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Home , Ali ibn Khalaf, Book of Optics, Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Ge Hong, Haridatta, Huolongjing

LIST OF AUTHORS

George Abraham Annanagar, Madras, in India BaJa Achi National Museum, Abuja, Construction Techniques in Africa Michael Adas Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonialism and Western Dominance: Western Science and Technology in the Construction ofldeologies of Colonial Dominance Samuel A.M. Adshead Department of History, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Salt Bilal Ahmad Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A. Ibn Ba~!iJ~a S.M. Ahmad AI Al-Bayt University, Jubayha, Amman, Jordan Ibn Khurdadhbih Ibn Majid al-Idrisi Mansour So lyman ai-Said Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, )<.lng Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in Claude Alvares The Other India Bookstore, , India in India and Sri Lanka Technology and Culture Mehdi Aminrazavi Department of , Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. Ibn Sina () Gene Ammarell Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A. in the Indo-Malay Archipelago Munawar A. Anees Periodica Islamica, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ibn Z:uhr Tian Se Ang Department of Language Studies, Faculty of Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Western Australia Acupuncture Five Phases (Wuxing) Zi Wang Xiaotong Xiahou Yang Xu Yue ZuChongzhi Charles Anyinam Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medicine in Africa Roger Arnaldez Paris, France R.K. Arora International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, New , India Agriculture in India Bernardo Arriaza Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Mummies in South America Marcia Ascher , Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Ethnomathematics Quipu Robert Ascher , Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. Quipu Kamel Arifin Mohd A tan Department of , University of Agriculture Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia in Islamic Mathematics George Atiyeh Library of Congress, Near East Section, Washington, DC, U.S.A. al-Kindi

1063 1064 LIST OF AUTHORS

A. V. Balasubramanian Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems, Madras, India Knowledge Systems in India Metallurgy in India Yoga Thomas J. Bassett Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Africa Frances Berdan Department of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino, California, U.S.A. Aztec Science Kenneth J.E. Berger San Diego, California, U.S.A. Environment and : China Bruce Berndt Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Ramanujan Richard Bertschinger Montacute, Somerset, England Huangdi Netjing Medical Texts in China Nanji11g Qia11jin Yaof"ang Shangha11 Lw1 Tangren Zhenjiu Shuxue T!Jjing Zhenjiu Dacheng Zhcnj i u jia_1·iji ng Lucie Bolens Faculty of Letters, Department of General History, University of Geneva, Switzerland Agriculture in the Islamic World Irrigation in the Islamic World Annie L. Booth Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada Environment and Nature: Native North America Ahmed Bouzid Center for the Study of Science in Society, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. al-Farghanl Francesca Bray Manchester University, Manchester, England Agriculture in China Sonja Brentjes Karl-Sudhoff-Institut, Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. Elements- Reception of 's Elements in the Islamic World al-Jawhari al-Nayrfzf David Browman Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Environment and Nature: the Andes David M. Browne Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales Nazca Lines Viggo Brun East Asian Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Medicine in Thailand Amriah Buang Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Geography in the Islamic World Anthony R. Butler Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China Charles Butterworth Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A. Cai J~ngfeng China Institute for the History of Medicine and , China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China Chinese Medicine Medicine in China: Forensic Medicine Emilia Calvo Department of Philology, University of Barcelona, Abu' l-Fida' al-Damfrf Ibn al-Banna' LIST OF AUTHORS 1065

Ibn al-Bay!iir Ibn al-Zarqallu Ibn I:Iawqal Ibn Tibbon Ibn Wafid al-Majrl!( Yal:lya ibn Abl Man~ilr Vicki Cassman Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Mummies in South America Jose Chabas Brussels, Belgium Zacut, Abraham A.K. C~akravarty Department of Mathematics, Mahishadal Raj College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India Calendars in India Sami Chalhoub Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of , in Islamic Mathematics D.P. Chattopadhyaya Project of History of Indian Science. Philosophy and Culture, Calcutta, India Environment and Nature: Indian Karine Chemla Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS), Histoire des , Paris, France; and Wissenschaftskolleg, Berlin, Gennany Siyuan Yujian Suanxue Qimeng Zhu Shijie Joseph Chen Department of , University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A. Acoustics in Chinese Culture Magnetism in Chinese Culture Weihang Chen Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Yinyang Religion and Science in China S. Terry Childs Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Metallurgy in Africa William C. Chittick Department of Comparative Studies, Program in Religious Studies, State University ofNew York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A. Ibn al-'Arabl W.C. Clarke Eumundi, Queensland, Australia Agriculture in the Pacific Agroforestry in the Pacific Michael P. Closs University of Ottawa, Department of Mathematics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Mathematics in Native North America Mathematics of the Aztecs Mathematics of the Maya Christopher Cullen Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, England; and Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studes, London, England Clocks: Astronomical Clocks in China Gaitian Huntian Zhoubi Suanjing Zou Yan Roger B. Culver Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Astronomy Ahmad Dallal $adr al-Sharl'ah Ubiratan D'Ambrosio University ofCampinas, Cidade Universitaria 'Zeferina Vaz', Campinas, Brazil Colonialism and Science in the Americas Americas: Native American Science 1066 LIST OF AUTHORS

Bhagwan Dash Rasashala Clinic, Delhi, India in India A trey a Caraka Medicine in India: Ayurveda Susruta Joseph W. Dauben City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. The Gougu Theorem William Davenport University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking: Marshall Island Stick Charts Jean Debernardi Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in Chinese Thought Catherine Delano Smith Institute of Historical Research, University of London, London, England Maps and Mapmaking in Asia (Prehistoric) P.N. Desai University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Medical Ethics in India Gregg DeYoung Science Department, American University in , Astronomy in Egypt Calendars in Egypt al-f:Iajjaj Jkhwan al-!fafa' Is~aq ibn f:Iunayn Maragha Metallurgy in Egypt Mummies in Egypt in the Islamic World Pyramids Zadeh ai- al-Samarqandi Textiles in Egypt Alnoor Dhanani Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Atomism in Islamic Thought Ahmed Djebbar Garches, France Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics Ibn a!-Yasamln Mathematics of Africa: al-Qala~adi Yvonne Dold-Samplonius Institute of Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Germany Abii'l-Wara' al-Mahanl al-Quhi ai-Sijzi Salimata Doumbia lnstitut de Recherches Mathematiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Mathematics in Africa: West Laurence R. Doyle SET! Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett , California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Africa Ashok Dutt Department of Geography, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A. Geography in India Gloria T. Emeagwali History Department, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, U.S.A. Colonialism and Science in Africa Textiles in Africa J. Worth Estes Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mas• sachusetts, U.S.A. Medicine in Egypt Nina Etkin Anthropology Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Medicinal Food Plants LIST OF AUTHORS 1067

Gillian R. Evans History Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Abacus Harmut Fahndrich Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Bern, Switzerland Ibn Jumay• Richard Feinberg Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, U.S.A. Navigation in Polynesia Feng Li-sheng Institute for the , Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Chinese Minorities Edward W: Frank Santa Monica, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Africa Donald and Joan Gear Cato Ridge, South Africa Weights and Measure in Burma: The Royal Animal-shaped Weights of the Burmese Empires Paulus Gerdes Universidade Pedagogica, Maputo, Mozambique in Africa: Sona Geometry Mathematics in Africa South of the Sahara in Africa Thomas F. Glick Department of History, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Leo the African Christopher Glidewell Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China Nicholas J. Goetzfridt Madison, Wisonsin, U.S.A. Navigation in the Pacific Islands S.D. Gomkale Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, , India Salt in India Susantha Goonatilake East and West: India in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West Gray Graffam Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Irrigation in South America Metallurgy in the Andes Paul Gregory Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada City Planning in India Y. Guergour Departement de Mathematiques, Ecole Normale Superieure, Kouba, Algeria Ibn Qunfudh Guo Shirong Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Chinese Minorities R.C. Gupta Ganita Bharati Academy, Ras Bahar Colony, Jhansi, India Aryabha!a Baudhayana Bhaskara II Madhava Mahiivlra in Srldhara Sami Khalaf Hamarneh ISTAC, P.O. Box 11961 , 50672 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ibn al-Majusl Ibn al-Quff(al-Karakl) al-Tabarl S. Nomanul Haq Department of Religious Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Jabir ibn l::!ayyan Hairuddin Harun Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Colonialism and Medicine in Malaysia Colonialism and Science in the Malay World 1068 LIST OF AUTHORS

E. Ruth Harvey Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ibn Hubal Ibn Sarabi (Serapion) Ibn Tufayl al-Jurjanl Samtl'Iil ibn

Algebra: Surveyors' Algebra Geometry in the Near and Mathematics, Practical And Recreational Mei-ling Hsu Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. Geography in China Hua Jueming Institute for the History of , Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Metallurgy in China Huang, H. T. Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, England Food Technology in China Huang Yi-long Institute of History, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Gan De Nancy Hudson-Rodd Department of Community Health Nursing, Edith Cowan University, Churchlands, Western Australia Geographical Knowledge

Ake Hultkrantz Department of Comparative Religion, University of Stockholm, Lidingo, Sweden Medicine in Native North America Religion and Science in Native North America Ekmeleddin !hsanoglu Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, , Ottoman Science Mohammad Ilyas Astronomy and Atmospheric Research Unit, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Calendars in Islam and Islamic Prayer Albert Z. Iskandar Wellcome Institute, London, England J:Iunay!l Ibn Is~aq Ibn al-Nafis Ibn Ri~wan Ibn Rushd () al-Razi Mat Rofa bin Ismail Department of Mathematics, University of Agriculture Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Algebra in Islamic Mathematics Shigeo Iwata Tokyo, Japan Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley Weights and Measures in Japan Weights and Measures in Peru Danielle Jacquart Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France Ibn Masawayh Yii~anna S.K. Jain National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Ethnobotany in India Jennifer Jay Department of History and Classics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Li Chunfeng Jeon Sang-woon Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea Korean Science Jiang Xiaoyuan Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Annillary Spheres in China Liu Hong Luoxia Hong Zhang Heng Shigeru Jochi Japanese Center, Ming Chuan College, Taipei, Taiwan Aida Yasuaki Ajima Naonobu Hazama Shigetomi Seki Kowa Takebe Katahiro Timothy Johns Centre for Nutrition and the Environment of Indigenous Peoples, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada Potato 1070 LIST OF AUTHORS

William T. Johnson University Libraries, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. Mathematics in the Pacific Physics in India William D. Johnston Department of History, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, U.S.A. Medicine in Japan Karen Louise Jolly Department of History, University of Hawaii at MAnoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Magic and Science Carolyn Jones U Mut Maya, Bayside, California, U.S.A. Textiles in Mesoamerica Tom Jones College of Arts and Humanities, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, U.S.A. Calendars in Mesoamerica Textiles in Mesoamerica Writing of the Maya Gretchen W. Jordan Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Roads in Native North America George Gheverghese Joseph Faculty of Econometrics and Social Statistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, England Mathematics Geometry in India Carol F. Justus Linguistics Research Center, University ofTexas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Cuneiform Ted Kaptchuk Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Ahmet T. Karamustafa Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages and Literature, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic Terrestrial Maps Margarita Kay Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Childbirth Jeanne Kay Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Environment and Nature: the Hebrew People M.S. Khan Calcutta, India India: Medieval Science and Technology Elaheh Kheirandish Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. in Islamic Science Kim Yong Woon Department of Mathematics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea ~ Mathematics in Korea David A. King Institute for History of Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Astronomy in the Islamic World Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World Ibn Yiinus al-Khalili Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic, -centered Maps al-Maridini, Jamal al-Din and Badr al-Din Religion and Science in Islam 1: Technical and Practical Aspects Steven Klarer Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Qi Christoph Koerbs Berlin, Germany East and West: China in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West Samuel S. Kottek Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Medicine in the Talmud Abraham Ibn Ezra E.C. Krupp Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Native North America Dieter Kuhn Institute ofSinology, University ofWiirzberg, Germany Silk and the Loom Textiles in China LIST OF AUTHORS 1071

Deepak Kumar National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India Colonialism and Science in India Paul Kunitzsch Institut fiir Semitistik, Universitat Miinchen, Miinchen, Germany : Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic World Ibn Qutayba Lunar Mansions in Islamic Astronomy ai-Ma•miin Stars in Arabic-Islamic Science al-~ufi Zodiac in Islam Shigehisa Kuriyama International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, Japan Moxibustion Takanori Kusuba Osaka University of Economics, Osaka City, Japan Narayal).a Pal).~ita Chi-Wan Lai Neurology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine Yen-Huei C. Lai Neurology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine Lam Lay Yong Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore Algebra in China Computation: Chinese Counting Rods Pi in Zhang Qiujian Suanjing Y. Tzvi Langermann Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, Israel Abu'l-Barakat Astronomy of the Hebrew People Moses Gari Ledyard Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Korea Richard Lemay New York, New York, U.S.A. Abu Ma'shar Astrology in Islam Ma•sha•allah Angela Ki Che Leung ISSP Sun Yat-Sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan Medical Ethics in China Tony Levy CNRS (Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique ), Centre d'Histoire des Sciences et des Arabes et Medievales, Vanves, France Bar I:Iiyya I:Iasdai Crescas Mathematics of the Hebrews G. Malcolm Lewis Sheffield, S. Yorkshire, England Maps and Mapmaking of the Native North Americans Ch'iao-p'ing Li Department of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Chemistry in China Li Di Institute for the History of Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Meteorology in China Liao Yuqun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Ben Cao Gang Mu Ulrich Libbrecht Kluisbergen, Belgium Mathematics in China Qin Jiushao Shushu Jiuzhang Liu Dun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Wang Xichan Richard P. Lorch Miinchen, Germany 1072 LIST OF AUTHORS

Jabir ibn Afla~ Lu Jing-Yan Associate Professor of Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Tribology in China Murdo J. Macleod Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Crops in Pre-Columbian America Dyes Martha J. Macri Department of Native American Studies and Anthropology, University ofCalifomia Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A. Astronomy in Mesoamerica Tim McGrew Department of Philosophy, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A. Physics in the Islamic World William J. McPeak Lake Forest, California, U.S.A. Meteorology in Islam Vincent H. Malmstrom Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Geography in Mesoamerica Long Count Magnetism in Mesoamerica J.L. Mancha Facultad de Filosofia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Levi Ben Gerson Bala V. Manyam Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Epilepsy in Indian Medicine S. Parvez Manzoor Department of the Study of Religion and Worldviews, University ofUppsala, Uppsala Sweden Environment and Nature: Islam Jean-Claude Martzloff Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint-Denis, France Approximation Fonnulae in Chinese Mathematics Geometry in China Li Shanlan Mathematics in Japan Zeina Matar Eutin, Germany Ibn

