and advanced CPSC cooperates with the material science, Vice Chief Engi- foreign corporate standards, CPSC national petroleum drilling and pro- eer of Tubular duction equipment and tools technical has developed and implemented three Goods Research plans during the “ Tenth Five-Year- standardization committee, and the Center of China Period ” (2001-2005). They are : natural gas technical standardiza- National Petrole- tion committee, jointly attending the • The Plan to transfer ISO and IEC m Corporation, committees of ISO/TC 28, Petroleum General Secre- standards ; products and lubricants, subcom- tary of Tubular Goods Standardization • the Plan to adopt advanced foreign mittee SC 2, Dynamic petroleum Subcommittee of CPSC, and head of the corporate standards as Chinese measurement, ISO/TC 67, Materials, Chinese delegation to ISO/TC 67 and API industrial standards ; and equipment, and offshore structures standardization committees. He is a lead for the petroleum, petrochemical, and auditor and training coach for national pro- • the Plan to develop Chinese- natural gas industries, ISO/TC 193, duction licenses for welded line pipes in English bilingual standards. China, with 15 years experience in stand- Natural gas, OIML (Organisation ardization, technology supervision of tubu- To date, the main achievements internationale de métrologie légale) lar goods and petroleum materials. are already through. One is the ISO /TC 8, Shipping, and API standardiza- and IEC standards transfer plan for tion activities. Some ISO standards are 94 standards, 63 of which are now developed in China.

24 ISO Focus April 2004 Drilling deep Shell International Limited

• fire-resistant fluids • metal working fluids • greases • marine fuels Demands • gas turbine fuels • liquefied petroleum gases. ISO STANDARDS FOR continue to THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY change Upstream activities downstream TC 28 subcommittees SC 2, Static equipment SC 3, SC 5 and SC 6 are responsible for activities primarily related to the upstream through their total of 15 work- By Dr. W. James Bover, Chair, ing groups. AFNOR (France), ANSI ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products (USA), BSI (United Kingdom), JISC Copyright BP Plc. Copyright and lubricants (Japan) and SPRING SG (Singapore) provide the convenors of these work- ince its formation in 1947 and ing groups. The broad range of topics first plenary meeting in 1952, covered by these groups includes : SISO/TC 28 on petroleum prod- • calculation of petroleum quantities ucts and lubricants has provided a val- in dynamic measurement Design and installation of piping ued service to many sectors of a rath- systems on offshore production • dynamic-direct and static mass er complex petroleum industry. The platforms (ISO 13703) measurements committee is active in all major seg- • volumetric measurement by turbine Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) piping ments of this industry serving both the upstream (of the refinery) and the and displacement meter systems – Part 1 : Vocabulary, symbols, appli- downstream (refinery and below) for • cations and materials automatic direct measurement of all major petroleum, gas and lubricant (ISO 14692-1) temperatures and level in storage products. Our first standard was pub- – Part 2 : Qualification and manufac- tanks lished in 1959, and, to date, over 200 ture (ISO 14692-2) • cargo quality assessment standards have been issued and are – Part 3 : System design (ISO 14692-3) • being maintained. pipe provers – Part 4 : Fabrication, installation The main work of TC 28 and • and operation (ISO 14692-4) tank calibration two of its subcommittees (1 and 4) • compressibility of liquefied petro- and the 15 working groups reporting Piping (ISO 15649) leum gases to them is the development of standard Calculation of heater-tube thickness test methods, specifications and classi- • sampling of petroleum products in petroleum refineries (ISO 13704) fications primarily for the downstream • gauging instrumentation petroleum industry. The portfolio of Fired heaters for general refinery • bunkering protocols 106 standard test methods covers a service (ISO 13705) wide range of products including : • accounting procedures. Air-cooled heat exchanges • general petroleum products and TC 28 and SC 4 have three (ISO 13706) lubricants working groups with active liaisons • with other technical committees. Plate heat exchangers (ISO 15547) lubricants for air, gas and refriger- ating compressors These include joint working groups with ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnish- Shell-and-tube heat exchangers • gear lubricants (ISO 16812) es, for flash point methods, with ISO/ • turbine lubricants TC 22/SC 7, Road vehicles – Fuel Bolted bonnet steel gate valves for • two-stroke gasoline engine oils injection equipment and filters for petroleum and natural gas industries • use on road vehicles, for diesel fuel (ISO 10434) hydraulic fluids (joint with ISO/TC lubricity, and with ISO/TC 131, Fluid Fluid power systems) 131, power systems, for classification and Steel gate, globe and check valves • heat transfer fluids specification of hydraulic fluids. Sub- for sizes DN 100 and smaller, for petroleum and natural gas industries ISO Focus April 2004 25 (ISO 15761) Main Focus committees SC 2, SC 3, SC 5 and SC has enjoyed a long-standing and pro- 6 have an active liaison and working ductive relationship with its European relationship with the American Petro- counterpart, CEN/TC 19, which began leum Institute and its Committee on its work in 1962. Some two-thirds of Petroleum Measurement. In fact, the CEN/TC 19 work programme con- on behalf of the American National sists of ISO EN standards developed Standards Institute (ANSI), API under the Vienna Agreement. assumed the responsibility for the The concerns and issues raised secretariat of the main TC 28 Com- in discussions by the various standards mittee as well as both subcommittees developing organizations came to a SC 2 and SC 6 in 1995. (See p. 8 for culmination in 2002. These discussions a discussion of these liaison activities led to an effort to develop a memoran- with the Committee on Petroleum dum of understanding between ISO/ Measurement). zations had been developing standard TC 28, CEN/TC 19 and ASTM D02. test methods and specifications for One of the leading purposes was to petroleum products and lubricants for Making good use ensure a reduction (and hopefully the nearly 30 years before TC 28 was even elimination) of the duplicated efforts of what existed formed. It was therefore natural for among these organizations. An on- Since its inception, ISO/TC ASTM and IP standards (and some going three-organization Task Force is 28 has grappled with two important from other national standards develop- established to further define the memo- issues : what constitutes an interna- ing organizations like DIN [Germany] randum of understanding and to study tional standard, and what is the best and AFNOR [France]) to be used as ways of implementing its principles. way to develop such standards. These the basis for many of the ISO stan- issues are still being addressed not only dards published by ISO/TC 28. There by ISO/TC 28 today, but by many of were numerous instances when the “The petroleum, gas our governments as well. Other orga- TC 28 standards development process and lubricant industries nizations such as ASTM International involved little more than revising the and the Energy Institute (formerly the text formatting to ensure that it is in are not static.” Institute of Petroleum [IP] based in the line with ISO requirements. United Kingdom) were firmly estab- Over the past 50 years, ISO/TC lished in the industry. These organi- 28 has come a long way in serving Balancing the needs the needs of the petroleum industry, of the different member government agencies and the users of groups its standards throughout the world. It About the author is obvious that we are in a transition In recent years, we find our- period as we investigate better ways of Jim Bover is selves again questioning the value hairman of conducting our work. We can certainly added from editorially reformatting expect that ISO/TC 28 and its sub- SO/TC 28, existing, internationally accepted Petroleum committees will evolve with its MoU (ASTM and IP) standards in order to roducts and partners, and in due course, implement ubricants, and is work them through the ISO process. mechanisms for more efficient coop- lso chairman of Also, the petroleum, gas and lubri- erative efforts. ASTM Interna- cant industries are not static. Quite onal Commit- the contrary, the demands on our Information on ISO/TC 28 ee D02 on standards continue to change, which activities or standards under devel- etroleum Prod- in turn means that the standards must opment is available from the TC ucts and Lubricants. He has been active in be continuously maintained. With 28 Secretariat. Contact Mrs. Paula standards development activities in these reduced resources available to any of Watkins, [email protected], at API, organizations since 1983. Jim has been a the standards developing organizations 1220 L St., N. W., Washington, D.C. leader in ASTM’s proficiency test pro- serving this industry, keeping the ISO gramme development for the petroleum 20005. standards technically aligned with industry since its inception in 1988. He received his Ph.D. in Analytical chemistry their base methods has proved to be from Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, problematical. Furthermore, balanc- USA, in 1974 and joined ExxonMobil in ing the needs of the different member 1978. Currently, he is section head for groups in TC 28 has been challeng- Data Integrity and Quality Assurance for ing. In addition to its close working ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. relationships with ASTM, ISO/TC 28

