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Culture Moves the Meaning of Culture in a Changing Society

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Culture Moves the Meaning of Culture in a Changing Society Culture moves The meaning of culture in a changing society Letter by the Netherlands’ Minister of Education, Culture and Science to the Lower House of Parliament, 10 June 2013 Introduction This policy memorandum sets out my views on the arts and culture. I undertook to submit this document to the Lower House during the budget deliberations of 17 December 2012. This memorandum therefore sets the agenda for the policy that I wish to pursue in future. I will use it to launch a discussion about the arts and culture, the role of government, and the role of culture in society. I am submitting my memorandum concerning museums at the same time.1 This policy memorandum is the outcome of many meetings and working visits throughout the country. The conversations I have had made it clear that the culture sector is facing enormous challenges. The previous Government made substantial cuts in public spending on the arts and culture. The subsidised sector is working hard to cope with the budget cuts. That is not an easy task. I am impressed by the resilience of the culture sector and the potential I have witnessed there. Artists and cultural institutions are adapting to the changing circumstances and forming alliances with one another and with other sectors. In the first part of this memorandum, I outline my views concerning the value of culture for society and the various ways in which that society is changing. I then describe my plans for the cultural policy agenda in the years ahead and what measures will result. I next look at changes in the funding system and how I intend to deal with them. My memorandum concludes with a section on the budget allocation covering friction costs. A. Views Culture plays an extremely valuable role in our society. What I have observed, however, is that many people are not sufficiently aware of this. They often take too narrow a view of culture, and view it within an individual context, as a consumer good. I believe that culture is about specific forms of creative expression, about sharing knowledge, experience, and opinions. It is a dynamic system in which we create values, symbols and identities and compare and contrast them. Culture is valuable in the artistic, societal and economic senses. We need culture to shape our identity, to help us grow and improve, and to develop our creativity. Culture unites, entertains and 1 Museums Policy Memorandum. The future of the museum system (June 2013). 1 helps us resolve issues facing our society. The economic significance of the culture sector is undeniable. I see culture as part of a social agenda. Artists and cultural institutions derive their raison d’etre not so much from the sector itself, but from its relevance to society. That is why I will pursue a policy that takes the social relevance of culture and the importance of creativity as its priorities. As a society, we are facing increasingly complex issues in such areas as care, corporate social responsibility, energy and food supply, population decline and the greying of the labour force. Creativity and innovation are becoming increasingly important in our efforts to tackle these issues. Culture and cultural education2 make an important contribution in this context. Dutch designer Daan Roosegaarde, who trained at the Fine and Applied Arts Academy [Academie voor Kunst en Industrie] in Enschede (now ArtEZ Art & Design Enschede), is working with builder and developer Heijmans on the Netherlands’ first ‘smart highway’, i.e. a road that can generate electricity. The energy generated by the traffic on the road powers the lights and charging stations for electric cars. That does not mean that I will ignore either the intrinsic or the economic value of culture. The intrinsic, artistic value of culture is as important as ever. Culture enriches us, takes us by surprise, and allows us to appreciate beauty. It gives us inspiration. Quality is the guiding principle; coupled with entrepreneurship, it allows the culture sector to generate more income, lower costs, and – above all – expand its basis of support in society. Why does government support culture? And what should it spend its funding on? Of course, many artistic and cultural productions are not subsidised. However, I believe cultural policy is necessary because without government intervention, it would be difficult to fully express the many different ways in which culture is valuable to society. Government has a role to play precisely where the commercial market faces financial or geographical barriers, where talent incubators are lacking, or where innovation or experimentation is difficult to get off the ground. Government support ensures that the arts and culture remain accessible, affordable, and of good quality. It brings them within reach of many different groups. Experimental art, delicate forms of cultural expression, innovation and creativity will always require support. Government can unite