I no Tadataka Japanese Science Shibukawa Harumi Shizuki Tadao Azim A. Nanji Department of Religion, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Medical Ethics in Islam Georges Niangoran-Bouah Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Universite d' Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Weights and Measures in Africa: Akan Gold Weights Connie Nobles Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, U.S.A. Mound Cultures Yukio Ohashi Tokyo, Japan Astronomical instruments in India Astronomy in Tibet Richard Okagbue National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Food Technology in Africa Harold Olofson Graduate School and Area Research and Training Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Agroforestry Arnold Pacey Addingham, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, England Agroforestry in Africa Engineering Gender and Technology Qanat Rainwater Harvesting Technology Pan Jixing Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China Paper and Papermaking and Rocketry and Deepa Pande Economics Department, Kumaon University, Naini Tal, India Forestry in India Cornelis Plug Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Celestial Vault and Sphere Malcolm Potts School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Abortion Marvin A. Powell Department of History, Northern Illinois University, DeKaib, Illinois, U.S.A. Sexagesimal System Fabrizio Pregadio Venice, Italy Alchemy in China Huangdi Jiuding Shendan Jing Shen Gua Sun Simo Wang Chong Wei Boyang Jean-Pierre Protzen Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. City Planning: Inca City Planning Inca Stonemasonry Edoardo Proverbio Osservatorio Astronomico, Milano, Italia Gnomon in China Jehane Ragai Science Department, American University in Cairo, Egypt Calendars in Egypt Mummies in Egypt 1074 LIST OF AUTHORS

F. Jamil Ragep Department of the History of Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A. ai-Hashimi Hay'a Na~ir al-Din al-Tiisi Mushtaqur Rahman Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. ai-Mas'iidi al-Muqaddasi A.S. Ramanathan Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Madras, India Meteorology in India Vijaya Ramaswamy Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, India Textiles in India Roshdi Rashed Centre d'Histoire des Sciences et des-Philosophies Arabes et Medievales, C.N.R.S.-E.P.H.E., Paris, France; and University ofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan Ibn al-Haytham (Aihazen) Ibrahim ibn Sinan Science as a Western Phenomenon Ulrich Rebstock Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Orientalisches Seminar, Freiburg, Germany Weights and Measures in Islam Paul Richards Group for Technology and Agrarian Development, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Agriculture in Africa James Ritter Departement des Mathematiques, Universite de Paris, Saint Denis, France Mathematics in Egypt Lawrence H. Robbins Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. Namoratunga Amy Oakland Rodman California State University, Hayward, California, U.S.A. Textiles in South America Christine M. Rodrigue Department of Geography and Planning, California State University, Chico, California, U.S.A. Animal Domestication Boris A. Rosenfeld Mathematics Department, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. ai-Fazari Geometry in the Islamic World Gnomon in Islam al-Kashi ai-Kharaqi

Abu'l-$alt Alfonso X al-Battani al-Bitruji Ibn al-Hii'im Ibn al-Kammad Ibn al-Raqqam Ibn Isl_laq al-Tunisi al-Khazini Ziauddin Sardar London, England Environment and Nature: Islam Islamic Science: the Contemporary Debate Values and Science K. V. Sarma Adyar Library and Research Centre, Adyar, Madras, India Acyuta Pi~arati Armillary Spheres in India Astronomy in India Calculus Candrasekhara Samanta Decimal Notation Desantara Devacarya Jagannatha Samrat Jayadeva Lunar Mansions in Mahadeva Mahendra Siiri Makaranda MuniSvara Nilakal)tha Somayaji Pak!fa Paramesvara Paulisa of the Putumana Somayaji Rationale in Indian Mathematics Sali.kara Variyar Satananda Sphujidhvaja Sulbasutras Suryasiddhanta Vtikyakarm;a Varahamihira Vatesvara Yavanesvara Yuktibhti!fti of Jye~thadeva Nataraja Sarma Vigyan Society, New Bombay, India Time in India Emilie Savage-Smith Well come Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Geomancy in the Islamic World Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial Islamic Maps Richard Evans Schultes Melrose, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Ethnobotany Ethnobotany in Mesoamerica Joseph E. Schwartzberg Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. 1076 LIST OF AUTHORS

Maps and Mapmaking in India Maps and Mapmaking in Southeast Asia Maps and Mapmaking in Tibet Karl H. Schwerin Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. Agriculture in South and Central America Swidden Aaron Segal El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. Technology in the New World Jacques Sesiano Department des Mathematiques, Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne, Switzerland al-Karaji al-Khwarizmi Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics Number Theory in Islamic Mathematics al-Uq!Idisi Virendra Nath Sharma Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wisconsin Fox Valley, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Jai Singh Observatories in India Akhtar H. Siddiqi Department of Geography, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A. al-Biruni: Geographical Contributions Yadhu N. Singh College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A. Ethnobotany in the Pacific Kripanath Sinha Department of Education, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India Sripati Suliana Siwatibau Port Vila, Vanuatu Medicine of the Pacific Islands A. Mark Smith Department of History, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Ibn Mu'adh Julian A. Smith Institute for the History and and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Architecture in the Islamic World Arithmetic in Islamic Mathematics Compass Physics Telescope Michael E. Smith Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A. City Planning: Aztec City Planning Richard J. Smith Department of History, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Divination in China Lawrence Souder Department of and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. l:fabash al-l:fasib Leslie E. Sponsel Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Environment and Nature: Amazon Environment and Nature in Buddhist Thought F. Richard Stephenson Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, England Eclipses Lunar Mansions in Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial East Asian Maps M.S. Stern Department ofReligion,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Time in Islam Sun Xiaochun Institute for the History of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Stars in Chinese Science Sun Xiaoli The Fourth University of Military Medicine, Xi-an, China !sa Tarjaman Li Bing Frank J. Swetz The Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. LIST OF AUTHORS 1077

Geometry Surveying Richard C. Taylor Department of Philosophy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. East and West: Islam in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West Sevim Tekeli , Turkey al-Khujandl Pirl Reis Taql al-Din Gerald R. Tibbets Eynsham, Oxford, England The Balkhl School of Arab Geographers Christopher Toll University·ofCopenhagen, Denmark al-Hamdanl Marina A. Tolmacheva Department of History, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A. East and West: Africa in the Transmission of Knowledge East to West Environment and Nature: Africa Navigation in Africa Navigation in the Indian Ocean and the Vijaya Narayan Tripathi Varanasi, India Astrology in India John Allen Tucker Department of History and Philosophy, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida Environment and Nature: Japan Dorothy Tunbridge Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, Australia Environment and Nature: the Australian Aboriginal People David Turnbull School of Social , Arts Faculty, Deakin University, Gee long, Victoria, Australia Bamboo Knowledge Systems: Local Knowledge Maps and Mapmaking of the Australian Aboriginal People , Objectivity and Method B.L. Turner II Graduate School of Geography and George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, U. S.A. Agriculture of the Maya Christine Tuschinsky Institut fiir Ethnologie, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Jamu Lawrence Tyler Office oflnternational Affairs, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A. Medicine Wheels Kazutaka Unno Mie, Japan Maps and Mapmaking in Japan Ryan A. Uritam Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Physics in China Edwin J. Van Kley Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A. East and West Robert M. Veatch Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Medical Ethics Judith Vidal University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. Food Technology in America Sugar in Hans Ulrich Vogel Seminar fiir Sinologie und Koreanistik der Universitiit Ti.ibingen, Ti.ibingen, Germany Bitumen in Premodern China Natural Gas in China Salt in China Weights and Measures in China John Walbridge Indiana University; Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. al-Shlrazl Jinguang Wang Hangzhou University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Optics in China 1078 LIST OF AUTHORS

Caiwu Wang Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, U.S.A. Optics in China Helen Watson-Verran Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Knowledge Systems of the Australian Aboriginal People Mathematics of the Australian Aboriginal People John Whitmore University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in Vietnam Ruth Hendricks Willard San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Weights and Measures in Egypt Denis Wood School of Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking Yang DiSheng Tsing Hua University, Institute of Humanities, Beijing, China Knowledge Systems in China Yano Michio International Institute for Linguistic Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan Kushyar ibn Labban Trigonometry in Indian Mathematics Zodiac in India Cordell D.K. Vee St. Johns College, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A. Maps and Mapmaking in China H.K. Yoon Department of Geography, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Geomancy in China Maps and Mapmaking: Chinese Geomantic Maps Michael Zeilik Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. Time in Native North America R. Tom Zuidema Department of ~nthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. Knowledge Systems of the Incas Time and the Incas 1079

INDEX

Entries printed capitals refer to the articles in the Encyclopaedia. In the index all Arabic names starting with "al-" have been placed under the letter A. To increase the readability of the index the diacritical marks have not been included. For the correct spelling, the reader is refered to the main text.

A Aclla sacrifice 498 acllas 498 abacists 635 Acolhua ofTexcoco 143, 200 ABACUS I acoustics 191, 815, 816 abacus 46, 60, 234, 607, 635 of bells, stone-chimes, and drums II Abbas 938 ACOUSTICS IN CHINESE CULTURE 10 112, 365, 757, 925 acronical culmination 120 Abd al-Malik see al-Shirazi ACUPUNCTURE 12 Abd a1-Salam al-Muhtadi al-Muhammadi 802 acupuncture 258,398,675,685,687, 700, 748, 756, 833, 9!8, Abd a1-Wahhab ibn Jamal a1-Din ibn Yusufa1-Maridani 801 984, 1054, 1055 abdominal paracentesis 684 675 abjad (alphabetical) numeration 637 needles 12 Aboriginals/Aborigines: see Australian Aboriginal People Neolithic Age 12 ABORTION 2 points 984 abortion 665, 666, 670 spinal chord 13 Aboulfeda see Abu'l-Fida ACYUTA PISARATI 13 Abraham bar Hiyya (Savasorda) see Bar Hiyya Adelard of Bath 273 Abraham ibn Ezra see Ibn Ezra Adshead 878 Abu Bakr see al-Karaji Africa Abu Abdallah ibn Ahmad al-Muqaddasi 149 Agriculture 14 Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Zanati 362 Agroforestry 34 Abu'l-Barakat a!-Baghdadi 6 Astronomy 96 Abu Ali ai-Marrakushi 86 Colonialism and Science 220 Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 142 Construction Techniques 236 Abu Bishr Matta 272 East and West: Africa in the Transmission of Knowledge Abu Hanifah al-Daynur 698 259 Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Istakhri 149 Environment and Nature 283 ABU JAFAR AL-KHAZIN 3 Food Technology 333 ABU KAMIL 4 Geometry: Sana Geometry 367 ABUMASHAR 5 Maps and Mapmaking 554 Abu Mashar 273, 395 Mathematics: South of The Sahara 611 Abu Mansur see al-Khazini Mathematics: the Maghreb 613 Abu Nasr al-Farabi 739 Mathematics: 616 Abu Rayhan al-Biruni see al-Biruni Medicine 679 Abu Sahl al-Quhi 131, 792 Metallurgy 720 Abu Shakir see Banu Musa Navigation 759 Abu Uthman al-Dimashqi 272 Number Theory 781 Abu Zaid Ahmad ibn Sahl al-Balkhi 149 Textiles 955 ABU'L-BARAKAT 6 Time 972 Abu'l-Faraj 741 Weights and Measures: Akan Gold Weights I 005 ABU' L-FIDA 7 African art 611 Abu'l-Jud 639 Aghlabids 614 Abu' l-Qasim Zahrawi 801 agni !53, 3 72 ABU' L-SALT 8 Agnivesa 142 Abu'I-Salt al-Dani 8 Agricola's De re metallica 160 ABU'L-WAFA 8 agricultural systems 453 Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzajani 56, 131 ,365, 926 agricultural technologies 951 Abyssinia 556 AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA 14 Acacia albida 34, 35 AGRICULTURE IN CHINA 17 Acacia 35 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 19 Acarasangraha 807 AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN 23 1080

AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 30 al-Isharat wa' l-tanbihat (The Book of Directives and Treatments) AGRICULTURE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 20 434 AGRICULTURE IN THE PACIFIC 27 al-Istakhri 573 AGRICULTURE OF THE MAYA 24 al-jabr 48 agriculture 62 , 192, 351 , 843,936,937,947,951 al- 396 Agriculture, Japan - modernization process 24 al-Jahiliya 979 agro-ecosystems 28 AL-JAWHARI 470 AGROFORESTRY 33 AL-JAZARI 472 agroforestry 936 al-Jazari 208. 209 AGROFORESTRY IN AFRICA 34 AL-JURJANI 474 AGROFORESTRY IN THE PACIFIC 35 AL-KARAJI 475 aguada 357 ai-Karaji 69, 638, 886, 926 ahavaniya 917 AL-KASHI 476 ahimsa 664 al-Kashi 639, 802, 830 Ahmad ibn !sa 798 AL-KHALILI 477 Ahmes Papyrus 363 AL-KHARAQI 478 Ahrun of 271 ai-Khayyam 638, 894 Ahsan al-taqasim 753 al-Khayyani see Umar ai-Khayyam ahshi 834 AL-KHAZINI 480 Aida Ammei 3 7 al-Khazini 925 AIDA YASUAKI 37 AL-KHUJANDI 48 I Aidi 195 AL-KHWARIZMI 482 ailment 146 ai-Khwarizmi 44, 68, 87, 112, 234, 365, 375, 395, 886 of women and children 345 al-Khwarizmi (philosopher) 270 Ajima Chokuen 38 AL-KINDI 483 AJIMA NAONOBU 38 ai-Kindi 434, 739, 796 Akan people 783, 1005 al-Kuhi see al-Quhi akasa 81 7, 8 18 al-kura (sphere) 86 Akh 749 al-Mabda wa'l-maad (Book of Origin and End) 434 Akkadian 244, 245 al-Maghribi see Samuil ibn Abbas Aksum 555 AL-MAHANI 544 al-Ala ibn Sahl 639 AL-MAJRITI 547 Al-Andalusi 875 see Said al-Andalusi al-Majusi 434 al-Antaki 698 a!- Malik al-Shirazi see ai-Shirazi al-anwa 424 AL-MAMUN 548 al-Babadur 92 al-Mamun, Caliph 56, 82, 130, 271, 792 al-Baghdadi 51 al-Mamun's Circle 130 al-Balkhi 356, 573 al-Manazir 796 AL-BATTANI 152 ai-Mansur, Caliph 126, 926 al-Battani 56, 173, 273 al-Mantiq () 434 AL-B! RUN! (PART I) !57 AL-MARIDINI, JAMAL AL-DIN AND BADR AL-DIN 601 AL-BIRUNI (PART 2: GEOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS) ai-Marrakushi 837 !58 AL-MASUDI 604 al-Biruni 9, 131, 272, 435, 576, 739, 808, 819, 934 al-mulakhkhas fi ' I-haya al-basita (Epitome of Plain haya) 396 AL-BITRUJI 160 AL-MUQADDASI 753 al-Bitruji 132, 274, 396 al-Muqaddasi 573 al-Buzajani see Abu'! Wafa al-Mutabar 7 AL-DAMIRI 247 AL-MUTAMAN IBN HUD 753 al-Farabi 272, 434 AL-NAYRIZI 77.6 AL-FARGHANI 331 al-Nayrizi 392 al-Farghani 273, 331 al-Nazzam 141 AL-FAZARI 331 AL-QALASADI 830 al-Fazari 86, 394, 926 AL-QUHI or AL-KUHI 837 al-Ghafiqi 404 al ~ Quhi 639 al-Ghazali 270, 801 AL-RAZI 850 AL-ijAJJAJ 392 ai~Razi 272, 434, 697 al-Hajjaj 56 al-rifq 930 Al-Hakimi see Ibn Yunus AL-SAGHANI 874 AL-HAMDANI 393 AL-SAMARQANDI 881 a!-Hasan al-Hasib 832 al-Samarqandi 830 AL-HASHIMI 394 al-Sharif ai-Idrisi 555 ai-Hazen see Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) AL-SHIRAZI 896 AL-IDRISI 442 al-Shirazi 396, 600, 798 al-Idrisi 404, ?73 AL-SIJZI 898 1081