26 ISO Focus April 2004 Drilling deep

Our critical input into ISO The use of standards as part of MMS’s programme is not a new phe- nomenon. Recognition of the benefits of using industry “ best practices ” as defined in technical standards and the subsequent incorporation of these documents into operating regulations Managing has been part of the agency’s regula- resource tory philosophy since its creation in 1982. Standards first appeared in our conservation in codified regulations in April, 1988 after previously being referenced in the USA our OCS Orders. Since that time, Shell International Limited

By Mr. Joseph R. Levine, Senior ISO STANDARDS FOR

THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Engineer, US Shell International Limited Department of the Interior, Minerals Offshore structures Management Service

he Minerals Manage- ment Service (MMS) is a bureau in the United States MMS has participated in standardiza-

Copyright BP Plc. Copyright T Department of the Interior responsible tion work by providing agency subject for managing the nation’s oil, natural matter experts the ability to participate gas, and other mineral resources on on select standards developing orga- the outer continental shelf (OCS). nizations committees and working MMS ensures that these resources are groups. explored for, developed and produced MMS participation on the stan- in a safe and environmentally sound dards groups during the development General requirements for offshore manner and that development of these process allows the agency to provide structures (ISO 19900) finite and non-renewable resources are critical input while standards are being conducted according to the principles formulated, rather than after the docu- Specific requirements for offshore of resource conservation. ment has been completed. The result- structures In order to achieve agency ing dialogue enhances the chances of – Part 4: Geotechnical and founda- goals, MMS has developed a com- having agency concerns addressed in tion design considerations prehensive regulatory programme the standard. When possible, differ- (ISO 19901-4) which can best be characterized as a ences between agency regulations and – Part 5: Weight control during engi- “ hybrid ” system relying upon three standards requirements are resolved neering and construction distinct components : a set of unique during the development stage, result- (ISO 19901-5) government prescriptive regulations, a ing in a document with an additional series of performance-based goals, and degree of consensus. It is important to Offshore structures – Part 2: Fixed reliance upon a suite of technical oil note that agreement between a regula- steel structures (ISO 13819-2) and gas standards. This article focuses tion and a standard is not the over-rid- on how technical standards function as ing goal in authoring a standard, nor Mooring of mobile offshore drilling an integral part of MMS’s regulatory does it happen on every occasion. units (MODUs) – Design and analy- programme in helping achieve agency Presently, MMS has 86 separate sis (Technical Report) goals. industry standards incorporated into its (ISO/TR 13637) programme issued by seven standards

