DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Texas Press Austin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Texas Press Austin University ofTexas Press Austin For Ray T Graham) who opened the doors Illustrations ix Foreword and Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1. Islam as Empire 5 2. Forces and Bonds: Faith, Language, and Thought ro 3. Roots 26 4. Cosmology: The Universes ofIslam 36 5. Mathematics: Native Tongue ofScience 43 6. Astronomy 59 7. Astrology: Scientific Non-science ro8 8. Geography 117 9. Medicine 13 1 ro. Natural Sciences 162 II. Alchemy 189 12. Optics 195 13. The Later Years 201 14. Transmission 209 15. The New West 217 16. Epilogue 222 Islam and the World: A Summary Time1me 231 Glossary 239 Works Consulted 241 Illustration Sources 247 Index 253 [ vii] 9 Figure 1.1. The Early Expansion and Major Centers of Historic Islam 24 Figure 2.1. Nocturnal Ascent ofMuhammad 25 Figure 2.2. Aristotle Teaching 35 Figure J1. The Genesis ofIslamic Science 40 Figure 4-1. Diagram ofMystical Cosmos 41 Figure 4-2. Man and the Macrocosm 42 Figure 4-J Diagram Relating to Ptolemy's Theory of Planetary Motion 51 Figure 5.1. Demonstration ofFinger Reckoning 52 Figure 5.2. Development ofArabic Numerals 53 Figure 53. Demonstration of a Trinomial Equation 54 Figure 5+ ProofofEuclid Postulate 55 Figure 5';. Division of a Musical Chord 57 Figure 5.6a. Geometrical Pattern in Ceramic Tile 58 Figure 5.6b. Stucco Stalactite Cupola 58 Figure 5.6c. Ceramic Plate with Geometric Design 70 Figure 6.1. Constellations Little Bear, Great Bear, and the Dragon 72 Figure 6.2. Constellation Draco 73 Figure 6.J Constellation Sagittarius 74 Figure 6+ Page from Ptolemy's AI-Majisti 75 Figures 6.;a and 6.;b. Diagrams Illustrating Epicyclic Planetary Motion 76 Figure 6.6.Teacher ofAstronomy with Students 77 Figure 6.7. Ka'ba, Mecca, Saudi Arabia 78 Figure 6.8. Stone Sundial 79 Figure 6.9a. Prayer and Qibla Tables [ ix ] SCIENCE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM 80 Figure 6.9b. The "Mecca Plate" 81 Figure 6.10. Pages from a Zij 82 Figure 6.11. Ottoman Ruznama (Almanac) 83 Figure 6.12. Astronomers at Work 84 Figure 6.13. Underground Arc ofthe Great Observatory 85 Figure 6.14a. Samrat Yantra (Main Sundial) 86 Figure 6.14b and 6.14c. Rasi Valaya and Jai Prakash Structures 87 Figure 6.15. Astronomers Working with an Armillary Sphere 89 Figure 6.16a. Diagram Illustrating the Astrolabe 90 Figure 6.16b. Parts ofan Astrolabe 91 Figure 6.17. Twelfth-century Persian Brass Astrolabe 92 Figure 6.18a and 6.18b. Eighteenth-century Persian Astrolabe 93 Figure 6.19· Detail ofFourteenth-century Spanish Astrolabe 94 Figure 6.20a and 6.20b. Universal Astrolabe 95 Figure 6.21. Fifteenth-century Spherical Astrolabe 96 Figure 6.22. Astrolabe Mater 97 Figure 6.2]. Astrolabe, Detail Showing Date Calculator 99 Figure 6.24a and 6.24b. Fourteenth-century Egyptian Quadrant IOO Figure 6.25. Sixteenth-century Brass Quadrant 101 Figure 6.26. Astronomer Observing a Meteor with a Quadrant I02 Figure 6.2]. Compass with a View ofMecca I03 Figure 6.28. Seventeenth-century Celestial Globe I04 Figure 6.29. Seventeenth-century Celestial Globe I06 Figure 6.]0. Diagram Illustrating "Tusi Couple" I07 Figure 6.j1. Diagram Illustrating Planetary Movement 112 Figure ].1. Battle between Bahram Chubina and Khusrau Parwiz 114 Figure ].2. Traditional Arab Horoscope 115 Figure 73- "Astrological Computer" 116 Figure ].4. Diagrams Describing Lunar Eclipse 122 Figure 8.I. Astrolabist Comes to the Aid of Noah's Ark 124 Figure 8.2. Ship Crossing the Persian Gulf 125 Figure 8.]