al-Sijzi 639 alum 939 AL-SUFI 915 amavasya 806 AL-SUYUTI 928 amber 811 AL-TABARI 930 Ameghino, Florentino 60 al-Tathim fi sinaat al-tanjim 129 AMERICAS: NATIVE AMERICAN SCIENCE 60 ai-Tusi 56 see also Native Americans al-ulum al-awail (ancient sciences) 757 America's, the al-ulum al-shariyya (Islamic sciences) 757 Aztecs see Aztec AL-UQLIDISI 993 Incas see Inca al-Uqlidisi 69, 234, 637 Mayas see Maya AL-URDI , 994 America, Meso see Meso America al-Waqt 979 America, North al-Zahrawi 404, 697 Astronomy in Native North America I 00 al-Zarqallu 837 Colonialism and Science in the Americas 221 al- al-Sabi !52 Environment and Nature: Native North America 302 Ala al-Dawlah 434 Ethnobotany in Native North America 321 Ala al-Din al-Tusi 801 Geography of Native North Americans 358 435 Maps and Mapmaking in Native North America 592 ALCHEMY IN CHINA 39 Mathematics in Native North America 651 ALCHEMY IN INDIA 41 Religion and Science in the Native Americas 865 alchemy 191, 192, 193, 195, 265,267, 393,460,525, 933, Road Networks in Ancient Native America 868 1004, 1045 Technology in the New World 951 alcohol 335, 337, 339 Time and Native Americans: Pueblo Indian World 983 Aldebaran 95, 96, 106 Weights and Measures in Mexico I 023 Alemanus, Hermanus 274 America, South Alexander of Hales 435 Agriculture in South and Central America 30 Alexander the Great 832, 938 Calendars in South America 180 Alexandria 8, 808 Crops in Pre-Columbian Agriculture 241 43 Environment and Nature: South America - The Amazon 305 ALFONSOX 43 Environment and Nature: South America- The Andes Alfraganus see al-Farghani 307 Alfred of Sareshal 273 Food Technology in Latin America 338 ALGEBRA IN CHINA 43 Irrigation in South America 452 ALGEBRA IN INDIA: BIJAGANITA 47 Metallurgy in South America 733 algebra in India 155, 163 Nazca Lines 777 ALGEBRA IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 48 Sugar in Latin America 915 ALGEBRA, SURVEYORS' 52 Textiles in South America 967 algebra 4, 46--48,52,67,68, 155, 162,231,232,476,482, 510, Weights and Measures in Peru I 026 512,513,627,628,831,886,898,908,931 amicable numbers 476 algebraic ammat 184 computations 370 amniocentesis 670 equations 429, 903 Amoghavajra 78 operations 812 amputation 398 Alhazen 365, 740 see Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) amulets 612, 727 alidade 74 see surveying Analects of Confucius 833, 855 Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas) see al-Majusi analgesics 893 837 analogous 921 Ali Kusca 802 anaphoric clock 74 Aligarh School 457 Anasazi I 0 I, 366, 984 alkaloids 694 799, 80 I allographs I 036 anatomy 199, 435, 699, 927 alloys 720, 722, 731, 732, 905 ofOrgans 43 1 ALMAGEST: ITS RECEPTION AND TRANSMISSION IN ancestor worship 526 THE ISLAMIC WORLD 55 ancient China 666 117, 183,249,517 Egypt 259, 828 almucantar 74 Egyptian metallurgy 721 Alpetragius see al-Bitruji Persia 665 Alpha Centauri 123 textiles 967 ALPHABET 56 22, 87,613,802 alphabet Andalusian and Castilian measures I 024 Canaanite inscriptions 58 Andean civilization 180, 825 altar construction see Sulbasutras culture 496 Altair 123 Highlands 951 altepetl 590 textiles 967 1082

Andes 62 346, 377, 393, 395, 434, 809, 820, 821 Andromeda I 060 Analytics 376 anesthetics 435, 986 concept ofthe infinite 241 Angkor 923 De Caelo 395 anicut 450 Physics 821 ANIMAL DOMESTICATION 64 ARITHMETIC IN INDIA: PATIGANITA 67 animal protein I 7 ARITHMETIC IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 68 representations I 008 arithmetic 44, 61, 67, 128, 155, 162, 193,606,607,615,620, shaped weights I 008 633,645,908,934,993 animals 945 algebraic calculation 83 I animism 524 art 662 Aniruddha 883 arithmetical progression 48, 147, 533 ankapasa 68 Arizona 843, 936 Ankor 3 armaments 939 annato 252 ARMILLARY SPHERES IN CHINA 70 annealing 726, 731 ARMILLARY SPHERES IN INDIA 71 Antares 95, 120, 562 43, 84, 110, 194, 416,927 anti-atomists 139 armor 727 antidotes 440 arrobas I 024 anu 817 arsenic 195 Anushirwan 395 art of medicine 930 anwa 429, 520 see Ibn Qutayba and Astronomy in the Islamic artofnumbers 614 World art of printing 191 anwahamzamath 126 Artemisia 189, 684, 748 Anyang 191 artesian wells 452 Aobo tu 878 Artha-sastra 42, 83 Apache 359 artificial generation of life 460 Apastamba 917 hybridization 905 Aphorismi 425 iron-making 725 Aphorisms, Moses Maimonides 745 lakes 447 aphrodisiacs 184, 882 Iight sources 793 Apollonius of Perga 49, 235, 365, 406, 753 mummification 750 apparitions of stars 120 respiration 893 APPROXIMATION FORMULAE IN CHINESE 72 MATHEMATICS 65 Aryabhata 83, 364, 394, 780, 827, 924 aqnan 424 71, 72,249,364, 394, 780, 807,827, 845,924 Aquarius 92 Aryapaksa 72 Arab merchants 196 ASADA GORYU 73 navigation 767 asana 1046 starlore 126 Asayaprakasini 752 world Ill, 938 Ashok Jhunjhunwala 269 Arabia 109, 843 Asia Arabic see Islam Calendars in East Asia 164 Aramaic 112 Geometry in the Near and Middle East 380 archaeoastronomy 747, 755 Korean Science 502 archaeology I 09, 191, 719 Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial East Asian Maps 562 Archimedean screw 949 Maps and Mapmaking in Southeast Asia 594 Archimedes 4, 209, 406, 544, 639, 753 , 820, 920 Assyria-Babylonia 665 Lemmas 377 Assyrian law 665 On the Sphere and Cylinder 365, 838 Assyrians 742 principle 810, 813 astamaya 116 architecture 63, 191, 236 asterisms 79, 109, 114, 123, 191,429,516, 520,910 area 53,234,381, 1020, 1026 see also constellations computation 380 asteroids 91 measures 380, 1017 astral map 563, 564 metrology 380 medicine 525 oflunes 406 ASTROLABE 74 Aries 92 astrolabe 8, 74, 85, 86, 87,331,356,377,404,413,445,481, Aristotelian natural philosophy 745 572,776,838,923,926 psyche 435 myrtle 75 Ptolemaic models I 003 astrology 76, 110, 143, 144, 151,265,395,520,525,602,758, scholastics 240 867, 896, 993, 999, 1057, 1058 Aristotelian ism 240, 814 and folklore 440 Aristotelians 820 tianwen 265 1083

ASTROLOGY IN CHINA 76 Atri 142 ASTROLOGY IN INDIA 78 Augustinian Gundisalvo 435 ASTROLOGY IN ISLAM 81 Augustinian-Platonism 888 astromancy 76 aural observation 70 I ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 83 Aurillac, Gerbert of I ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE ISLAMIC aurora borealis 109 WORLD 86 Australia 771 astronomical Bureau 390 Australian Aboriginal People ephemerides 404 Astronomy I 05 geography 149 australian territories 562 handbook 1057 Environment and Nature 287 instruments 110, 460, 926, 994 Knowledge Systems 490 knowledge, Oceania 769 Maps and Mapmaking 560 model 395, 758 Mathematics 619 observations 838, 894, 896, 983 Austronesian 118 observatories 505 Avendeuth 435 tables 356, 408,426, 858, 896, 993, 1050, 1057 Averroes see Ibn Rushd (Averroes) for timekeeping 439 Avicenna 740 see Ibn Sina (Avicenna) timekeeping 858 avoidance of suffering 664 ASTRONOMY 88 Avyaktaganitadhyaya 908 astronomy 8, 76, 81, 108, 144, 151, 155, 191, 193, 196, 197, awls 747 232,400,605,636,719,745,755,809,837,867,875,898, axis mundi 559, 594, 596 931,934,977,999, 1050, 1061 ayana-calana 827 Abu Jafar al-Khazin 88 ayantu 97 Almagest 55 ayllus 498, 780 Armillary spheres in China 70 Aymara 497, 968 Armillary spheres in India 71 Ayurveda 42, 502, 664, 669 Celestial vault and sphere 184 Ayurvedic literature 268 Clocks: astronomical clocks in China 211 791, 835, 934, 991 Eclipses 275 circles 838 heavenly clockwork II 0 AZTEC SCIENCE 142 Lunar mansions in Chinese astronomy 516 City Planning 200 Lunar mansions in Indian astronomy 519 Mathematics of the Aztec People 622 Lunar mansions in Islamic astronomy 520 Aztec 366, 666, 952 Maps and mapmaking: celestial East Asian maps 562 City Planning 200 Maps and mapmaking: celestial Islamic maps 565 codices 624 Precession of the equinoxes 827 doctors 703 Zodiac in India 1058 herb cihuapatle 189 Zodiac in Islamic Astronomy I 059 herbal 703 ASTRONOMY IN AFRICA 96 Mathematics 622 ASTRONOMY IN CHINA I 08 zodiac 93 astronomy in China 197 ASTRONOMY IN EGYPT Ill ASTRONOMY IN INDIA 114 ASTRONOMY IN MESOAMERICA 134 ASTRONOMY IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 100 B ASTRONOMY IN THE INDG-MALAY ARCHIPELAGO 117 ba gang (Eight Rubrics) 686 ASTRONOMY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 125 ba-yin classification 11 ASTRONOMY IN TIBET 136 Ba 749 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL Babylon 54, 56, 173, 387 PEOPLE 105 Babylonian Code of Harnmurabi 665 ASTRONOMY OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE 112 cuneiform maps 551 asymptotic analysis 844 geometry 363 ata (span) I 019 mathematical corpus 65 Atahuallpa 495 zodiac 911 atezcath 926 backstrap loom 90 l, 963, 965 Atharva Veda 153, 267, 669 Bacon, Francis 191,942 Athir al-Oin al-Abhari 600, 881 Bacon, Roger 272, 435, 884 atolls 37 Baconian empiricists 847 ATOMISM IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT 139 Badarayana 906 atomism 810,812,814,817 Baffin Island 935 atomists 139 5, 6, 82, !50, 389, 938 ATREYA 142 Bahvrcaprayascitta 827 1084

Bai Hu Tong 333 beta Centauri 123 Bai Yue 197 beta Delphini 168 Baijini 763 Bezout, Etienne 46 Baiman 197 Bhadipika 807 Baipu 197 Bhagola 71 bajra 19 Bhangi 752 147 Bhangivibhangi 752 Bakongo of Zaire 556 Bhaskara I -72, 116 bakufu 700 BHASKARA II (BHASKARACARYA) 155 Bal Gangadhar Shastri 224 Bhaskara II 83, 117, 365, 752, 756, 845, 883, I 000, I 049 balance 820, 1010, 1014, 1018 Bhasvati 883 Balboa 803 bhavacakra (wheel of life) 596 Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen 39 Bhavadhyaya 1044 Balkan countries 799 Bhavadipika I 044 BALKHI SCHOOL OF ARAB GEOGRAPHERS 149 Bhujantara 115 Balkhi school of geographers 555, 573 Biafra 189 ball and chain patterns 559 BIAN QUE !57 ball bearing 987 Bian Que 194 Balobaloang 123 Bian Que Nei ling 157 Bambara 781 Bian Que Wai Jing !57 BAMBOO 150 Bianjing 389 bamboo 389, 743 biao 924 Barnum 556 Biblical fractional units of length I 016 Ban Gu 352 bidan kampung 188 banana 35, 936 Big Hom Medicine Wheel I 02, 118, 719 Banu a!-Nun 875 Bihar 843 Banu Amajur 130 Bijaganita see Algebra in India BANU MUSA 150 bilisti 768 Banu Musa 130 800 Bao Jing 345 binary I 015 344, 345 notation I 045 Baopuzi neipian (Esoteric Chapters of Solidarity Master) 40, binomial coefficients 473 195 expansion 49 Baopuzi waipian (Preservation-of-Solidarity Master) 344 biodiversity 16 Baraitha di-Mazalot 112 biological control of pests 214 Baraitha di-Shmuel 112 biomedicine 683 Barbara 760 Birla temple 42 BAR HIYYA, ABRAHAM (SAVASORDA) !51 birth chart 81 Bariba 189 BITUMEN IN PREMODERN CHINA 160 bark paintings 554, 560 black calculation 136 Barth, Heinrich 556 fortnight 79 base 20 system 606 magic 524, 526 basin irrigation 947 mummies 750 basmuvakkitlik 800 oil (moqiyou) 161 Batak maps 594 803 BAUDHAYANA 153 blast furnaces 938 Bayezid II 802 blowing 708 Bayt al-Hikma () 271, 739 boats 935 see navigation bead I, 48 Bodhayana 917 see Baudhayana bean- or vine-creeper 957 body-count systems 657 beer 335 body painting 560 beet sugar 915 substances 670 Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (Recipes Worth a Thousand Gold) 685 Boehmeria nivea L. 957 Beke, Charles 556 Boethius 272 Belize 25 Arithmetica Bellatrix 96 technology 743 BEN CAO GANG MU 154 bomor 213 Bencao gangmu (the Great ) 161, 196,512 bone fractures 668 bencet 119 setters 680 Ben Ezra see Abraham Ibn Ezra tools 747 Bengal 939 Book of Changes see Yijing beri-beri 2 12, 345 Book of Choice 420 Bering Strait 60 Book of Demonstration and Memorization 614 Bernoulli numbers 50, 891 Book of Feasts 40 I 1085