ISO Focus April 2004 27 Main Focus developing organi- We see adoption of this interna- zations. These stan- tional standard as an important step in dards can be divid- the process of harmonizing the techni- ed into two broad cal requirements of the offshore oil subcategories based and gas industry on a global basis and upon subject mat- ensuring that safety and environmental ter content. Thir- protection are maintained. ty-seven standards We believe that many benefits address equipment can be realized from open communi- design and oper- Shell International Limited cation and data sharing between regu- ational concerns, lators, industry, and standards develop- while 49 concern themselves with our participation, our experts have ing organizations. In this way, we can hydrocarbon measurement. All 86 participated in varying degrees on support each other’s efforts to identify standards, regardless of scope, are the activities of four subcommittees the best and most effective operating used by the bureau to enhance safety, dealing with pipeline transportation practices for the offshore oil and gas environmental protection, and assure systems ; drilling and completion industry. the orderly development of hydrocar- fluids and well cements; drilling and bon resources. production equipment ; and offshore structures. The standards developed Addressing global by ISO/TC 67 will impact the offshore concerns in our “ The standards developed oil and gas industry for years to come programmes by ISO/TC 67 will impact and involvement in the organization At present, MMS is in the should prove valuable for the MMS the offshore oil and gas process of developing new pipeline and the regulated community. industry for years regulations for OCS oil and gas opera- to come.” tions. As part of this work, we are Protecting offshore considering including the international standard, Pipeline Valves, API Spec Consistent with the trend toward personnel international commerce, today’s off- 6D, Twenty-second Edition, January, shore oil and gas industry has become International standards are 2002, ISO 14313:1999, Petroleum global in scope. MMS thus finds itself valuable in eliminating the barriers and Natural Gas Industries – Pipeline regulating OCS activities of an interna- that impede safe and environmen- tional industry. If done correctly, one tally sound offshore operations. Out set of international standards provid- of the 86 private sector standards ing for regional differences can lower incorporated into our regulations, one About the author business costs, make resources more of these standards, Specification for economic to produce, and provide for Subsurface Safety Valve Equipment, Joseph R. safe and environmentally sound opera- API Specification 14A, Tenth Edition, Levine, Senior Engineer with tions. Based upon this assessment, November 2000, ISO 10432:1999, he US Depart- Petroleum and natural gas industries and the potential impact international ment of Interior, standards could have on our domestic – Downhole equipment – Subsurface Minerals Man- programme, MMS made the decision safety valve equipment, is an interna- gement Service to become involved in select interna- tional standard. This standard speci- MMS), is based tional standards work projects. fies the minimum acceptable design n Herndon, Vir- In August 1998, MMS began requirements for subsurface safety inia, USA. His participating in the activities of ISO/ valve equipment and was incorporated major responsi- TC 67, Materials, equipment and off- into our regulations in December, bilities include overseeing the development shore structures for petroleum, petro- 2000. This equipment will shut off and implementation of MMS’s standardi- chemical and natural gas industries. the flow of hydrocarbons in the event zation programme, offshore training programme, and the analysis of outer We took this active posture because of an emergency and is considered continental shelf (OCS) incident and safety the last line of defense in securing a we believed to do otherwise risked data. He has onshore oilfield experience abdicating our responsibility to work well and/or preventing pollution to the in drilling operations and has worked with with the international community in environment. This piece of equipment the MMS in its Alaska, Pacific, and Gulf this critical endeavour. We face sig- has proved invaluable, time after time, of Mexico Regional offices. nificant risks if global standards are in providing for protection of offshore neither technically sound nor benefi- personnel and environmentally sensi- cial to US interests. Since beginning tive resources.

28 ISO Focus April 2004 Drilling deep Transportation Systems – Pipeline Valves, into our regulations. If this standard is ultimately included in our

operating regulations in place of the BP Plc. Copyright currently incorporated Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, plug, ball and check valves), API Spec 6D, Twenty-first Edition, March, 1994, it would be the second true international technical standard incorporated into our programme. A key concern in arriving at this decision is to deter- mine if the international standard (API 6D/ISO 14313) provides an equivalent degree of protection to personnel and the environment as the currently incorporated domestic standard (API This article describes the train- 6D). In this particular case, the major The key role ing measures already carried out by the difference between the two standards P&NGI and by ISO, as well as those appears to be how valve leakage rates of training necessary to the companies for a suc- are addressed. cross-board cessful implementation of standards.