. Map ofSpain and North Africa 126 Figure 8,4- Map ofTurkestan 127 Figure 8.5. Map ofthe World 128 Figure 8.6. Sixteenth-century Map ofthe New World and West Attica [ x ] ILLUSTRATIONS 140 Figure 9.1. Portraits ofNine Greek Physicians 142 Figure 9.2a. Hospital at Divrigi, Turkey 142 Figure 9.2b. Hospital ofBeyazit II at Edirne, Turkey 143 Figure 9.2C. Plan ofthe Hospital of Qalaoun, Cairo 144 Figure 93. Diagram ofthe Human Nervous System 145 Figure 9-4- Diagram ofthe Eye 146 Figure 9.j. Surgical Instruments 147 Figure 9.6. Case with Surgical Instruments 148 Figure 9.7- Dislocated Shoulder Being Set 149 Figure 9.8. Physician Treats a Blind Man 150 Figure 9.9. Physician and Attendant Preparing a Cataplasm 151 Figure 9.10. Diseased Dog Biting a Man's Leg 152 Figure 9.11. Boy Bitten by a Snake 153 Figure 9.12. Dioscorides Handing Over the Fabulous Mandragora to One ofHis Disciples 154 Figure 9.13. The Useful Chamomile 155 Figure 9.14. Iris and White Lily 156 Figure 9.15. Pharmacists Preparing Medicine from Honey 157 Figure 9.16. Ceramic Drug Jar 158 Figure 9.17- Anatomical Study ofthe Horse 160 Figure 9.18. Bath Scene 167 Figure 10.1. A Man Gathering Plants 168 Figure 10.2. Small Black and White Bird on a Limb with Butteif/ies 169 Figure 10.]. Hunting Hawk 170 Figure 10-4- Leopard 172 Figure 10.j. Selection ofFanciful and Realistic Fauna 173 Figure 10.6. Men Treading and Thrashing Grapes 175 Figure 1O.7a. Waterwheel in Action 176 Figure 1O'7b. Ninth-century Reservoir, Kairouan, Tunisia 176 Figure 10.7c. Khvaju Bridge, Isfahan, Iran 178 Figure 10.8. Farmers and Animals 179 Figure 10.9. Traditional Muslim Gardens and Fountains, Alhambra 180 Figure 10.10. Present-day Valencia Water Court Meeting 181 Figure 10.11. Design for a Water-raising Device 182 Figures 1O.12a and 10. 12b. Traditional Outdoor Water Clock [ xi ] SCIENCE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM 184 Figure 10.IJ Design for Castle Water Clock 186 Figure 10.1+ Basin ofthe Two Scribes 187 Figure 10.15. Design for Water Fountain ofthe Peacocks 188 Figure 10.16. Mechanical Boat with Drinking Men and Musicians 193 Figure tt.t. The Cosmology ofAlchemy 194 Figure 11.2. The Philosopher's Stone 198 Figure IVa. Diagram ofthe Eyes and Related Nerves 199 Figure 12.lb. Diagram Representing Ibn al-Haytham's Theory ofVision 200· Figure 12.2. Diagram Illustrating Principles ofthe Camera Obscura 208 Figure IJ 1. Map ofIslam in the Late Eighteenth Century 214 Figure 14.la. Title page from Sixteenth-century Copy of Aristotle's De Anima 215 Figure 1+lb. Page from Latin Translation ofAvicenna's Canon 216 Figure 1+ tc. Page from Rhazes' Liber ad Almansorem 228 Figure 16.1. Peoples ofIslam Today Maps and diagrams prepared by Michael Graham [ xii] Under the guidance 0/ a series 0/ Abbasid caliphs who had a passionfor knowledge­ aI-Mansur) Harun aI-Rashid) al-Ma'mun­ the new civilization developed with incredible speed and ifficiency. GEORGE SARTON The History ojScience and the New Humanism This book is based substantially on research carried out in the course of my work in helping to conceive and organize "The Heritage ofIslam," an exhibition ofhistoric Islamic arts and science. Sponsored by the National Committee to Honor the Fourteenth Centennial of Islam, the exhibition traveled to five major museums in the United States during 1982 and 1983. I functioned chiefly as the curator ofthe scientific exhibits. In my research and writing connected with this project, I was guided by several eminent historians of science, who helped me in every conceivable way from the beginning of planning to the installation of the exhibition. These scholars included, first ofall, Professor A. 1.Sabra, Professor ofthe History of Arabic Science, Harvard University, and Dr. Sami K. Hamar­ neh, Curator Emeritus, Department of the History of Science, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Together these two served officially as the exhibitions advisors for science. The third ma­ jor advisor was Professor David A. King, formerly Associate Professor of Arabic and the History of Science, New York University, now at the In­ stitute of the History of Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt-am-Main. In addition, valuable guidance was provided by Pro­ fessor F. Jamil Ragep, formerly of the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University and now at the Department ofthe History ofScience, University ofOklahoma, as well as by Professor