Book of Healing 435 Book of Ingenious Devices !51 c Book of Number 632 Cabukayantra 752 Book of the Birds 5 cacao 242, 339 Book of Viziers 40 I caesarean see Childbirth Book on India 445 Cahokia 103, 746 Book on Pharmacy and 445 Cahuachi 779 Book on the Simple 438 Cairo 125, 389 Borana 97, 755 caisson see Military Technology calendar 96 calculating board 67, 626 Bose,J.C. 819 calculation 49, 437, 831, 886 see computation Bose-Einstein equation 225 rod 644 botanists 345 CALCULUS 164 calculus 512,513 botany 258 see Ethnobotany CALENDARS IN EAST ASIA 164 and British Colonialism 227 CALENDARS IN EGYPT 167 in the Malay Peninsula 227 CALENDARS IN INDIA 168 Bougie 640 CALENDARS IN ISLAM 171 Boyle, Robert 488 CALENDARS IN MESOAMERICA 173 Brahe, Tycho 802 CALENDARS IN SOUTH AMERICA 180 BRAHMAGUPTA 162 calendar 38, 94, 144, 164, 390, 479, 520, 855, 894 Brahmagupta 83, 271, 924 365 day 168 664 for the year 134 BC 194 Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Correct Astronomical System of making 165 ) 71, 126, 162,331,364,907,924 calendar, Pranatamangsa 121 brass 720, 721, 725 reform 479, 896 braza 1024 round date 178 breadfruit 36, 37 calendrical astronomy I 056 cultivars 35 calculation II 0, !51, 181 , 822, 1003 Brhad-Yoga-Yatra 1000 conversion I 057 Brhadvivaha-patala 1000 markers 357 Brhajjataka 906, I 000 mathematics I 78 science 166, 168, I 060 Brhatsamhita 906, I 000 systems 94, 974 brick making technology 634 camasca 666, 704 measures 380 Cameroun 556 brine 876, 88 1 Campeche 25 bronze 503, 720, 721 canals 390, 447, 452, 937, 938, 947 age 503, 741, 938 cancer 92 artifacts 191 candle clocks 472 clepsydra II0 Candra-Vakyani ( Sentences) 522 making technology 503 Candrabharanahora I 044 mmors 794, 81 0 Candracchayaganita 780 type print 505 CANDRASEKHARA SAMANTA 182 vessels 192 sativa L. 957 Brosimum alicastrum 26 canoe design 774 Bu-ston Rin-chen-grub 136 canon law 247 Bucaillism 456 Canon of Medicine 435 Buddhism 40, 78, 193, 196,290, 526,664,667,918 See also Cantongqi (The Kinship of the Three) 195 medical ethics Cao Yuanfang 685 Bugi script 595 Capac Raymi 181 Buginese 763 capitanias 222 Bugis 122, 123 Capricornus 92 Cara 115 navigators 122 CARAKA 183 434 Caraka-samhita 142, 183, 664, 671 Bulanda 781 Cardano, Jerome 191 bunggul 493 carga 1024, I 025 burning instruments 432 Caribs 666 mmors 407,810,816 Carion, Johann 803 Bursa 799, 800 Caroline Islands 772 Buzhong Yiqi (Benefiting-Interior Reinforcing-Qi) 511 carpets see textiles Byblos (Jbayl) 58 carriages and shipbuilding 905 1086

Carthage 760 children 666 cartographic progress 549 diseases 668 school 573 illnesses and surgery 675 cartography 356, 558 see Maps and Mapmaking Chile 197 Casas Grandes 869 Chimu 952 Caspian Sea 434 CHINA 191 cassava 35, 334, 338 China Cassini, Jaques 800 Acoustics in Chinese Culture I 0 catena 15 Agriculture 17 catheterization 684 Alchemy 39 caturbuja 908 Algebra 43 Cavalieri's principle 370 Approximation Fonnulae in Chinese Mathematics 65 ceiling on land holdings 24 architecture in China 199 celestial Arrnillary Spheres 70 distances 392 asparagus 195 equator 71 Astrology 76 383, 563, 572, 915 Astronomy 108 landscape I I 8 Bitumen in Premodern China, mapping 383, 562 Chemistry 185 maps 559 Minorities 197 phenomena 93, 95,400, 747,911 Clocks: Astronomical Clocks 211 river 563 Computation: Counting Rods 233 sphere 91, 356, 400, 928 Divination 249 CELESTIAL VAULT AND SPHERE 184 East and West, the Transmission of Knowledge 261 Celiang i tung 925 Environment and Nature 291 centers of 432 Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine 309 Centiloquium 82 Ethnobotany 312 Central America 35, 936 Food Technology 336 Central and south-eastern America 803 Gas: Exploitation and Use in Premodern China 342 Central 799 Geography 351 ceques 489,499 Geomancy 360 cesarean 715 Geomantic Maps 570 Ceva 754 Geometry. 368 Ceyuan haijing (Sea Mirror of Circular Measurements) 513 Knowledge Systems 494 Ch'omsongdae observatory 503 Lunar Mansions in Astronomy 516 Ch'onhado 582 Magic Squares in Mathematics 528 Chaco Canyon I 02 Magnetism 540 Chamberlain, Joseph 212 Maps and Mapmaking 567 Changan II 0, 196 Mathematics 626 Chang Heng see Zhang Heng Medical Ethics 667 Changlu 879 Medical Texts 673 Changsha 109, 195 Medicine 683 channel theory 684, 686 Medicine: Forensic Medicine 688 tropisms 687 Metallurgy 725 chants 618, 669 Meteorology 735 CHAO YUANFANG 185 Navigation 762 chariot 19 1, 742 Optics in Chinese Science 793 charlatans 195 Physics 814 Charles I! 227 Pi in Chinese Mathematics 822 chartmakers 555 see also Maps and Mapmaking Religion and Science 852 chedyaka 988 Salt 877 chemistry Stars in Chinese Science 908 chemical industry 939, 950 Sundials 920 CHEMISTRY IN CHINA 185 Textiles 957 Chen Meidong 66 Time 974 Chen Menglei 78 Weights and Measures I 0 I 0 Chen Shaowei 40 chinampas 201, 241 Chen Zhuo 192, 909 Chinchorros 75 1 CHEN YAN 187 Chinese Chiapas 25 acoustic theory 816 Chia Hsien see Jia X ian body science 1045 chicken 64 drawloom 90 I CHILDBIRTH 187 geomantic map 570 childbirth 834 Hippocratic Oath 664 1087

luni-solar calendar 166 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN AFRICA 220 magic squares 528 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN INDIA 223 mathematical astronomy (lifa) 265 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAS 221 medicalliterature 893 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE IN THE MALAY WORLD medical theory 397 226 medicine 398, 495, 664, 683 Columbian cultures 61 metrology I 019 Columbus, Christopher 60, 222, 803, 824 opticians 810 combinatorics 428, 538, 633, 785, 844 porcelain 256 COMBINATORICS IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 229 sailors 542 COMBINATORICS IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 230 science 852, 853 commercial 898 of geomancy 264 crops 30 sighting tubes 954 farmers 32 sky 908 transactions 482, 898 technology 503 COMPASS 232 traditional medicine 1045 compass 191, 260, 356, 542 see also magnetic compass CHINESE MINORITIES 197 compendia (leishu) 191 Chiu Zhang Suan Shu see Liu Hui and The Jiuzhang Suanshu Compendium of Simple Drugs and Food 404 Chokwe 724 Compilatio astronomica 331 chong-cha 366 composite magic squares 536 chou: counting rods 890 compound medicines 438 Chou Pei Suan Ching see Zhoubi Suanjing COMPUTATION: CHINESE COUNTING RODS 233 chronic diseases 677 computation 4, 165, 1056 chronology 128, 157, 623, 647 Abacus I Chu Shih-chieh see Zhu Shijie calculator 9, 114 chu-tshod 137 Calculus 164 Chun Qiu Fan Lu 333 Comte, Auguste 884 Chunqiu 192 conception 408, 882 Chunyu Yi 684 concrete sciences (shixue) 371 cinchona tree 227 condensation 897 cinnabar 40, 185, 186 cones 381 cintli 624 Confucianism 664, 667, 854 circle 380,513,612,822,823, 891,907 and medicine 668 maps 555 and science see Religion and Science in China circular houses 238 Confucian principles 494, 668 Ciriaco d'Ancona 801 Confucius 192, 833, 854, 910 Citrabhanu 883 congenital malformations 666 CITY PLANNING: AZTEC CITY PLANNING 200 congshu 191 CITY PLANNING: INCA CITY PLANNING 202 conical mounds 746 CITY PLANNING IN INDIA 204 CONICS 235 CITY PLANNING: MAYA CITY PLANNING 205 conics 4, 235, 49, 406, 441, 479, 838, 891, 894 See also Ellipse Clapperton, Hugh 556 conjunction 91, I 71, 480, 544 Clavius's commentary on Euclid's Elements 370 ofplanets 164 clepsydra 74, 84, 85, 168, 194, 210, 211, 390, 810, 920 see consonant 243 Clocks and Watches, Constantine the African 273 clockmaking 810 constellations 78, 144, 519, 563, 565, 911, I 060 see also clock mechanisms 940 asterisms CLOCKS AND WATCHES 208 positions offixed stars 1057 CLOCKS: ASTRONOMICAL CLOCKS IN CHINA 211 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN AFRICA 236 cloud pattern brocade 959 contagious diseases 71 7 Coahuiltecan 653 continued 844 coal, alum and copper production 905 Cook, James 770, 773 cochineal 252 cooking oil 334 Code of Manu 353 coolies 226 Codex Badianus 703 Copernicus 73, 396, 412, 758, 802, 803, 934 Codex Xolotl 591 copper 720,721, 727, 728,734, 741 coffee 339 725 cognitive perspectives and navigational methods 769 mines 939 coin weights I 019 mining 725 coins 725 smelting 721, 725 Colliget 431 and casting 720 colonial botany 227 Cordoba 875 COLONIALISM AND MEDICINE IN MALAYSIA 211 coriander 190 COLONIALISM AND SCIENCE 215 cosmic order 10 I, 983 1088

planetarium 400 Dai Nam 598 time-reckoning 981 Dai-Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu (Maps of Coastlines of Great cosmical culmination 120 Japan) 579 cosmogram 174 Dai-Nihonkoku Zu (Map of Great Japan) 578 cosmographic diagrams 551 Dai Viet 597 maps 556, 596 daksina 917 paintings 572 Daksinottara Bhitti yantra 790 cosmography 400, 758 dal-rkan 137 39, Ill, 144, 443, 853, 926, 1004 Darning 390 in Islam see Hay'a calendar I 061 cotton 955, 956, 960, 963 see also textiles Damingli 390 cloth 939 883, I 048 twining 967 dams 947 counting see arithmetic, computation dan (elixir) 40 board 626 Dangxiang 197 chou: counting rods 890 Danishnamah-yi Alai (The Book of Knowledge) 434 finger counting 9, 651 193,814,853 gesture counting 782 Dao De Jing 10, 39 rods 1056 Daoism 193,667,814,856,916,918, 1041 court robes (chaofu) 959 Daoist 345, 664 Crab 92, 109 ceremony and magic 528 Crab I 02 philosophers 192 Crete 57, 803 religion 185 CROPS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN AGRICULTURE 241 writings 191 crossed-warp weave technology 958 daoyin 185, 688 crown prince 76 Daozang (Daoist Canon) 39, 191, 195 crucible process 730 Daozang jiyao (Essentials of the Daoist Canon) 39 crude sugar 916 Darani scripture 504 Crusades 7, 260, 765 darsanas 669, 1046 Crux 120, 123 Darulfunun 804 cube root 44, 234 Darulhadis 800 3, 236, 390,476, 479, 544, 638, 639, 894 Darulkurra 800 cubits 1016 darussifa 800 Cui Fang 196 Dasagitika 72 Cullen, Christopher II 0, 194 Dayak maps 594 cultigens 146 Dayanli 110 CUNEIFORM 243 calendar 194 cuneiform script 52, 56, 57 dbyans-'char 136 cupellation 725 De mineralibus 435 curacas 498 De Roy, Louis 226 cutting and dressing 912 December solstice 181 Cuzco 180, 202, 498 deception 666 calendar 181 DECIMAL NOTATION 247 cyclic (cakravala) method 785 decimal 626, 630, 1041 cyclic quadrilateral 162, 374, 908 base 635 calendar 1034 44, 932, 935, 993 concepts of time 982 notation 147, 626, 898 cyclicism 157 numbers 69 cyclone 738 places 784 proof buildings 150 system 1017 Cytotec 2 weighing units lOll decline of Eastern scientific and technological superiority 226 deep drilling 343, 510, 878, 880 defense map 580, 587 deforestation 28 D Delhi 939 Democritus 376 d' OIIone, Henry 556 deng steelyard lOll Da-lin bell I 0 DESANTARA 248 Da-Shi II Desantara 115 Da-Tang Kaiyuan zhanjing II 0 desiccation 750 Dadu 390 determinant stars I 09 Dahuoquan River 390 DEVACARYA 248 Dai 197 Devacarya 827 1089