“ We provide critical input players while standards are being Training the industry formulated.” Many companies of the P&NGI By Gerhard Froelich, WEG work as global, cross-border players. Wirtschaftsverband Erdoel- They make use of the advantages of From a historical perspective, und Erdgasgewinnung e.V., global trading ; to do so optimally, MMS’s decision to participate in ISO/ P&NGI needs to use uniform standards TC 67 is a significant step in the evo- Germany trans-nationally. With this, and with lution of our regulatory programme. he Petroleum and Natural Gas the general validation of International Participation in this process confirms Industries (P&NGI), operating Standards within a country, equipment MMS’s understanding that the indus- T worldwide, have long recog- and methods can be employed without try we regulate is global in nature and nized the great value of the ISO stand- using country-specific admission pro- that the technical challenges facing ardization of its facilities, equipment cedures. Even local P&NGI, working this industry have global implications and processes. By the end of 2003, 115 exclusively in their native countries, that require universal solutions. When International Standards in total had can only profit from the application of viewed individually, the examples been developed within subcommittees standards that are valid worldwide. cited above look like nothing more and working groups of ISO/TC 67 and The benefit comes from the then the incorporation of just another published by the experts of the P&NGI fact that the local companies can standard into the suite of dozens of and associated manufacturers. In total, participate directly in global trade, standards already included in our 180 standards will have been published i.e. they can buy P&NGI products programme. Viewed collectively, these by the end of the present planning worldwide, which have been produced two examples show an emerging pat- period (up to the end of 2009). in accordance with uniform rules laid tern, acknowledging that ISO or other out in International Standards. As key success factors, differ- standards addressing global concerns An important precondition ent training measures help : can have an important role in our regu- is, however, that the authorities of latory programme if such standards • To develop ISO standards success- a country assure themselves of the address agency goals of safety, envi- fully ; conformance of the International ronmental protection, and conservation Standards with the regulations valid • To introduce ISO standards into of natural resources. in their respective countries to ensure countries that have not used them safe operation of the P&NGI facilities in the past ; and finally and use of methods. • To apply the published standards A first aim of the training given by the P&NGI companies con- at standards workshops therefore cerned. is to inform the local P&NGI, the

ISO Focus April 2004 29 Main Focus manufacturers, and the authorities of Other similar courses will be held in standardization projects to enable a the objectives and contents of sector- according to need. company to bring influence to bear on specific international standardization. the content of standards from the outset This includes examining all open is considerably more expensive. possibilities for the adjustment of the Training the engineers Even if an employee appointed local standards used up to then to the After the publication of for this activity undertakes the work on International Standards of ISO/TC 67. International Standards, training needs standards exclusively besides his nor- In pursuit of this goal, the stand- of a quite different nature arise: the mal job, such involvement can easily ards committee of OGP (International standards need to be transferred to the cost several tens of thousands of USD Association of Oil and Gas Producers) “ real-life ” arena of companies, their per year. has since 2002 held two workshops in processes implemented, and their engi- Given the sum of these efforts, which many local companies of the neers made aware of their content. one might ask what are the benefits to P&NGI, local standardization bod- For this, engineers need to be be drawn ? ies as well as the national authorities aided in the process of comparison Benefits accruing from the took part (in Brazil – Rio, December between the formerly used standards active training are obvious : the proc- 2002 and in the Russian Federation and the newly presented International esses of the developing and the for- – Moscow, November 2003). Standards. Since any direct replace- mal processing of the standards are Another workshop is being held ment is seldom possible, speed of considerably accelerated by the two in China (Beijing) in April 2004. application the new ones depends on aforementioned training measures. As the advice of senior experts, those a consequence, companies can adopt who carry out the switch-over between the new standards faster, and thus the Training the developers standards on the basis of real applica- precondition for an increase in such companies’ efficiency is fulfilled. The writing of standards is pri- tion cases or projects together with the The primary benefit arises from marily carried out by experts who have engineers concerned. the last training phase when, by apply- optimal knowledge of the equipment Furthermore, company-specific ing common action, the internal organ- and processes to be standardized. specifications applied in addition to ization of the company “ takes aboard ” For the writing itself, certain the standards previously being used the new standard as its own, allowing rules defined in the ISO Directives often need to be revised and adapted to an increase in efficient and safe opera- have to be taken into account. the new standards. tion adapted to the set of International The correct application of the Last but not least, part of such Standards of the P&NGI. rules in the course of the preparation an internal training should include the of a standard results in a draft that can company’s purchasing department and easily be taken and developed into a be devoted to revising existing pur- definitive version in the final process- chase documents. About the author ing by the ISO staff. For this, the In parallel with the in-house ISO template has proved enormously training of the engineers, discussions Gerhard helpful, as well as all additional forms have to be held with the authorities. Froelich joined prepared by ISO, which can be down- The aim of these contacts is to evalu- BEB Erdoel- loaded from the ISO Web site. ate needs for adapting regulations to nd Erdgas GmbH, Hanover, To achieve good results right the new standards. s head of main- from the preparation phase of stand- If there is consensus between the P&NGI companies in a country, enance on elec- ards, it is extremely useful to train rical facilities of this phase of in-house training and one or two members of a working ipeline systems group in the correct application the authority-related contacts should be n 1977. He ISO Directives and use of the ISO supported centrally by experts from ecame Head of template. So far, the ISO Central the national association of the P&NGI maintenance on oil production facilities Secretariat has carried out three train- (if such exists) to ensure uniformity. there, then took over the leadership of Inte- ing courses satisfying the needs of grated Planning within Operations. In 2002, he ran the International Standardiza- ISO/TC 67, in which project leaders Expenses and benefits as well as members of editing groups tion and Industries Committee Activities at ExxonMobil Production Germany (EMPG) took part. As a result, in the working Putting the training measures in Hanover. Since October 2003, he has groups concerned, this training has described above into action involves been Consultant on International Standard- led to draft standards, which could expenditure, which begins with the send- ization working with WEG Wirtschaftsver- be brought to the publication stage by ing of employees to the external courses band Erdoel- und Erdgasgewinnung e.V., the ISO/CS without involving a great of OGP and ISO. Although the amounts Hanover (WEG is the Association of the amount of additional processing. involved are small, direct participation German Oil and Gas Producers).