parties and play the role of facilitator in this respect. It can take the initiative and encourage parties to work together, to share what they know, and to make their expertise available. And it can see that children and young people learn about the arts and culture and have a chance to develop their talents. I wish to pursue a cultural policy that plays a transformative role by reaching out to society. I wish to pursue a cultural policy founded on social and liberal principles. Individual expression is valuable largely because it helps us mould our unique identity and our collective values. In other 2 Here, cultural education means all formal basic instruction about and with the help of art and heritage. In primary education, it encompasses Art Education and Personal and World Orientation. In secondary education, it encompasses Art and Culture (lower years), the subject Cultural and Artistic Education and the art subjects in the upper years of pre-vocational, senior secondary general and pre-university education. 2 words, culture is only important if you can use it to shape your own life and the lives of others. This is my interpretation of what Isaiah Berlin calls ‘positive freedom’3: freedom only becomes meaningful to people if they can actually make use of it. The value of culture Value for individuals Our country is a rich source of artworks, books, archaeological treasures, folk culture, and objects and documents from many different historical periods. In contemporary life, the Netherlands boasts outstanding Dutch DJs, symphonic music, literature and film. These cultural treasures are internationally renowned and we can be proud of them. As we inspect authentic objects and absorb the stories they tell in our museums, archives and libraries, and as we live with the historic monuments, archaeological remnants and architecture in our surroundings, we come to understand the differences between then and now, between here and there, and between ourselves and others. In other words: culture helps us understand both ourselves and the world as others experience it. Culture offers people and society opportunities for improvement and growth. Cultural education teaches children and young people about art, the media and their heritage. It plays a special role in stimulating creativity and helping children develop their creative skills. It also has a part to play in the changing labour market of the Western world, where the demand for manual labour and routine office work is declining and the demand for non-routine skills is rising,4 emphasising the importance of 21st Century Skills: the ability to respond to changes by coming up with creative, inventive solutions. In other words: innovative ability.5 Creativity and innovation are needed to fuel the growth of our knowledge society.6 Culture is also entertaining and makes our lives more meaningful. Well over 7 million Dutch people are involved in one of the amateur arts in their spare time.7 A national survey has revealed that the amateur arts have an army of volunteers of around one million strong.8 There are also many volunteers active in the heritage sector.9 Some volunteers work at festivals, others ensure that an historic building or monument stays open to the public, and still others serve as hostesses in libraries or read to children at primary schools. Without the dedicated efforts of civil society organisations, societies of friends and volunteers, many cultural activities would be impossible. 3 See: ‘De waarden van sociaal-liberaal cultuurbeleid.’ G. Drion. In: Boekmancahier (June 2013). 4 ‘The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market.’ F. Levy and R. J. Murnane (2005). Art for Art’s Sake? The Impact of Arts Education (Chapter 11). OECD (2013). 5 In the framework of the OECD Education and Social Progress project, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science divides competencies into four groups: (1) subject-specific, cognitive; (2) metacognitive, self-regulatory (of one’s own learning process); (3) advanced skills; (4) citizenship and social competencies. 6 Council conclusions on fostering the creative and innovative potential of young people relevant for employability. EYCS Council (2012). Creatieve industrie in topvorm. Topteam Creatieve Industrie (2011). 7 Kunstminnend Nederland. Interesse en bezoek, drempels en ervaringen. SCP (2013). 8 Amateurkunst – de feiten. Monitor amateurkunst 2009. Kunstfactor (2010). 9 Het bereik van het verleden. Ontwikkelingen in de belangstelling voor cultureel erfgoed. SCP (2007). 3 Value for society Complex social issues demand innovative and creative solutions. Cross-fertilisation between the arts and culture and other sectors can generate solutions for the healthcare sector, the ageing population, urban renewal, climate change and the sustainable use of the earth’s natural resources. For that to happen, however, the creative sectors have to be involved strategically at the earliest possible stage – in other words, co-creation. We can make broader use of the potential that culture and creativity offer other sectors.
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