dextrose 915 Drkkaranam I 048 Dhanistha 169 drugs 154, 199, 258, 502, 692, 694, 934 see ethnobotany Dharma 153 foods and 431 dhat al-kursi 86 dry compasses 233, 542 dhatusamya 670 materials I 024 Dhundiraja 548 natron 750 Dhuwa 491 season 973 di fang zhi 352 dualistic thinking about time 970 Di Li Zhi (Treatise of Geography) 352 Duke of York Islands 658 diameter of the moon 392 Duliyusijing 78 diet 420, 425, 882 dunjia 77 and health 676 Duns Scotus 435 dietary fiber 677 Dus-tshod 139 laws 714,716 dusk 120 dietetics 409,425,918, 716 Duveyrier, Henri 556 Dieudonne 886 DYES 251 ding (fixed differences) 510 dyes 252, 905, 939, 940, 955, 964 Dingling 197 Diodorus Sciculus 57 Diophantus 54, 607 Dioscorides 271, 404, 405, 421, 433, 438 direction of Mecca 477, 577 E distance numbers 178, 64 7 to Mecca 577 -Replenishing School 511 distillation 43, 195 earthenware 263 distiller's yeasts 905 earthquake II 0 distribution of grains 514 detection see Zhang Heng district map 585 measurement I 052 ditches 67 proof housing 150 Divakara 548 earth-sky 9 5 divination 191, 193,249,362,680,681,975,982, 1041 EAST AND WEST 253 DIVINATION IN CHINA 249 EAST AND WEST: AFRICA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF divination manual I 004 KNOWLEDGE 259 techniques 249 EAST AND WEST: CHINA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF diviners 714 KNOWLEDGE 261 44, 786, I 041 EAST AND WEST: INDIA IN THE TRANSMISSION OF dog 64 KNOWLEDGE 266 Dogan of 99 EAST AND WEST: ISLAM IN THE TRANSMISSION OF Dog on star I 00 KNOWLEDGE 270 domesticating plants 346 East-West communication 259 domestication of animals 64, 936 see animal domestication ECLIPSES 275 Dominicus Gundissalinus (Domingo Gundisalvi) 273 eclipses 38, 76, 77, 78, 91, 109, 116, 144, 164, 179, 191, 192, Dong Yuan Shi Xiao Fang (Dongyuan's Trial Effective Recipes) 275,407,447,480,508, 518,776,905, 1057 511 76, 94, 109, 137,480,481,897, 1003 Dong Zhongshu 249 ecology 21,145,213,929,973 Dorotheus 898 economic botany 227 double and triple cropping 23 ecosystem 929 Doubts About 396 edema 834 Draco 93 799, 800 drag-gza' 137 educational games 616 see games dragger of the rope 923 egalitarian society 751 robes (longpao) 959 Egypt 57,95,260,665, 799,801,802,937 drainage 28 Astronomy I II tunnels 452 Calendars 167 works 28 Egyptian geometry 363, 381, 608 Drake Well 161 Mathematics 629 Dravyavardhana 1000 Medicine 689 Drdhabala 184 Metallurgy 726 dream divination 249 Mummies 749 dreaming 105, 349, 865 Textiles 959 Dresden Codex 135, 174, 179, 648 Weights and Measures 1012 Table 180 Egyptian Drgganita 780, 828 map 555 School 807 mathematics 61 0 1090

papyrus 58 Adab al-tabib (Practical Ethics of the ) 665, 672 pyramids 98 Ethiopian Highlands 16 reckoner 4 manuscript 555 scribes 57 ethnoastronomy 118 textiles 959 ETHNOBOTANY 311 Egyptians I, 56, 93, 387 ethnobotany 695 see also drugs, herbs, medicinal foods and EightElements 514 herbs Ekanatha 752 materia medica 409, 934 electrochemical replacement 732 ETHNOBOTANY IN CHINA 312 ELEMENTS- RECEPTION OF EUCLID'S ELEMENTS IN ETHNOBOTANY IN INDIA 315 THE ARABIC WORLD ETHNOBOTANY IN MESOAMERICA 317 elements 395, 817 ETHNOBOTANY IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 321 ancient Greek 193 ETHNOBOTANY IN THE PACIFIC 323 first 460 ETHNOMATHEMATICS 326 five elements 138, 139,332,905 Euclid 272,371,375,376, 377,514,753,758,776,796,881 second elements 460 Elements 4, 52, 198,365,366,371,382, 387,392,406,426, elephant-shaped weight 1008 444,455,460,470,479,509, 544,609,627,633, 637,638, elevation 934 776,777,886,969 elixir fifth postulate 365, 758 ofimmortatity 185 Discussions which Remove Doubts about Parallel Lines recipes 345 365 ellipse 235, 546 Optics 794 emetics 707 Euclidean algorithm 784, 932 Emmanuel ben Jacob 113 geometry 258 emmenogogues 2 Eudoxus 396 Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou 161 Europe 132, 799, 803 Enga 658 European 28, 940 engenhos 916 crops 30 ENGINEERING 280 expansion 348 engineering 936, 93 7 farmers 30 constructions I 003 mapping traditions 557 Enuma Anu Enlil 275 Renaissance and Scientific Revolution 267 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: AFRICA 283 science 804, 884 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: THE AUSTRALIAN and technology 258, 804 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 287 university 804 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: BUDDHISM 290 euthanasia 666 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: CHINA 291 Eutocius of Ascalon 4 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: THE HEBREW PEOPLE evaporation of brine 876 293 evening star 90, 124 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: INDIA 295 evenly even/odd 533 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: ISLAM 296 Excellent Qualities of New Year's Day 401 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: JAPAN 298 exorcisms 526 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: NATIVE NORTH explosives 389 see gunpowder, Military Technology AMERICA 302 , nose and throat problems 345, 1055 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: SOUTH AMERICA- THE 193 AMAZON 305 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE: SOUTH AMERICA- THE ANDES 307 ephemeral maps 556, 557 epidemic 14,213,696,717,851 F EPILEPSY IN CHINESE MEDICINE 309 EPILEPSY IN INDIAN MEDICINE 310 fabrics see textiles equal-hour civilian day 835 faith-healers 680 equations 47, 147, 232, 476, 608 Fakhr at-Din al-Razi 7, 758 indeterminate 14 7 falsafa 139, 820 linear 147 fanegas 1024 of higher degrees 48, 514 fang cheng 44, 46, 628 of the sun, moon, and I 057 fangtian 514 quadratic 14 7 Far East 227 simple 147 farsakh 577 94, 114, 116, 134, 755, 934 fasting 103 Erlitou I 09, 192 Fat Boys 543 Eskimos 62 see Native Americans fate calculation 77 ethics Fathullah ai-Shirwani 801 1091

Fatih Kulliye 799 G Federated Malay States 212 fei 160 GAITIAN 342 fellahs 452 Gaitian (Canopy Heaven) 265, 345 feng-shui 264, 360 see geomancy in China 399, 404, 409, 421, 430, 433, 438, 745, 851 fenye (field allocation) 265 galena 722 Fernal, Jean 191 Galilean telescopes 954 fiber 18 Galileo 809, 821, 884, 953 , Leonardo 640 gall bladder 193, 435 field-and-grove systems 34 Gallegus, Petrus 274 Fihrist 6 gamblers 65 see also games Fipa 723 game laws 341 al-hisab 231 games 612,617 fire 161 mathematical see Mathematics in Africa altars 917 of the Devil 616 emitting lance 389 of the Sorcerer 616 Star 562 of the unknown stone 617 well in Linqiong 343 riddles and puzzles 612, 618 191, 505, 940 word games 618 firecrackers 389, 390, 872 see gunpowder Gamma 616 First World War 1031 GAN DE 342 Firuz Shah Tuglaq 546 Gan De 109, 192,909 fitr 184 Gan Shi 908 815, 975, I 010, I 060 five phases 39, 193, 250, 676, 686, Ganaka 114 332 FIVE PHASES (WUXING) Ganesa Daivajna 752 flame throwers 161 ganita (mathematics) 47, 67, 79, 162 flax 956,960 Ganita-nyaya-sangraha I 048 fleshers 747 Ganitakaumudi 68, 756 gardens 241 floating Ganitapada 72 Codex 135, 144, 964 Florentine Ganitaprakasa 752 robes 958 floss-wadded Ganitasarasamgraha 365 flour 337 Ganitatilaka 908 flying 389 Ganitayuktayah 845 fog 735 Ganma 491 folk astronomy 520, 857 Ganymede, discovery 342 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA 333 gao 987 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 336 Gao Ping 389 FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA 338 gar 973 Forbidden City 76 gardenia-nut oil (zhiziyou) 161 forest farming 34, 341 see agroforestry garhapatya 917 FORESTRY IN INDIA 340 669 forging 722, 728 garlic GAS: EXPLOITATION AND USE OF NATURAL GAS IN fortification technology 742, 937, 898 PREMODERN CHINA 342 foundry sites 191 four natures 460 gasohol 917 diagnostic methods 684 gauging rivers 949 fluids 420 Gautama Siddhartha 78, II 0 Images 909 gauzes (sha) 958 major schools of the Jin-Yuan period 511 Gbundi 783 fractions 67, 69,234,631,784,891,892,931, 1053 GE HONG 344 Francesco Berlinghieri 801 Ge Hong 40, 186, 195, 196, 345, 397, 684 Frederick II 274 Ge Zhiquan 344 French Restoration philosophers 885 Gemini 92, I 06 Fryer, John 186 GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY 346 Fu Xi 924 Geng Shouchang 514 fuel 811 Gennadious 801 fuke 668 GEODESY 346 Fukyu Tetsu-jutsu (Inductive Methods) 932 geodesy 149 Fulani 783 geoglyphs 777 see Nacza lines Fulbe 783 GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE 347 Fumban 556 GEOGRAPHY IN CHINA 351 Funerary Architecture 237 geography in China 198 Fur people 34 GEOGRAPHY IN INDIA 352 Furong (Ziliu jing) 880 GEOGRAPHY IN MESOAMERICA 357 1092

GEOGRAPHY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 354 Guatemala 25 GEOGRAPHY OF NATIVE NORTH AMERICANS 358 Gudea of Lagash 923 geomancy 264, 580 guest star I 09 GEOMANCY IN CHINA 360 Guide for the Perplexed 633 see also Maimonides GEOMANCY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 361 gum arabic 35 geomantia 361 Gumulgal 606 geomantic institutes 36! GUNPOWDER 388 tableau 362 gunpowder 186, 191, 196, 254,255,446,743, 872, 93 7, 938, GEOMETRY 363 940 GEOMETRY IN AFRICA: SONA GEOMETRY 367 alchemist 389 GEOMETRY IN CHINA 368 charcoal 389 GEOMETRY IN INDIA 372 GUO SHOUJING 390 GEOMETRY IN JAPAN 378 Guo Shoujing 66, Ill GEOMETRY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 374 Guo Yong 390 GEOMETRY IN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST 379 Guo Yu 10 Gcorgios Amirutzes 80 I gurrutu recursion 619,620,621 56, 27 3 Gyoki-type maps 578 Gerber! of Aurillac 75 gZa' 139 Germanic animism 524 Gerson ides see Levi ben Gerson 190 Gimlette, J.D. 214 Giovanni di Verrazano I 0 I H glassmaking 221, 810 GLOBES 383 HABASH AL-HASIB 392 glucosides 694 Haci Halife 803 gnomon 83. 119, 356, 368, 390, 541, 921 see sundials Haci Pasa (Celaleddin Hidir) 801 GNOMON IN INDIA 384 834 Gnomonics see sundials Hafiz-i Abru 575 Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies) 579 Haidao suanjing (Sea Island Mathematical Manual) 194, 366, goat 64 369,515,924 Gola 1000 Hajj 171, 980 Gola-yantra 71 Halley, Edmund 110 Goladhyaya 155 comet 109, 192,518 Goladipika 71 Hamadan 393, 434 Golapada 72 Hamd Allah Mustawfi 575 Golasara 780 hammerstones 912 gold 42,186,191,195,196,345,393.720,721,723,725, 727, Han China 193 730. 733, 734 scholars 77 Golden Chersonese 226 Shu (History of Han Dynasty) 352, 1010 GOU-GU THEOREM 386 Han Wudi 195 gougu 515 Handy Tables 128 goulou 345 Hangzhou 390 Govinda 807 Harappa 364, 924 Govindasvami 845 civilization 372 graduated fl oat 21 I Hari Keshavji Pathare 224 graffiti 571 HARIDATTA 394 grahacara 114 Haridatta 828, 995 Grahacaranibandhana 995 harmonic numbers 633 Grahananimaya 780 Harmony of Nature 192 Grahanastaka 807, 828 harpedonaptae 923 800 harpoons 935 Grand Masters, Da-Shi II HASDAI CRESCAS 240 graphic notation systems 552 Hashimi 394 Greek 1, 57, 60, 387 see also hellenistic Hausa 554, 677, 678 green-bean oil (ludooyou) 161 Hawaii 27 Green Com Ritual I 03 HAYA 395 Gregorian calendar 164, 168, 173 Hayat al-alam (Configuration of the World) 396 389 Hayy ibn Yaqzan (Son of the Living Awake) 434,437 Grhya 153 513 Grosseteste, Robert 274 Hedong 878 gu qin 11 Hegel 884 gua 1004 helicoidal ramps 829 Guan Zi (The Book of Master Guan) II Hellenistic see also Greek 1093