30 ISO Focus April 2004 Developments and Initiatives Metadata : a worldwide library effort

By Patricia Harris, Executive Director, NISO, and Stuart L. Weibel, Senior Research Scientist, OCLC Research

Metadata Resources

he World Summit on the Dublin Core website : Interoperability and approved in Information Society held in http://dublincore.org October 2003. The standard is based TGeneva in December, 2003, on ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001, origi- spotlighted the urgency of building and nally developed in the USA. It defines supporting an information and com- Dublin Core documents are a basic set of data elements that will munications infrastructure to reach the translated into twenty-three help resource discovery, that is, finding goal of: open access and equal access languages. A list of these information on the Web. to information. The vision inspiring the translations is at : Metadata is often called “ infor- 11 000 delegates to the Summit called http://dublincore.org/ mation about information,” or “ data for an Information Society “ where resources/translations/ about data.” The information captured everyone can create, access, utilize on the traditional library catalogue and share information and knowledge, card (title, author, etc.) is one example enabling individuals, communities and Metadata Made Simpler and of metadata. Today, metadata describ- peoples to achieve their full potential.” Metadata Demystified : ing all kinds of information products Information is power ! A Guide for Publishers are is increasingly important to any search Information systems are built on introductions to the topic for information no matter if that search standards. One of ISO’s newest stand- available for free-download is for pleasure, learning or business. ards – ISO 15836, the Dublin Core from the NISO website : By capturing the essence of an infor- Metadata Element Set – is already http://www.niso.org/ mation item in a metadata description serving as the glue for an information standards/std_ in a standard way, a publishing house infrastructure that empowers govern- resources.html#tr can share the content in its information ment, business, and the individual. products through digital media such as ISO 15836 or “ The Dublin the Web, for example. Using standard- Core ” was advanced using the Fast To reach the authors : ized metadata benefits all information [email protected] Track Process through ISO Technical e-mail and users as it makes information easier to [email protected] Committee 46, Information and docu- . search, to find, and to share. mentation, Subcommittee 4 Technical

ISO Focus April 2004 31 Developments and Initiatives

The Core of the strength and research organization dedicated Anyone can join the mailing to furthering access to the world’s lists that support DCMI working The strength of the Dublin Core information and reducing information groups and anyone can attend the standard, ISO 15836, is its very basic costs headquartered in Dublin, Ohio, Dublin Core conferences. Through approach. The standard simply defines USA. The mission of DCMI is to its Affiliate Programme, DCMI provi- fifteen optional metadata elements for make it easier to find resources using des an avenue to strengthen the links describing cross-genre, cross-disci- the Internet through the development among regional communities of practi- plinary information resources. These of international, interoperable meta- ce and the global initiative, and offers a elements are : title, creator, subject, data standards and frameworks. DCMI means for distributing the governance description, publisher, contributor, participants reflect a diversity of and support for the initiative to reflect date, type, format, identifier, sourc- backgrounds drawing on expertise in its truly international, cross-discipli- es, language, relation, coverage, and archives and museum information sys- nary constituents. rights. tems, automation services, knowledge As the information universe management technology, content expands, being able to find, to link “ Information systems are management systems, government to, to reuse, and to share information built on standards.” document repositories, publishing and resources becomes more complex. syndication services, libraries, and Through standards such as ISO 15836 educational institutions and distance leaders in standards development aim Developed and tested in the learning. The DCMI (Dublin Core to reduce this complexity and create bibliographic community in the mid- Metadata Initiative) will serve as the new opportunities for access. 1990s, the utility of the Dublin Core maintenance agency for ISO 15836. Metadata Set was quickly recog- Mr. Stuart Weibel is the Director of the nized internationally. It has now been maintenance agency and will be assis- translated into 25 different languages ted by an Advisory Board. In this role, and seven national governments have the DCMI is committed to an open adopted the Dublin Core element set as consensus-building process. the national metadata standard for gov- ernment resources. Dublin Core meta- data is the basis for description used by corporations and nongovernmental agencies including the World Health About the authors Organization, the United Nations Environmental Program, the Euro- Stuart L. Patricia Harris pean Environmental agency, and the Weibel, Ph.D., is is the Executive Food and Agriculture Organization. enior Research Director of the In addition, it has completed various cientist in the National stages of standardization in the Inter- Office of Information net Engineering Task Force, through Research of Standards European agreements, and nationally OCLC, Inc., a Organization (www.niso.org) in Norway, Denmark, Japan, Australia, worldwide brary coopera- a nongovern- and the USA. The Dublin Core stand- ve. His research mental, nonprofit ard has also been incorporated into nterests include organization other standards, including the PRISM automated cataloging, automated docu- based in the USA. that develops and pro- metadata standard (PRISM is an XML ment structure analysis, electronic pub- motes technical standards used by publish- metadata vocabulary for magazine and lishing, persistent identifiers, and metada- ers, information services, and libraries. journal content), the Electronic Thesis ta. Stuart Weibel is a founding member of Under her leadership the organization’s and Dissertation metadata standard, the International World Wide Web membership has doubled, the organiza- and the Standards Metadata Element Conference Committee and has served on tion’s scope has expanded to embrace dig- Set (even standards need metadata !) programme and organizational committees ital content, its budget has grown four- The ISO Dublin Core standard for the Internet Society, the European fold, and NISO has launched a print and electronic publications programme. will be maintained by the Dublin Core Conference on Digital Libraries, the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, and the Patricia Harris is the secretary of the Metadata Initiative (DCMI), which International Conference on Asian Digital ISO’s Technical Committee 46 is supported by the OCLC (Online Libraries. Subcommittee SC 4, Technical Computer Library Center), the leading Interoperability. global library cooperative. Founded in 1967, OCLC is a nonprofit, mem- bership, computer library service