George Saliba, Professor ofArabic and Islamic Science, Columbia University. In preparing this book I have supplemented my research for the exhi­ bition with extensive new study that the passage of time, let alone the requirements of the book, have dictated. In this connection, I am deeply indebted to Professor Michael G. Carter, formerly of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Literatures, New York University, now with the Department ofEast European and Oriental Studies, Oslo University, [ xv ] SCIENCE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM and to Professor Ragep for their extensive reviews of my manuscript and their resulting corrections and suggestions, as well as to Dr. Hamarneh for valuable additions and corrections to the book's chapter on Islamic medi­ cine. I am also grateful to Professor King for having provided me in recent years with much new and valuable material concerning Muslim astronomy and astronomical instrumentation, and to Professor Sabra for supplying valuable information concerning both the Hellenistic influence on Muslim philosophy and science, as well as the complex course ofdevelopment and decline in the medieval Muslim scientific enterprise. I wish also to thank Dr. Alnoor Dhanani and Dr. Emory C. Bogle for their many comprehen­ sive and constructive comments and corrections. I am, of course, entirely responsible for my interpretation and application ofthe valuable material, counsel, and suggestions provided by all these distinguished scholars. This book is intended as a detailed survey for general readers and as corollary or background reading for college and high school students. While written from a Western, non-Muslim point of view, it aims to re­ flect full consideration of the religious and ethnic experience that has shaped the course ofscience in Muslim lands.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Persian-Toledan Astronomical Connection and the European Renaissance
    Academia Europaea 19th Annual Conference in cooperation with: Sociedad Estatal de Conmemoraciones Culturales, Ministerio de Cultura (Spain) “The Dialogue of Three Cultures and our European Heritage” (Toledo Crucible of the Culture and the Dawn of the Renaissance) 2 - 5 September 2007, Toledo, Spain Chair, Organizing Committee: Prof. Manuel G. Velarde The Persian-Toledan Astronomical Connection and the European Renaissance M. Heydari-Malayeri Paris Observatory Summary This paper aims at presenting a brief overview of astronomical exchanges between the Eastern and Western parts of the Islamic world from the 8th to 14th century. These cultural interactions were in fact vaster involving Persian, Indian, Greek, and Chinese traditions. I will particularly focus on some interesting relations between the Persian astronomical heritage and the Andalusian (Spanish) achievements in that period. After a brief introduction dealing mainly with a couple of terminological remarks, I will present a glimpse of the historical context in which Muslim science developed. In Section 3, the origins of Muslim astronomy will be briefly examined. Section 4 will be concerned with Khwârizmi, the Persian astronomer/mathematician who wrote the first major astronomical work in the Muslim world. His influence on later Andalusian astronomy will be looked into in Section 5. Andalusian astronomy flourished in the 11th century, as will be studied in Section 6. Among its major achievements were the Toledan Tables and the Alfonsine Tables, which will be presented in Section 7. The Tables had a major position in European astronomy until the advent of Copernicus in the 16th century. Since Ptolemy’s models were not satisfactory, Muslim astronomers tried to improve them, as we will see in Section 8.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Nisan - 12 Temmuz 2021