(Alexandrian) astrology 78,602 honey 692 and Roman mythology 90,92 Hong Kong 77 astronomy I 060 Hongmen 342 base 60 128 Hooker, Joseph 227 culture 81 Hopewell Culture 746 fire 389, 743 Hopi 94, 359, 843 mathematic 54, 758, 797 Horasastra 1000 medicine 271,435 horizon 71 philosophy 434 calendar 983 and science 271, 884 horizontal sundials 921 science 841, 886 Horner, William George 45, 46, 66. 628 thought 672 theorem 644 hematite 722 approximation hemispheric map of the world 585 horoscope 5, 81, 82, 265, 564, 898, I 059 Henan 109, 191, 192,513 horticulture 452 Henkei Jutsu 379 Houb, Emile 556 heptagon 639 Hsia Hou Yang see Xiahou Yang herb healers 666 684 herbal cures 713 huacas 499, 751 drugs 933 Huai Nan Zi (Book of the Prince of Huainan) 368 medicine 683, 700, 712, 893 Huaibei 879 preparations 669 Huainan wanbishu (Arts of the Prince of Huainan) 195 treatments 713 huandan (Elixir of Return) 40 see also elixirs herbalism 706, 708 Huang Daopo 346 herbalists 680, 713 Huang-ting jing 41 Herbology 933 Huangdi jiuding shendan jing (Book of the Nine Elixirs) 40 Herbology of Compiled Categories 187 HUANGDI JIUDING SHENDAN JING 397 herbs 226, 258, 339, 713, 717, 718 see ethnobotany 397 Hermes 898 Huangdi neijing 12, 193 Hermeticism 525 (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor) 185, 684 Hero 382 (The Yellow Emperor's Manual of Corporeal Medicine) 195 Herodotus I, 923 HUANGFU MI 398 Hetu 193 Huangfu Mi 684 Hevea brasiliensis 227 pitch-pipe 1010 hexagon 612 huangzhong Hibbur ha-meshiha we ha-ishboret 151 Huanuco Pampa 202 hidden vapors (yinqi) 343 huascar 495 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 744 Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan 271 hieroglyph 56, 57, 245, 1034 see also writing systems province 194 hieroglyphics see Writing of the Mayas Huihe 197 high carbon steel 728 Huihui Yaofang (Collection of Muslim Prescriptions) 454 highland civilizations 222 Huimin Heji Ju (Bureau of Compounding Remedies for highlands of Mexico 62 Benevolence) 685 Hijrah 172, 980 huixing 95 Hill complex 99 Hulagu Khan 196 Hindu see India Hunan 109 Hinduism 526 399 Hindu--Arabic 44, 46, 68, 234 Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) 271, 273, 454, 697 Hindu- Buddhist maps 594 Hunayn's Missive 399 Hipparchus 74 HUNTIAN 400 82, 271, 411, 421 huntian (spherical heaven) 345 663, 664 Hippocratic Oath hunyi (armillary spheres) 510 Hiranyakesin 917 Huo Fa Yao (Essentials of Flexible Methods) 511 hiro (fathom) 1019 (Fire Dragon Manual) 390 Hittites 56, 245, 742, 937, 938 884 Hobbes, Thomas 488 Husser! Hocazade 80 I hydraulic civilizations 44 7, 93 7 Hokule'a 774 engineering 346, 894, 947, 994 holism 682, 705 -mill I 061 hollow measures 380 project 405 holly 707 hydraulics 191 homo faber 941 , 946 949 Hondius 804 hydrostatics 406 Honduras 25 hyksos 742 1094

I IBN TIBBON 437 IBN TUFAYL 437 lban 121 IBN WAFID 438 IBN ABBAD 40 I IBN YUNUS 438 IBN AL-ALAM 401 Ibn Yunus 129, 276, 835 IBN AL-ARABI 402 440 lbn-al-Awwam 925 Ibn Zuhr 697 IBN AL-BANNA 404 Ibn Zurah 272 Ibn al-Banna 231 lbo mother I 90 IBN AL-BAYTAR 404 IBRAHIM IBN SINAN 441 Ibn al-Baytar 698 Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit 365, 375, 753 IBN AL-HAIM 405 idai 466 ibn a!- Hasan al-Hasib al-Karaji 926 Ijmali position 457 IBN AL-HAYTHAM (ALHAZEN) 405 IKHWAN AL-SAFA 443 434 Ibn al-Haytham 184, 272, 365, 396, 638, 740, 753, 796, 797 Ilahayyat () 158,270 IBN AL-KAMMAD 408 al-raml 361 Ibn al-Khammar 272 al-miqat 834 IBN AL-MAJUSI 409 Ilmiye 799 Ibn al-Nadim 271 Ilya ibn Abram al-Yahudi 802 IBN AL-NAFIS 409 imperialism see Colonialism and Science Ibn al-Qifti 125 impetus 813 IBN AL-QUFF (AL-KARAKI) 411 Inca 62, 180, 222, 666, 839, 952 see City planning, IBN AL-RAQQAM 412 Stonemasonry Ibn al- 55, 56 Atahuallpa 222 Ibn al-Sanbadi 125 calendar 180 Ibn al-Sarraj 83 7 City Planning 202 IBN AL-SHATIR 412 civilization 841 Ibn al-Shatir 396 culture 180 IBN AL-YASAMIN 414 doctor-sorcerers 666 IBN AL-ZARQALLU 415 Knowledge Systems 495 IBN BATTUTA 416 mythology 497 Ibn Battuta 417 sacrifices 666 IBN BUTLAN 417 Stonemasonry 912 IBN EZRA, ABRAHAM 418 incendiaries 743 IBN HAWQAL 419 incendiary arrow 389 Ibn Hawqal 7, 573 incense clocks 920 IBN HUBAL 419 indeterminate IBN ISHAQ AL-TUNISI 420 analysis 476, 627, 898 IBN JULJUL 421 equation 47, 48, 147, 533, 786, 891 IBN JUMAY 421 INDIA: MEDIEVAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 444 IBN KHALDUN 422 India Ibn Khaldun 270 Agriculture 19 IBN KHURDADHBIH 423 Alchemy 41 IBN MAJID 424 Algebra: Bijaginata 4 7 IBN MASAWAYH, YUHANNA 424 Arithmetic: Patiganita 67 Ibn Maymun see Moses Maimonides Armillary Spheres 71 IBN MUADH 426 Astrology 78 Ibn Muadh 639 Astronomical Instruments 83 IBN MUNIM 427 Astronomy I I 4 Ibn Munim 231 Calendars 168 IBN QUNFUDH 428 City Planning 204 IBN QUTAYBA 429 Colonialism and Science 223 Ibn Qutayba 429 Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 229 IBN RIDWAN 429 East and West: the Transmission of Knowledge 266 IBN RUSHD (AVERROES) 431 Environment and Nature 295 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 272, 274, 740, 801 Epilepsy in Indian Medicine 310 IBN SAHL 432 Ethnobotany 315 Ibn Said al-Maghribi 7 Forestry 340 IBN SARABI (SERAPION) 433 Geography in India 352 Ibn Shakir see Banu Musa Geometry in India 372 IBN SINA (AVICENNA) 434 Gnomon in India 384 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 7, 272, 392, 434, 435, 697, 757 Medieval Science and Technology 444 IBN TAWUS 436 Irrigation in India and Sri Lanka 447 1095

Knowledge Systems 500 iron 503, 720, 721 Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy 519 age 742 Magic Squares in Indian Mathematics 536 fabrication 221 Maps and Mapmaking 571 implements 23, 726 Mathematics 634 mold casting 725 Medical Ethics 669 ores 728 Medicine: Ayurveda 693 plates 192 Metallurgy 728 production 938 Meteorology 737 smelting 199, 723, 728 see metallurgy Number Theory 784 weapons 937 Observatories 788 irrational numbers 38, 69, 784 Physics 817 IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA 447 Pi in Indian Mathematics 823 IRRIGATION IN SOUTH AMERICA 452 Rationale in Indian Mathematics 845 IRRIGATION IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 450 Salt 880 irrigation 15, 22, 63, 192,390, 509,936.937,951 Textiles 960 canals 948 Time 977 schemes 947 Trigonometry 987 lsa ibn Yahya 271 Zodiac 1058 !SA TARJAMAN 454 Indian algebra 608, 635 434 astrology 77, 78 Ishak Efendi 804 475 lshango bone see Mathematics in Africa astronomy 162,394,395,519,637,758,943 454 calendar II 0, 196, 988 lshaq ibn Hunayn 56 costumes 962 lshinpo 185 geometry 609 Isidore 421 innovations 68 ISLAMIC SCIENCE: THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE 455 learning 196 Islam 434, 526, 665, 695 mathematics 69, 784, 907 Islam, the Islamic World measures I 024 Agriculture 20 medical ethics 664 Algebra 48 monks 196 Almagest 55 music 230 Arithmetic 68 Ocean 799,803 Astrology 81 salt industry 881 Astronomical Instruments 86 textiles 943, 961 Astronomy 125 zodiacal signs 1059 astronomers 129, 392 Indianists I 09 Atomism in Islamic Thought 139 Indians 62, I 024 Balkhi School of Arab Geographers 149 Indians, American see Native Americans Calendars I 71 indigo 939 calendars 392 Indo-European Aryans 742 Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics 230 Indonesia 35, 118 dams 949 traders 936 East and West: the Transmission of Knowledge 270 Indo-Tibetan Astronomy 136 Elements- Reception of Euclid's Elements 277 Indus 205 empires 255 civilization 571, 1017 Environment and Nature 296 river 205 Geography 354 valley 205, 340 Geomancy 361 infanticide 666 geometric works 375 infinite 784 Geometry 375 divisibility of space 820 Irrigation 450 quantity 241 Islamic Science: The Contemporary Debate 455 series 374, 844, 891 lunar calendar 993 inheritance algebra 476 Lunar Mansions in Islamic Astronomy 520 INO TADATAKA 447 Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics 536 intercalary month 806, 983, Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial Maps 565 intercalation 171, 191 Maps and Mapmaking: Terrestrial Maps 573 interpolation 891 Maps and Mapmaking: World Maps Centered on Mecca 577 Inuit 62, 359, 935, 936, 940 see Native Americans mathematicians 68 iqlim 574 Mathematics 637 iqta 21 mathematics 70 637, 799, 832, 937 Medical Ethics 672 938 Medicine 695 1096

Meteorology 739 Weights and Measures I 019 Number Theory in Islamic Mathematics 786 J artoux, Petrus I 98 Observatories 792 Jataka 81 Optics 795 Jatakapaddhati 14, 807 434 Jatakdesa-marga 828 Physics 819 Java 389 Qibla and Islamic Prayer Times 834 Jaya Prakasa 788, 790 Religion and Science 1: Technical and Practical Aspects 857 JAYADEVA 472 Religion and Science II: What scientists said about religion Jayasimha see Jai Singh and what Islam said about science 861 Jehangir 752 Stars in Arabic-Islamic Science 910 jemaa 21 Sundials 921 jen (loving people) 494 Technology 947 Jericho 937 Time 979 Jia Dan 567, 568 Trigonometry in Islamic Mathematics 990 JIA XIAN 473 Weights and Measures I 019 Jia Xian 45, 46 Zodiac in Islamic Astronomy I 059 Yi 70 island blocks and screens 769 jiang 337 Ismail al-Jurjani (sayyid Ismail) see al-Jurjani jiang you 337 Ismailis 434, 757 Jiangling, Hubei province 515 Istanbul 799, 800, 80 I, 803 Jiangsu province 192 Observatory 934 Jianyan Fa (Method for Examination) 689 University 804 Jiao 852 istle 963 Jiaozheng Yishu Ju (Bureau for Reviewing Medical Publications) isvara pranidhana I 046 685 itaga 335 Jie An Shi (Pattern for Winding Up a Case) 689 Izapa 543 Jigu suanjing 44, 1002 Iznik (Nicaea) 799 jin brocade 958 Jinglo system 12 jingluo 756 Jingmo system 13 Jingui Yaolue (Synopsis of Golden Chamber) 684 J Jinshu (Official History of the Jin Dynasty) 345 Jingui yaolue see 459 jiu 337, 749 459 Jiu zhang suan shu 44, 234 Jabir ibn Hayyan 272 Jiuzhang suanshu (Nine Chapters on Mathematical Arts) 65, Jabirian natures 460 191, 194, 366, 369, 625, 836, 924, I 002 jacking mechanism 829 Jiuzhili 988 Jacob Anatoli 113 John Pappademos 809 Jacob ben Machir 837 jowar 19 jade 191 judicial astrology 76 JAGANNATHA SAMRAT 460 Jueyin 893 Jagannatha Samrat 365 Jula 554 JAI SINGH 461 Julian calendar 180 Jai Singh 56, 116, 788, 793 June solstice 119 Jaina 229, 364 junk 764 529 junshu 514 philosophy 230 Junzi 855 school 364 6, 90, I 09, II 0, 115, 194, 342, 911 Jaipur Observatory 788 Jurchen 513 Jamshedji Tata 225 Jyesthadeva 14, 845 JAMU 463 Jyopatti 156 janya 546 jyoshi (love suicide) 665 JAPANESE SCIENCE 464 Jyotinnimamsa 780, 845 Japan Jyotihsastra see Mathematics in India Agriculture 23 Environment and Nature 298 Geometry 3 78 Japanese Science 464 Magic Squares in Japanese Mathematics 538 K Maps and Mapmaking 578 Mathematics 640 Ka 749 Medicine 698 Kaaba 171, 834, 859 1097

kacchaputa 529 ki (digit) 1019 Kadizade-i Rumi see Qadi Zadeh al-Rumi kidneys 193 Kaihuang calendar I 002 Kimhae culture 503 Kaisei Sampo 38 King Njoya 556 Kala-kriyapada 72 King ofMalacca 226 Kalacakra astronomy 136 Kingdom of Kush 98 Kalacakra-tantra 136 k'inob 178 Kalacakra-yana Buddhism 136 kishvars 423 (Islamic theology) 139, 141, 758 Kitab al-adwiya al-mufrada 8 Kaliyuga 73, 170 Kitab al-ayn 231 Kalopalo Indians 189 Kitab al-buldan (The Book of Countries) 355 Kalpa Sutras 153 Kitab al-filahah 20 Kalyanavarman 906 Kitab al-fusul fi'l-hisab at-hindi 234 kama! 768 Kitab al-hidayah (The Book of Guidance) 434 Kamal al-Oin al-Farisi 50 Kitab al-hiyal 151 Kamal at-Din ibn Yunus 894 Kitab al-manazir () 740 KAMALAKARA 475 Kitab al-nijat (Book of Deliverance) 434 Kamalakara 752 Kitab al-shifa () 434 Kanada 817 Kitab al-tair 5 kancha 203, 204 Kitab al uqud wa'l abniyah 926 Kangnido 581 Kitab fi marifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya (Book of Ingenious Kaniska era 169 Devices) 208 kanpo (kampo) see Medicine in Japan Kitab sanaat al-asturlab wa 1-amal biha 926 Kant 884 Kiyoshi Yabuuchi 78 Kan te see Gan De knight move 529, 433, 538 Kao Gong Ji (The Artificers' Record) II knots see quipu Kapala yantras 790 knowledge systems in Africa see Environment and Nature: Africa Karana system 79, I 36, 162 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN CHINA 494 Karanapaddhati 827, 845 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA 500 Karanaratna 248, 827 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS OF THE AUSTRALIAN Karanasara 883, 1000 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 490 karkhana 939 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS OF THE INCAS 495 karma 664,671,818 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE 485 Kasyapa I 10, 808 knowledge transmission see East and West katapayadi 827 Koan, Mori 579 Katip Celebi 803 Kochab 93 katun round 649, 982 Ko Hung see Ge Hong Katyayana 91 7 Kongo cosmos 556 Kautilya 353 Konya 800 Kaya culture 503 Korea I, 23, 77, 938 Kaye, G.R. 364 Korean 744 Kayseri 800 bronze instruments 503 Kebra Nagast 555 KOREAN SCIENCE 502 kedundung 228 koshin 700 Keicho map 579 kostha 529 Kenki Sampo 931 koti zigi game 783 Kenya 936 Koumiss 684 Kenyah-Kayan complex 121 Kriyakramakari 883, 1049 Kepler 954 Krpakara Misra 548 636 Kuala Lumpur Pathological Institute 212 kermes 252 Kujadi-panca-graha-maha-vakyas 995 Ketu 78, 110, 115 Kumara 110 Kew 227 kunija 926 Bulletin 228 Kuo Shou-ching see Guo Shoujing Kewa 658 Kush 98 kexing 95 Kushitic pyramids 98 khams 138 KUSHYAR IBN LABBAN 506 khanda-khadyaka 162 kuttaka 47, 68, 533 Kharif 20 Kuvera Misra 883 Khayyam, Omar see Umar al-Khayyam Kuwait Document 665 khazans 447 kwanbangdo 580 Khitan 197 Kyoku Dai 379 Khorasan 3, 434 kyuri 468 khyughr 72 Kyushu 389 1098