32 ISO Focus April 2004 The next century for gas cylinder periodic inspection and testing

By John W. Felbaum, Convenor ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders, SC 4, Operational requirements for cylinders, WG 5, Periodic inspection by ultrasonic exami- nation

pproximately four years ago ISO/TC 58/SC 4, Operational Arequirements for gas cylinders initiated its review process for long existing standards that are referenced Incorporating an interval. This interval can be anywhere at periodic inspections and testing of alternative to hydraulic from three to ten years, depending gas containers. Although all of the pressure tests on the cylinder’s design specification requalification standards were being and gas service. During this test the reviewed, two (specifically ISO 6406, The task at hand was to incor- cylinder must be emptied of its con- Periodic inspection and testing of porate Ultrasonic Examination (UE) as tents, de-valved, visually examined seamless steel gas cylinders and ISO an alternative to the hydraulic pressure on the internal and external surfaces, 10461, Periodic inspection and test- test that has been used successfully for filled with water, re-valved and pres- ing of seamless aluminum alloy gas so many years. surized to test pressure. After suc- cylinders) were selected as spearhead The basic principle behind the cessfully passing the pressure test the documents, since many of the changes hydraulic pressure test is to expose cylinder must be de-valved, drained of could be considered for incorporation the gas cylinder to stresses well above water, dried and re-valved before it is into other standards. Our focus was normal operating loads, thus confirm- returned to service. Based on the large further refined to work on ISO 6406, ing that the cylinder is suitable for safe number of steps necessary to complete Periodic inspection and testing of use during the next requalification the hydraulic pressure test and the risk seamless steel gas cylinders so that changes could be slightly modified The supply of for inclusion into the Aluminum industrial gases Alloy Gas Cylinder PI & T (Periodic is vital to many Inspection and Testing). industrial processes where health and PI & T standards for steel safety are at stake. and aluminum gas containers require It is therefore a step that has been used success- crucial that all fully for nearly one hundred years: the cylinders hydraulic pressure test. As one might be periodically inspected and suspect, introducing new technology tested. into a standard that has demonstrated such long-term success would prove to be a challenge.

ISO Focus April 2004 33 Developments and Initiatives to polluting the environment while Reaching consensus The timing of this work was removing the cylinder’s contents or on an Ultrasonic extremely fortuitous because the damaging the cylinder’s threads, an Examination method United Nation’s Sub-Committee of alternative test was desired. Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Several member countries have Goods (UN-COETDG) was concur- “ Ultrasonic Examination been using Ultrasonic Examination as rently preparing words for incorpo- a substitute for the hydraulic pressure ration of gas containers and their is considered by many test for many years, in some countries requalification into the 11 th Edition experts to be a superior under an exemption from the National of the Model Regulations for the requalification technique.” Authority, while in Europe the relevant Transportation of Dangerous Goods. PI & T EN standards already allow a Typically the UN-COETDG considers UE test. Thus the first draft of the work- ISO standards for incorporation into Fortunately, Ultrasonic Tech- ing document contained very prescrip- the Model Regulations if the stan- nology has progressively improved tive requirements. The subcommittee’s dards are acceptable to the competent since its introduction to the steel indus- mission was to reach consensus on the authorities. However, since the current try in the early 1960’s, thereby becom- words selected to describe a perfor- ISO requalification standards did not ing a viable candidate for replacing mance-based Ultrasonic Examination include Ultrasonic Examination as an the hydraulic pressure test. The basic method. If successful, the new alternative to hydraulic pressure test- principle behind this examination Ultrasonic Examination alternative ing, the competent authorities estab- method is the use of a sound-emitting would be consistently reliable without lished a special note to incorporate the source (a transducer) that is connected restricting further advancements in provision for Ultrasonic Examination to the material to be tested with a gel Ultrasonic Examination technology. in the Model Regulations. The suc- or water (couplant) that allows the SC4 of TC 58 started these revisions, cess of the ISO effort would first be sound to be sent from the transducer, but it was soon apparent that a working revealed when the UN-COETDG into the material, and then back to the group would be required to handle the removes the special note that permits transducer. Differences in the amount details of the Ultrasonic Examination Ultrasonic Examination and accepts of sound returned to the transducer, or section of the requalification stan- the revised requalification standards the time taken for the sound to return, dards. WG 5 was formed to handle the as written. allow the operator to measure the specific comments on the section of Recently ISO 6406, Periodic material’s thickness and determine if these standards. inspection and testing of seamless steel flaws are present in the material. Since gas cylinders and ISO 10461, Periodic this method is capable of detecting inspection and testing of seamless flaws within the material and on the aluminum alloy gas cylinders were material’s surfaces (both ID and OD), About the author issued for Draft International Standard Ultrasonic Examination could replace (DIS) voting. If the working group has the internal visual inspection. Since John W. done their job, a favorable vote will UE also measures the gas container’s Felbaum is the be received and the industry will have wall thickness it offers a suitable Vice President new technology at its disposal. replacement for the stress-inducing f Technology The true measure of success hydraulic pressure test. Determina- or FIBA will be demonstrated by the test of tion of both container thickness and Technologies, time. Can UE survive one hundred flaw detection can be accomplished nc. John has years of exemplary performance ? without removing the gas cylinder’s ver 25 years of contents or the valve, thus making xperience in the Ultrasonic Examination environmen- ompressed gas tally friendly and providing less wear ndustry. and tear on the gas cylinder’s threads. Throughout his career, John has been a Ultrasonic Examination can also detect proactive participant on many standards small sub-critical cracks. Since a gas writing committees and is currently cylinder with this type of imperfection Compressed Gas Association’s Head of Delegation to the United Nations Sub- would easily pass a hydraulic pressure Committee of Experts on the Transport of test, Ultrasonic Examination is consid- Dangerous Goods (UN-COETDG) and ered by many experts to be a superior past member to the US Department of requalification technique. UE is also Transportation delegation at (UN- considered the most qualitative test COETDG). He currently is the convenor when compared to proof or volumetric of TC 58/SC 4/WG 5, Periodic Inspection hydraulic pressure tests. of Cylinders by Ultrasonic Examination.