    12 Nisan - 12 Temmuz 2021 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yayınları: 125 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Millet Kütüphanesi: 7 ISBN: 978-625-7368-01-8 eISBN 978-625-7368-02-5 Ankara, Nisan 2021 © Bütün hakları saklıdır. Bu yayının hiçbir parçası Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İdari İşler Başkanlığının yazılı izni olmadan elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ve benzeri yollarla çoğaltılamaz, aktarılamaz, yayınlanamaz. Bu sergi/katalog Cumhurbaşkanlığı Millet Kütüphanesi, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Milli Saraylar İdaresi Başkanlığı, Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi koleksiyonlarının katkıları ile hazırlanmıştır. Proje Yöneticisi Doç. Dr. Hasan DOĞAN Proje Danışmanları Sefer TURAN H. Hümeyra ŞAHİN Sergi Küratörü Hüseyin ŞEN Sergi Koordinatörleri Mehmet TUNCER Ayhan TUĞLU Emre MERMER Sergi Tasarımı Funda AKKUŞ Metin Yazarı Hüseyin ŞEN Metin Editörü Hümeyra DİNÇER Katkıda Bulunanlar Prof. Dr. Mustafa KAÇAR (FSM Vakıf Üniversitesi), Prof. Dr. Atilla BİR (FSM Vakıf Üniversitesi), Dr. Taha Yasin ARSLAN (Medeniyet Üniversitesi), Dr. Gaye DANIŞAN (İstanbul Üniversitesi), Op. Dr. Ömer Faruk İNANÇ (Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi), Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yayınları: 125 Sara YONTAN (Bibliotheque Nationale Paris), Azucena HERÁNDEZ (Perez Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Stephane IPERT Cumhurbaşkanlığı Millet Kütüphanesi: 7 (Qatar National Library), Prof. Dr. Jan HOGENDIJK (Hollanda Utrecht Üniversitesi),
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Kutub Al-Sittah, the Six Major Hadith Collections
    Contents Articles Al-Kutub al-Sittah 1 History of hadith 2 Muhammad al-Bukhari 7 Sahih Muslim 10 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri 12 Al-Sunan al-Sughra 14 Al-Nasa'i 15 Sunan Abu Dawood 17 Abu Dawood 18 Sunan al-Tirmidhi 19 Tirmidhi 21 Sunan ibn Majah 22 Ibn Majah 23 Muwatta Imam Malik 25 Malik ibn Anas 28 Sunan al-Darimi 31 Al-Darimi 31 Sahih al-Bukhari 33 Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 36 Ahmad ibn Hanbal 37 Shamaail Tirmidhi 41 Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah 42 Ibn Khuzaymah 43 Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih 44 Hammam ibn Munabbih 45 Musannaf ibn Jurayj 46 Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq 46 ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani 47 Sahih Ibn Hibbaan 48 Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain 49 Hakim al-Nishaburi 51 A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions 53 Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi 54 Tahdhib al-Athar 60 Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 61 Riyadh as-Saaliheen 66 Al-Nawawi 68 Masabih al-Sunnah 72 Al-Baghawi 73 Majma al-Zawa'id 74 Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami 75 Bulugh al-Maram 77 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 79 Kanz al-Ummal 81 Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi 83 Minhaj us Sawi 83 Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri 85 Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen 98 Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz 102 Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 107 Ibn Taymiyyah 110 Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya 118 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 123 Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh 130 Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di 132 Ibn Jurayj 134 Al-Dhahabi 136 Yusuf al-Qaradawi 138 Rashid Rida 155 Muhammad Abduh 157 Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani 160 Al-Suyuti 165 References Article Sources and Contributors 169 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 173 Article Licenses License 174 Al-Kutub al-Sittah 1 Al-Kutub al-Sittah Al-Kutub Al-Sittah) are collections of hadith by Islamic ;ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻪ :The six major hadith collections (Arabic scholars who, approximately 200 years after Muhammad's death and by their own initiative, collected "hadith" attributed to Muhammad.