L Li Ye 45 LI ZHI 513 Ia dieta 190 Li Zhi I94 La Quemada 869 lianhualou (lotus clepsydra) 390 Lagadha 78 Liao 197 Laghubhaskariya 807 Liber 30 differentiarum (Book of 30 Chapters) 331 Laghujataka 1000 556 Laghumanasa 828 Libra 92 Laghumanasa of Munjala 807 Libro de las Cruzes 43 lake salt ( chiyan) 877 licorice 195 Laksmi-Narayana 42 Lienzo of Zacatepec 591 LALLA 508 lienzos 590 Lilavati (The Beautiful) 155,365, 752, 756, 807, 883 , 1049 Lalla 83 lamina universal 43 Lindeli l IO Lan Shi Mi Cang (Clandestine Collections in Orchid Mansion) linear astrolabe 894 511 equations 44 indeterminate equation 784, 786 Lao Zi 10 measurements I027 Laonikas Chalcondyle 804 measures I 0 I 7 Lapidario 43 linen 955, 959 Latadeva 808 Ling Shu (Miraculous Pivot) 12, 397 lateen sail 260 Lingshu jing see Huangdi Neijing lathes 938 Ling well 343 latifundio 31 Linnaeus 513 Latin America 189 Linyi 194 Laugaksi 917 Liu An 195 lawh 768 Liu Bei 343 Law of Medicine 697 Liu Chenggui 101 I Le dynasty 598 LIU HONG 514 Le Thanh-tong 597 LIU HUI AND THE JIUZHANG SUANSHU 514 lead 40, 195, 397 Liu Hui 193, 194, 366,387,388, 514,924 tin bronze 725 Liu Xiang 195 Legalism 814 Liu Yi 44, 194 legumes 101 Liu Yiming 41 Lei Xiao 684 Liujuanzi Guiyi Fang (Recipes Bequeathed from a Ghost) 684 Leibniz 46, 193 liuren 77 Leigong Paozhi lun (Master Lei on Drug Processing) 684 Llipata 779 length see Weights and Measures Lo-'gros 138 leno (luo) 958 Lo Hsia Hung see Luoxia Hong 816, 953 Loboda people 658 hyperbolic 236 gates 938 parabolic 236 lodestones 233, 540, 81 1 Leo 92 logarithms 39 LEO THE AFRICAN 508 logic see Rationality, Objectivity, and Method lever 813,820 logogram 244 LEVI BEN GERSON (Gersonides) 113, 509 Loha-gola-khandana 752 Lewis, David 770 Loha-golasamarthana (Refutation of the Loha-gola) 752 IHun-grub-rgya-mtsho 136 Lokoto 616 li (Nature's pattern) 193, 197 London School of Tropical Medicine 212 L1 BING 509 long fallow 928 L1 CHUNFENG 510 LONG COUNT 515 Li Chunfeng 110, 909 long count I 77 L1 GAO 511 loom 900, 936, 960 see also silk, textiles Li Ji (Record of Rituals) 688 looping 967 Li Kao see Li Gao Lothal 364 Li Kexiu 513 low carbon steels 728 Li Peng see Li Bing Lu Ju II Li Rong 344 Lu Shi Chun Qiu (Master Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals) II, LI SHANLAN 511 233,688 Li Shanlan 193 Lu Xiangshan 193 Li Shih-Chen see Li Shizhen Lu You 160 L1 SHIZHEN 512 Luancheng 513 LiShizhen 161 , 685 Luba of Zaire 554, 556 Li Ting 664 lukasa devices 554 1099

Lun Qi 905 polarity 541 Luna, William of 274 magnetism 811, 815,895 lunar calendar 121, 857 see calendar MAGNETISM IN CHINA 540 lunar and planetary latitudes 128 MAGNETISM IN MESOAMERICA 543 eclipses 276, 544 magnetite 232 mansions 77, 83, 108, 109, 126,424, 563 magnifying 955 month 171 Mahabhaskariya 72, 385, 807 phases 94 mahabhutas 694 rituals of Camay Quilla 182 MAHADEVA 543 theory 413 Mahadevi 544 visibility 1044 Mahasiddhanta 72, 126 lunar lodges see lunar mansions MAHAVIRA 545 LUNAR MANSIONS IN CHINESE ASTRONOMY 516 Mahavira 365, 756 LUNAR MANSIONS IN INDIAN ASTRONOMY 519 Mahendra La! Sarkar 225 LUNAR MANSIONS IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY 520 MAHENDRA SURI 546 lunette 920 Mahendra Suri 85 lungs 193 Mai Jing (Classic of Sphygmology) 684 Lunheng (Balanced Discussions) 1002 Mailu 658 luni-solar calendar 38, 109, 171, 191, 194, 197,520,896,975, Maimonides see Moses Maimonides 1056 Maitrayana 917 Luo Hongxian 568 maize 338 Luo Tianyi 511 MAKARANDA 547 Luofoushan Mountain 345 Makaranda's tables 548 Luoshu (Luo Chart) 193 Makhwa 781 LUOXIA HONG 520 malachite 722 Luoxia Hong 70 Malay ethnobotany 228 Lupaca 497 folk taxonomy 228 lusona 367 materia medica 213 lute II medicine 214 Luxuan Gonglun 664 medicine man 213 Peninsula 226 poison 214 Malays 226 see also Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago M Malaysia 118, 188, 189, 190 Malian sorcerers 526 Macasarese 763 malt 337 Macauley, Lord Babington 943 sugar 337 Machu Picchu 62, 203, 923 Mamakodate (Josephus question) 891 madder 939 Mamluk caliphate 389 MADHAVA OF SANGAMAGRAMA 522 man pit ren 76 Madhava of Sangamagrama 365, 883 Man of the Cattle 973 sine table 989 917 436 Manchu 197 Mae Enga 658 mandala 533, 596 mafei powder 684 manioc (cassava) 936 Magellan 226, 803 Manson, Patrick 212 Magellanic Clouds 106 mantra 669, 1047 114 Mantra Yoga 1047 MAGIC AND SCIENCE 523 Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 591 ancestor worship 526 mapmaking (Japan) 447 magic 191, 192, 195, 692 MAPS AND MAPMAKING 549 circles 891 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN AFRICA 554 figures 533 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN ASIA (PREHISTORIC) 558 lanterns 955 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN CHINA 567 squares 68, 198,427,528, 533,612,618,619, 785,891, MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN INDIA 571 1042 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN JAPAN 578 MAGIC SQUARES IN CHINESE MATHEMATICS 528 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN KOREA 580 MAGIC SQUARES IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 529 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN MESOAMERICA 589 MAGIC SQUARES IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 536 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA MAGIC SQUARES IN JAPANESE MATHEMATICS 538 591 magical thinking 188 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 594 magnetic compass 232, 254,541,811 ,816 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN TIBET 595 declination 816 MAPS AND MAPMAKING IN VIETNAM 597 1100

MAPS AND MAPMAKING OF THE AUSTRALIAN Number theory in Islamic mathematics 786 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE 560 Pi in Chinese mathematics 822 MAPS AND MAPMAKING: CELESTIAL EAST ASIAN Pi in Indian mathematics 823 MAPS 562 Rationale in Indian mathematics 845 MAPS AND MAPMAKING: CELESTIAL ISLAMIC MAPS Trigonometry in Islamic mathematics 990 565 MATHEMATICS IN AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA MAPS AND MAPMAKING: CHINESE GEOMANTIC MAPS 610 570 MATHEMATICS IN CHINA 625 MAPS AND MAPMAKING: ISLAMIC TERRESTRIAL MAPS mathematics in China 198 573 MATHEMATICS IN EGYPT 629 MAPS AND MAPMAKING: ISLAMIC WORLD MAPS MATHEMATICS IN INDIA 634 CENTERED ON MECCA 577 MATHEMATICS IN ISLAM 637 MAPS AND MAPMAKING: MARSHALL ISLAND STICK MATHEMATICS IN JAPAN 640 CHARTS 587 MATHEMATICS IN KOREA 643 maps Balkhi 149 mathematics in Meso and South America see Mathematics, Aztec MARAGHA 599 and Mathematics, Maya Maragha 131 , 196, 413,757 MATHEMATICS IN NATIVE NORTH AMERICA 650 observatory 454, 758, 994 MATHEMATICS IN THE PACIFIC 657 Marco Polo 253, 261, 766 MATHEMATICS IN WEST AFRICA: TRADITIONAL Cathay of 257 MATHEMATICAL GAMES 616 marhala 149 MATHEMATICS OF AFRICA: THE MAGHREB 613 Marici 752, 845 MATHEMATICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL maritime exploration 763 PEOPLE 619 trade 763 MATHEMATICS OF THE AZTEC PEOPLE 622 Marquis Yi set-bells 10 MATHEMATICS OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE 632 6, 90, 90, 106, 110, 115,911 MATHEMATICS OF THE MAYA 646 Marseilles Tables 875 MATHEMATICS, PRACTICAL AND RECREATIONAL 660 Marshall Islands 587 Matrakci Nasuh 575 Marshallese stick charts 769 Matricaria 190 Martino Martini 257 matrilineal societies 189 Marutse empire 556 matrix notation 44, 46 Masaka Sulbasutra 917 Mattang chart 587, 590 Masarjawayh 271 Mawangdui, Hunan province 194, 195 MASH A' ALLAH 602 tombs 109 Masha'allah 273, 926 Maya masjids see Agriculture 24 massage 688, 700, 708, 714, I 054 Agroforestry 25 abortion 2 City Planning 205 Master Ramchandra 224 Mathematics 646 Masudic Canon 445, 991 Time in Maya Culture 981 744 Writing 1034 mathematical measurement see Weights and Measures astrology 128 Astrolable 74 astronomy 128,405, 857,988, 1061 Trigonometry in India 987 atomism 376 Trigonometry in Islamic mathematics 990 geography 128 measures see Weights and Measures manuals 510 meat fermentation 335 symbolism 429 Mecca 75 , 392,402,413,424,480,776,834,990 tables 631 mechanical clock 21 0, 920 zero I 051 see also zero Mecmu-i menazil 575 mathematicians 645, 886 meddo charts 587 MATHEMATICS 604 medical astrology I 050 mathematics 3, 38, 54, 110, 151, 191, 193, 196, 198,513,514, botany see Ethnobotany 632,634,830,843,875,931,934 409, 411, 420, 506 Abu Kamil 638 practice 834 Algebra in Islamic mathematics 48 publications 674 Approximation formulae in Chinese mathematics 65 research 224 Arithmetic in Islamic mathematics 68 specialists 704 Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics 229 specialization 704 Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics 230 theories and practices 698 Elements 227 theory 1055 Ethnomathematics 326 university 685 Geometry 363 works 195, 230, 756 Magic Squares 528 MEDICAL ETHICS 663, 666 1101