34 ISO Focus April 2004 New this month

tern. The standard seeks, moreover, to ISO standard give guidance to the designers of safe- Sizing up card for safety signs ty signs and get them to use ISO 7010 dimensions with a view to obtaining greater overall – used locally, consistency and, thereby, better univer- for international sal public recognition.” understood “ The collection of safety signs interchange globally contained in ISO 7010 is not a mere “collection” of more or less randomly t can be enough of a problem sampled proposals. The signs included finding the right one at the right picture may be worth a thou- have given evidence, after year-long Imoment among all those identifica- sand words, but when it comes use in different countries, that they will tion cards you carry in your wallet – but Ato graphical symbols for safe- have you ever wondered how much also be globally understood.” ty-related information, misunder- The standard covers 32 safety more difficult things would be if they standing the message may have seri- signs designed for use in accident pre- were all different shapes and sizes ? ous consequences. An International vention, fire protection and emergency Standard aims to improve understand- evacuation, each displayed by a visu- ing and proper application of safety al illustration together with the image signs designed to reduce accidents and content, function, field and format of injury in workplaces and public areas application. Geometric shape and col- worldwide. our are also indicated as prescribed ISO 7010:2003, Graphical sym- by ISO 3864-1, Graphical symbols – bols – Safety colours and safety signs Safety colours and safety signs – Part The – Safety signs used in workplaces 1 : Design principles for safety signs in standard for- and public areas, provides a method workplaces and public areas. mat that allows of communicating safety information ISO 7010 is intended to be us to slip them through a collection of signs designed used by all ISO technical committees neatly in our wallets and use for use in any workplace, location and charged with developing specific safe- some of them, such as credit sector where safety-related questions ty signing for their industry to ensure cards, worldwide did not fall out may be posed. that there is only one safety sign for of the sky – it is the result of work According to Paul Bischof, each safety meaning. by ISO and IEC (International Electro- Convenor of the working group that ISO 7010:2003 is the work of technical Commission). developed the new standard, ISO 7010 ISO technical committee ISO/TC 145, Identification cards are used provides a reliable “ red line ” to fol- Graphical symbols, subcommittee SC for multiple purposes, from identify- low for those responsible for installing 2, Safety identification, signs, shapes, ing customers and their bank accounts a safety sign in workplaces and pub- symbols and colours, working group to providing access to buildings and lic areas. WG 1. parking lots. With the continued “ ISO 7010 sets out to guarantee growth in international trade, travel that, wherever in the world, a manufac- and mobility of labour, identification turer of safety signs for workplaces and cards must conform to identical sizes public areas uses exactly the same pat- and dimensions for use in international interchange. ISO/IEC 7810:2003, Identifica- tion cards – Physical characteristics, offers an updated set of requirements to assist manufacturers of cards and terminals/card readers to comply with the basic dimensions and properties of identification cards used in the global marketplace. ISO/IEC 7810:2003, which replaces ISO/IEC 7810:1995, has been modified to include the card which is used extensively in the mobile tel- ephone market (ID-000), to provide clarification on card opacity by clearly stating which parts of the card can and