    [Show full text]
  • Register Von Den Veröffentlichungen Des Institutes, Zu Denen Vorworte Geschrieben Worden Sind
    REGISTER VON DEN VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN DES INSTITUTES, ZU DENEN VORWORTE GESCHRIEBEN WORDEN SIND Fuat Sezgin, Einleitung XXV Fuat Sezgin, Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wis­ senschaften an der Johann Wolf gang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Proschüre zur Geschichte des Instituts.] 1982. 2. Ausg. 1989. 36 S„ (arab.) 40 S. Zur Entstehung und den Zielen des Instituts 1 Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums (deren Bände I-IX vom Verlag Brill in Leiden von 1967 bis 1984 her­ ausgegeben wurden) Band X: Mathematische Geographie und Kartographie im Islam und ihr Fortleben im Abendland. Historische Darstellung. Teil 1. Frankfurt 2000. XXX, 634 S. Vorwort 7 Band XI: Mathematische Geographie und Kartographie im Islam und ihr Fortleben im Abendland. Historische Darstellung. Teil 2. Frankfurt 2000. VIII, 716 S. Zusammenfassung 29 Band XII: Mathematische Geographie und Kartographie im Islam und ihr Fortleben im Abendland. Kartenband. Frankfurt 2000. XVI, 362 S., 447 Karten. Einleitung 43 Band XIII: Mathematische Geographie und Kartographie im Islam und ihr Fortleben im Abendland. Autoren. Frankfurt 2007. X, 587 S. Vorwort 51 Bände XTV-XV: Anthropogeographie. Teil 1: Gesamt- und Länder­ geographie, Stadt- und Regionalgeographie. Teil 2: Topographie, Geographische Lexika, Kosmographie, Kosmologie, Reiseberichte. Frankfurt 2010. XXI, 553; X, 470 S. Vorwort 55 http://d-nb.info/1024921565 VI Register Englische Übersetzung Mathematical Geography and Cartography in Islam and their Continuation in the Occident. Volume I. Part 1. Historical Presentation. Being an English Version of Volume X of Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums. Translated by Guy Moore and Geoff Sammon. Frankfurt 2005. XXXII, 636 S. Preface. Introduction 63 Mathematical Geography and Cartography in Islam and their Continuation in the Occident.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3
    Published on Books on Islam and Muslims | Al-Islam.org (http://www.al-islam.org) Home > A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3 A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3 Log in [1] or register [2] to post comments Early Centuries (From The First/Seventh Century To The Fall Of Baghdad) A Compendium of articles on the History of Muslim Philosophy. In this book: Early Centuries (From The First/Seventh Century To The Fall Of Baghdad) Publisher(s): ● Pakistan Philosophical Congress [3] Category: ● General [4] ● Philosophy [5] Topic Tags: ● Islamic History [6] ● history [7] ● Philosophy [8] Miscellaneous information: A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3. Edited and Introduced by: M. M. SHARIF. Director of the Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore Pakistan http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hmp/index.html Part 1: Theologico-Philosophical Movements Chapter 10: Mu’tazalism Mu’tazilism by Mir Valiuddin, M.A Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy, Osmania University, Hyderabad Deccan (India) The General Mu’tazilite Position Subsequent to the times of the Companions of the Prophet of Islam, the Mu'tazilah creed made its appearance. It had its inception nearly two centuries after the migration (Hijrah) of the Holy Prophet to Madinah. The Mu'tazilites were thoroughgoing rationalists. They believed that the arbiter of whatever is revealed has to be theoretical reason. Let us for a moment consider why the Mu'tazilites were so named. The story goes that one day Imam al‑Hasan al‑Basri was imparting instruction to his pupils in a mosque. Before the lessons were finished someone turned up and addressed him thus: “Now, in our own times a sect1 of people has made its appearance, the members of which regard the perpetrator of a grave sin as an unbeliever and consider him outside the fold of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Une Histoire De L'astronomie D'une Grande Importance Pour Comprendre Le Cadre De Sa Pensée
    UNEUNE HISTOIREHISTOIRE DEDE L’ASTRONOMIEL’ASTRONOMIE la Préhistoire - l’Antiquité - le Moyen-Âge la Renaissance - l’Âge de Raison le siècle des Lumières - le XIX° siècle les XX° et XXI° siècles - iconographie GAP 47 • Olivier Sabbagh • Mars 2016 / Revision Janvier 2020 Une histoire de l’astronomie Préambule Etablir et rassembler un document intitulé « une histoire de l’astronomie » peut paraître très ambitieux et procède de nombreux choix qui, en tant que tels, sont nécessairement subjectifs. Nous sommes confrontés au premier choix qui consiste à prendre la voie de l’encyclopédie, pour tout dire, tout explorer et être totalement exhaustifs. La conséquence en serait la production d’un volume incalculable de données, d’évènements, de noms, de photos, etc. Faire le choix de cette approche serait très long et difficile, sauf au prix de produire des milliers de pages qui, ipso facto, seraient probablement illisibles et dans lesquelles le lecteur pourrait facilement se perdre, voire se lasser ou s’ennuyer. L’autre approche, celle que nous avons choisie, est celle de l’arbitraire, en faisant certains choix à priori : parler de telle ou telle découverte plutôt que d’autres, parler sommairement de la famille et/ou de la personnalité de certains astronomes, parler de certaines civilisations pour voir ce qu’elles ont apporté à la science du ciel et des étoiles et à notre compréhension progressive de l’Univers dans lequel nous nous trouvons. Comme les choix que nous avons faits sont arbitraires, ils sont nécessairement discutables puisque biaisés, en ne retenant que ce qui nous paraît le plus important et en laissant donc de côté ce qui nous semble secondaire (ou moins indispensable).
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Discoveries of Islamic Countries, I Suggested That a Book of This Kind Should Be Written Specifically for Children of Those Countries
    The discoveries in Islamic countries Produced by Ahmed Djebbar Teaching coordination : Cecile de Hosson and David Jasmin This work proposes the means to set up the experimental activities from the history of science and technology. Its aim is to give scientific and technical knowledge to the pupils, from primary school, from historical stories, whilst also proposing the texts adapted for children and the documentation for the teachers. The originality of this work, whose teaching activities are designed for pupils finishing primary school and for college, is shown from the universal character of science, as in its inscription in different cultures. It shows the value of the scientific and technical discoveries in Islamic countries, by the savants, who have brought much to the whole of the scientific community and to humanity, in numerous domains. In hoping that the teaching will be put into operation after having read this work, and that it contributes to give the pupils an image of science, more just, more personal, and more engaging. Pierre Joliot Member of the Academy of Sciences President of the Committee of the trademark La main à la pâte La main à la pâte is a trademark recorded at the Academy of Sciences. Licensed for use as a trademark on 22/01/2009 for educational texts. This work is approved by the Academy of Sciences and has the support of the Henri Lachmann Foundation of the French Institute Production by : Valérie Gautheron Illustrations by : Christophe Vallée ©Éditions le Pommier, 2009 ISBN 978-2-7465-0379-3 all rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Authors
    LIST OF AUTHORS George Abraham Annanagar, Madras, India Gnomon in India BaJa Achi National Museum, Abuja, Nigeria Construction Techniques in Africa Michael Adas Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonialism and Science Western Dominance: Western Science and Technology in the Construction ofldeologies of Colonial Dominance Samuel A.M. Adshead Department of History, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Salt Bilal Ahmad Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A. Ibn Ba~!iJ~a S.M. Ahmad AI Al-Bayt University, Jubayha, Amman, Jordan Ibn Khurdadhbih Ibn Majid al-Idrisi Mansour So lyman ai-Said Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, )<.lng Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Medicine in Islam Claude Alvares The Other India Bookstore, Goa, India Irrigation in India and Sri Lanka Technology and Culture Mehdi Aminrazavi Department of Philosophy, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Gene Ammarell Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A. Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago Munawar A. Anees Periodica Islamica, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ibn Z:uhr Tian Se Ang Department of Language Studies, Faculty of Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Western Australia Acupuncture Five Phases (Wuxing) Sun Zi Wang Xiaotong Xiahou Yang Xu Yue ZuChongzhi Charles Anyinam Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medicine in Africa Roger Arnaldez Paris, France Ibn Butlan R.K. Arora International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India Agriculture in India Bernardo Arriaza Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]