ISO Focus April 2004 35 New this month cannot be transparent, and by the addi- ices, as well as demonstrating the tion of card resistance to heat. ISO helps digital library’s performance and its costs to “ Manufacturers of cards and libraries self- the funders, the users, and the gener- card readers are no longer targeting al public. just national markets, they are look- diagnose their John Bertot, member of the ISO ing at international markets to increase subcommittee that developed the new sales, standards help simplify this electronic technical report, commented: “Librar- process,” said the Convenor of the performance ies that use ISO/TR 20983 will be working group that developed the new able to manage their electronic serv- standard. ices and resources more effectively ith libraries increasingly “Larger production volumes and efficiently, provide better custom- providing electronic serv- also mean lower costs, another benefit er service by knowing what services Wices and products, a new of standardization. And at the end of it and resources customers use and with technical report on methods used to all, both the credit/debit card and other what frequency, achieve cost savings evaluate their performance will prove identification card users benefit from through licensing material that cus- useful in comparing the effectiveness, the flexibility of use provided by using tomers desire, and engage in continual efficiency and quality of the networked identification cards based on ISO/IEC service improvements by engaging in environment to the library’s mission 7810.” evaluation activities over time.” and goals. The new standard specifies the “There are likely other bene- ISO/TR 20983:2003, Informa- physical characteristics of identifica- fits, and more benefits will accrue over tion and documentation – Performance tion cards including card character- time as libraries incorporate the tech- indicators for electronic library serv- istics, and dimensions for four sizes nical report statistics into their regular ices, will help evaluate a library’s per- of cards. It applies to all the different data collection and evaluation efforts.” formance about the supply, use, costs identification card technologies, from ISO/TR 20983 provides guid- or market penetration of electronic the magnetic stripe and optical card to ance for collecting and reporting of library services. contact/contactless integrated circuit electronic service statistics and select- In addition to being a useful (IC) card. The new standard is the ed service/resource statistics and defi- comparative tool, the new technical work of ISO/IEC JTC 1, Informa- nitions that have undergone extensive report will serve to support manage- tion technology, subcommittee SC field-testing through a number of inter- ment decisions such as reallocating 17, Cards and personal identifica- national studies and efforts. resources, introducing new services, tion, working group WG 1, Physical The technical report will be reducing or deleting existing serv- characteristics and test methods for used by all types of libraries, (e.g., ID-cards. academic, public, special, national, etc.) as well as library consortia, mul- ti-type consortia, database vendors and aggregators, and publishers of elec- tronic resources. The new document has been issued initially as an ISO technical report (ISO/TR) due to the immedi- ate need for guidance on performance indicators for electronic library servic- es. A working group will monitor the developments in the measurement and evaluation of electronic library servic- es and will propose additional indica- tors and modifications or adaptations to those contained in ISO/TR 20983. The new technical report is the work of ISO technical committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, sub- committee SC 8, Quality – Statistics and performance evaluation.

36 ISO Focus April 2004 Coming up

and harming free trade. International Developments and Standards can play a very useful role initiatives in support of regulation of medical devices, providing they are crafted in Digital Rights the right way, and at the right Management moment; when is this and how is it The abuse of most effectively done? The dossier intellectual pro- will show what the needs are to sup- perty is well port the emergence of harmonized documented, and conformity assessment frameworks applies equally and practices based on International well in the world Standards. Standards need to be deve- of standards. Digital Rights loped in such a fashion that they are Management (DRM) is a revolutiona- efficient, yet at the same time the pro- ry copyright protection system to cess ensures the participation from all benefit both the owners and users of parties concerned, openness and trans- digitalized intellectual property. In parency of the process. How to do this practice, this is a way of indelibly is the subject of several contributions. encrypting digital “ content ” so that its Medical techniques and medicines in future use can be inextricably tied to a these times of globalization cross particular piece of hardware, a speci- frontiers, so that a big question is fic user and defined set of conditions whether standards should lead the new or a pay-per-use financial arrange- technologies or reflect them, and how ment. A possible course ahead for to ensure early coordination between standards-developing organizations ? Main Focus stakeholders. Among these stakehol- ders, the question of developing coun- EbXML Medical technologies tries involvement in the work is cru- EbXML, a suite of technical specifica- cial if their implementation is to be The first World Standards Cooperation tions, promises to cut costs and sim- truly global; ways therefore need to be (WSC) high-level workshop on plify processes for e-business. sought to secure representation of International Standards for medical Published as ISO technical specifica- developing countries’ interests in the technologies held in February 2004 is tions, ISO/TS 15000, that was submit- standards developing process that the point of departure of the Dossier ted by OASIS (Organization for the could help define different thresholds this month. This event was important Advancement of Structured or performance levels. for two reasons: it highlighted the Information Standards), enables enter- For standards to be viable, the first cooperation between the three mem- prises in any industry, of any size, requisite is that the terminology used bers of WSC – IEC (International anywhere in the world to conduct should be clear, unambiguous and Electrotechnical Commission, ISO business over the Internet. The harmonized and mean the same con- and ITU-T (the International Electronic Business XML (ebXML) cept to all actors concerned. Today’s Telecommunication Union, standardi- initiative, using the economies of sca- medical technologies rely to an ever- zation sector) – each with its specific le presented by the Internet, provides greater extent on IT technology, so role and activity within the area – and companies with a standard method to that ISO’s work in health informatics at the same time, it showed a clear exchange business messages, conduct is examined in the light of its contri- path forward for standardization trading relationships, communicate butions to the field as a whole. efforts in the field if they are to help data in common terms and define and Finally, a new ISO standard on clean- improve global public health, reduce register business processes. It aims to rooms has been specially designed to costs for industry, facilitate the dis- make it easier for companies to inter- eliminate the hazards of contamina- semination of medical technologies, face with other companies within and tion or minimize the likelihood of reduce barriers to trade, and ensure outside their industry, open up new their occurrence. technical harmonization and interope- markets with less effort than before rability of technologies. and, at the same time, cut costs and This medical technologies dossier simplify process associated with tradi- reviews the direct challenges for the tional document exchange. various sets of actors, such as the medical devices industry and sur- geons, of how to minimize risks for patients without restraining innovation WhenWhen resultsresults countcount !!

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