MEDICAL ETHICS IN CHINA 667 Calendars I 73 MEDICAL ETHICS IN INDIA 669 Ethnobotany 317 MEDICAL ETHICS IN ISLAM 672 Geography 357 MEDICAL TEXTS IN CHINA 673 Long Counts 515 MEDICINAL FOOD PLANTS 676 Magnetism 543 medicinal foods 676 see ethnobotany Maps and Mapmaking 590 herbs 445, 463, 505, 679, 718 see ethnobotany Medicine in Meso and South America 702 plants see Ethnobotany Metallurgy in Meso and North America 730 properties 656 Textiles in Mesoamerica medicine 145, 191, 199, 229, 268, 404, 434, 463, 851, 930, Mesopotamia 56, 109,937 1054 cuneiform system 57 Acupuncture 12 geometry 380 Cactus 707 message sticks 560 Epilepsy in Chinese Medicine 309 metal bush 987 Epilepsy in Indian Medicine 310 ores 722 man 213, 706, 709, 865,866 ornaments 733 North American Indians 719 tools 727 Thai traditional 717 metallic art 733 Trephination 985 metallurgical tradition 731 Wheel 867 metallurgy 725, 741 , 940 MEDICINE IN AFRICA 679 casting and 905 MEDICINE IN CHINA: FORENSIC MEDICINE 688 METALLURGY IN AFRICA 720 MEDICINE IN EGYPT 689 METALLURGY IN CHINA 724 MEDICINE IN INDIA: AYURVEDA 693 METALLURGY IN EGYPT 726 MEDICINE IN ISLAM 695 METALLURGY IN INDIA 728 MEDICINE IN JAPAN 698 METALLURGY IN MESO AND NORTH AMERICA 730 MEDICINE IN MESO AND SOUTH AMERICA 702 METALLURGY IN SOUTH AMERICA 733 MEDICINE IN NATIVE NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA meteor 92, I 08, 192, 91 I 706 Meteorologica 739 MEDICINE IN THAILAND: TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN meteorology 82, 191,407, 505, 776 THAILAND 71 7 METEOROLOGY IN CHINA 735 MEDICINE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 709 METEOROLOGY IN INDIA 737 MEDICINE: TALMUDIC MEDICINE 714 METEOROLOGY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 739 MEDICINE W.HEELS 719 meter 231 medrese 799, 800, 804 see Rationality, Objectivity, and Method Mehmed II 799, 80 I metonic cycle 976 80 I metric system I 023 Meiji Restoration 24 metrics 229, 375 mektep 799 Metrika 65 Melanesia 773 metrological system 630, I 041 Melanesians 710 metrology 380,381,630, 1041 see Weights and Measures memory boards 556 metrosophy I 0 10 Memory Games: The Ye Gonan 618 see games Metsuke-ji 891 Mende 783 Mexica 143, 200 Mendeleef's Periodic Table 225 Tenochtitlan 143 Mendocino Codex 623 Mexican highlands 200 Mendoza Codex 964 Mexicans 190 Menelaus 991 Mexico 25, 142, 843, 936 Menelaus' theorem 8, 970 Miao 197 Meng Chi Pi Than (Dream Pool Essays) 809 mica 195 Meng Shen 195 Micronesia 772, 773 mensuration 9, 54, 67, 155,375,380, 907,908 see Weights and Micronesians 118, 710 Measures microscopes 955 Mercator 804 Middle America 189 (element) 40, 42, 195,267,345,397 Middle Books 758 Mercury () 88, 90, 90, I I 0, 115, 776, 91 I Mide master scroll 657 mercy killing 665 Midewewin 656 meridian 71 Midrash 112 Greenwich 248 midwife 189 see Childbirth merkhet 923 milcocoli 624 Meroe 98 military affairs 898 Merv 937 architecture 238 Mesoamerica 63, 143 compendium 389 Astronomy 134 industrial complex 996 1102

innovations 254 morning star 90, 107, 124 science 191 843, 936 technology 446, 505, 742 mortar and pestle 951 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY 741 mortars 743 military technology mortuary traditions 750 alchemist 743 Moscow Papyrus 363,381,608 armor 727 MOSES MAIMONIDES 744 anus 199,937 Moses Maimonides 113, 240, 697 bomb technology 743 mosques 238, 800 389,743,938 mosquito control 214 Milky Way 91 , 93, 99, 104, 106, 123, 135,563, 740 mosquitoes 214 millet 34, 35 MOUND CULTURES 746 millstones 938 Milngurr 491 Moundville 746 acids 460 mouth 193 deposits 540 MOXIBUSTION 748 minerals 263, 435, 445 moxibustion 12,258,675,684,700,748,918, 1054, 1055 Ming 77 Mozi 192 Mingantu 198 mu'assah 930 Minhaj 247 Muayyad al-Oin ai-Urdi 396, 599 minifundios 31 mudda 979 mining 725, 726 Mudkarat 6 Minoan hieroglyphs 57 938 Mirim Celebi 802 Muhammad 365 mirrors 895 Muhammad ibn Hawqal 149 concave 810 Muhurtaratna 807 convex 794 muhurtas 386 Mishneh Torah 113 Muhurtastaka-dipika 807 mist (yanqi) 343 Muhyi al-Oin al-Maghribi 600 mixin 250 Mukhtasar Tarikh al-bashar 7 Mixtec 554 mulberry trees 900 mizan 21 Mumford, Lewis 346, 937, 938 mnemonic devices 556, 769 mummies 690 mo 748 MUMMIES IN EGYPT 749 Mo Jing 794 Moche 952, 968 MUMMIES IN SOUTH AMERICA 750 modes of thought see Knowledge Systems passim mummification 750 modular equations 844 Mumtahan Zij 130 Moerbeke, William of 274 MUNISVARA 752 Mohenjo-Daro 364, 924 Munisvara 845 Mohism 369,810,814 Munjala 827, 828 Mohist Canon (Mozi) 192, 366 muqanni 948 logic 369 Muqattam Hills 131 Mohit 926 Murad III 802 Moise! 556 mural 921 molds 503 Musa ibn Hamun 802 Molla Lutfi 802 Musa ibn Khalid 271 Mongol empire 253, 757 music 193, 193, 230 7, 196, 197,389 musical instruments I 0 Monks Mound I 03 stone-chimes I 0 Monophysites 271 pitch 1010 monsoon 159, 766 sound 816 montane arteries 580 theory 897 moon 90, 91 , 101, 106, 110, 115, 165, 171, 179, 194, 275,508, Muslim see Islam, Islamic world 522, 928, 973 see also lunar mansions, eclipses cusps 508 Ill, 389, 665 new 90, 171 Mussau Islands 36 phases 104 mutahayyiz 140 morality see ethics, medical ethics mutakallimun 141 Moorish Spain 743 Mutazila theology 431 Moose Mountain Wheel 720 Mutual Conquest Order 332, 8 15 Mordecai Comtino 11 3 Production Order 8 15 Moreira, Ignacio 579 muvakkithane 800 Mori 579 4 77 1103

N nature see environment nature Nadivalaya 788, 790 metaphysical 214 nag-rtsis 136 of science 846 Nagakubo's maps of Japan 579 nautical almanac 995 Nahua 554 astronomy 424 Nahuatl language I 024 manuals 768 Najm al-Oin al-Qazwini 600 Navagraha 78, II 0, 529 naksatra 79, 109, 169 see Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy Navajo 188, 190 naksatra-darsa 114 navigation 122, 424, 542 naksatra system 519 between Middle East and China 766 Naksatracudamani I 044 manual 824 Nam Tien 597, 598 NAVIGATION IN AFRICA 759 NAMORATUNGA 755 NAVIGATION IN CHINA 762 Namoratunga 96 NAVIGATION IN POLYNESIA 773 NAVIGATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND RED SEA Nan Ching see Nanjing NANliNG 756 765 NAVIGATION IN THE PACIFIC 769 Nan Jing (Classic of Questioning) 684 navigational star systems 771 Nandisvaradvipa 572 Nazca 952 Nanfang caomuzhuang (Plants and Trees in the Southern Region) NAZCA LINES 777 345 Near Eastern cultures 665 Nanhai (modern Guangzhou) 390 Needham,Joseph 10, 11 ,39, 75, 109,110,191, 261,343,809, Nansembushu Dai-Nihonkoku Shoto Zu (Map of Great Japan) 815 578 needle supporting methods 541 naphtha 389 needles 935 see also acupuncture NARAYANA PANDITA 756 needling 748, 749 Narragansett Indians 101 needling technique 756, I 054, I 055 Nasca culture 777 negative numbers 47, 49, 147, 234, 784 NASIR AL-DIN AL-TUSI 757 Negev Desert 843, 936 Nasir al-Oin al-Tusi 196, 365, 396, 599, 638, 792, 830 Nehru, J. 819 NASIR-I KHUSRAW 759 Nei Wai Shang Bien Huo Lun (Endogenous and Exogenous Nasuh al-Silahi ai-Matraqi 802 Disorders) 511 National Agricultural Station 24 39, 265 Native Americans Nekematigi 677 Americas: Native American Science 60 neo-Confucianists 193 Astronomy in Native North America 100 Neolithic 503, 936, 937 Colonialism and Science in the Americas ~221 culture in Japan 23 Environment and Nature: Native North America 302 418, 434,443, 820 Ethnobotany in Native North America 321 Nestorian 78, 196, 271 Geography of Native North Americans 358 neuroanatomy 715 Maps and Mapmaking in Native North America 592 New 657 Mathematics in Native North America 65 1 World 63, 803 Medicine in Native North and South America 706 Zealand 77 1 Metallurgy in Meso and North America 730 Newton, Isaac 809, 954 Religion and Science in the Native Americas 865 Newton's formula 628, 891 Road Networks in Ancient Native America 868 Newtonian dynamics 897 Technology in the New World 951 Nguyen dynasty 598 Time and Native Americans: Time in the Pueblo Indian World Nicephorus Gregoras 804 983 Nicestas Acominate 804 Nativities 82 Nicomachus of Gerasa 272 natural astrology 76 Nidanas 78 environments 64 River 556 gas 811, 878,880 Nigeria 35 history 145, 191, 508 Nihon Bun'iki Shisho Zu (Atlas of the Regions of Japan) 579 laws 820 Nihon Bun'ya Zu (Astronomical Map of Japan) 579 magic 525 Nihon Bunkei Zu (Map of Japan Divided into Parts) 579 mummification 751 Nilakantha 883, 988 phenomena 145, 332, 928 780 philosophy 468, 905 Nilakantha Somayaji 845, 1048 solar year 1019 Tantrasangraha of 845 square 533 Nilambara 548 supernatural continuum 865 Nile 179 world 865 nilometer 923, 1014 1104

Nin-byed-snan-ba 136 obstetrics 715, 927 Nine Chapters on Mathematical Arts see Liu Hui and The occult knowledge 656 Jiuzhang Suanshu phenomena 525 nine stars 138 science 76 Nirguna 1051 oceanic navigation 774 nirvana 596 oceanic settlement pattern 770 Nisrstarthaduti 752 oceanography 424 Nogyo Zensho 24 odd and even 533 non-instrumental voyaging, Oceania 769 Odoric of Pordenone 261 Nongshu 18 Old Babylonian period 380 Nongzheng quanshu 18 texts 52 nonlinear equations 627 Saka Era 169 noon shadow 385 World crops 30 noria 949 Ollantaytambo 202 North Africa 799, 843 see also Africa Olmec 366, 926, 952 North America 666, 763 Omar ibn Sinan al-Izniki 803 North American Indian and Inuit Maps 591, 592 Omar Sifai 803 astronomy I 0 I On Anatomical Procedures 399 medicine 719 On Measurement and Geometry 5 North Pole 76 On Multiplication and Division 9 northern hemisphere 89 On Ratio 9 Northern and Central America 803 On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians 664 Northern Qi 195 On the Method of the Preservation of Health 430 Northern Song 70 Ondulu 724 northwestern Africa 803 see Africa Onkar Bhatt Joshi 224 nose 193 410 notion (yi) of fire 344 War 468,627 novae 77, 109, 191 optical illusions 814 Nrsimha Daivajna 845 optics 407,432, 815,934 Nuer 972 OPTICS IN CHINESE SCIENCE 793 age-sets 973 OPTICS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 795 Nuh ibn Mansur 434 oracle bone 109, 191,249 number 1010 orbs 395 systems 651 organic and holistic world views 935, 940 theory 784, 786 forces 418 words 651 Orhan Bey 799 NUMBER THEORY IN AFRICA 781 Orion 92, 120, 122, 124, 779, 1060 NUMBER THEORY IN INDIA 784 Belt 96, 106 NUMBER THEORY IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 786 799, 801, 803,938 numeral 646 maps and mapmaking 575 system 620, 635, I 053 medicine 80 I numerals 191, 623, 646 medreses 802 numeration 606 science 801 system 635, 781 State 804 numerical bases 658 Turkey 743, 804 coefficients 623 OTTOMAN SCIENCE 799 equations 473 ouden 1052 Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi' khtiraq al-afaq 555 out-in Complementary Principle 387, 388 Nuzhen 197 Outlines of Astronomy 5 I 2 Nyaya-Vaisesika school 817 Nyayaratna 827 Nyoro 724 p

0 Pachacuti Inca 496 Pacific Oath of the Doctor 665 Agriculture 27 oaths of initiation 664 island soils 27 obi 188 Agroforestry 35 observational astronomy 834 Ethnobotany 323 records 76 Maps and Mapmaking: Marshall Island Stick Charts 587 OBSERVATORIES IN INDIA 788 Mathematics 657 OBSERVATORIES IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 792 Medicine 709 1105

Navigation 769 Pen Tshao Kang Mu (Great Pharmacopoiea) 811 islanders 971 Penasco Blanco I 02 Pad-dkar-zal-lun 136 Peradeniya Gardens in Ceylon 227 Padmanabha 85 Peri plus of Hanna 760 paediatrics 927 Persia 434, 665, 939 see also Iran Paitamaha 1000 astronomy 395, 1044 PAKSA 806 solar calendar 993 Paleography see Writing Peru 62,936 Palermo Stone 923 Peruvian jungle 226 Pampa de Nazca 778 Peten 25 de San Jose 779 petrol flame-thrower 389 pan-diagonal 529, 536 petroleum 343 magic squares 533, 537 Peurbach, Georg I 13 numbers 538 peyote 707 panacas 498 phalaka yantra 75, 85 panacea 345 phaonindra yantra 546 panamacani 704 pharmaceutical campi lations 154 panca-anga 995 pharmaceuticals 463, 699 Panca-bodha 827, 883 Pharmacographia Indica 445 Pancamahabhuta Theory 694 pharmacology 158, 435, 440, 918 pancanga I I 7 pharmacopoeia 145, 191 , 195,438,678,682,685 Pancasiddhantika 71,385,808, 883,977, 1000 phases of the moon 144, 134 see also lunar and planetary Pandanus 37 latitudes, moon Paninian aphorisms 501 phenology 736 Papago 843 philosophers stone see alchemy paper 254 Philosophus Autodidactus 438 and ink making 905 phlebotomy 473 production 150 phlogiston theory 460 PAPER AND PAPERMAKING 806 Phoka 724 papiani 704 phyi-rkan 137 Pappus 754 PHYSICS 808 Papua New Guinea 27 PHYSICS IN CHINA 814 papyrus 689 PHYSICS IN INDIA 817 parabola 235,375, 432,441 ,479 see also conics PHYSICS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 819 paraboloid 406 physiology 12, 699 Paracas Peninsula 967 pi (n) 68, 73,364,365, 366,373, 381, 522,639,891,907, 932, textiles 967 106 1 267, 803 PI IN CHINESE MATHEMATICS 822- 824 394, 828 PI IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 823, 824 128, 74 1,776, 1057 Pi Wei Lun (On Spleen and Stomach) 511 Paramananda Thakkura 548 pictorial books 143 PARAMESVARA 807 picture maps 558 Paramesvara 780, 845, I 048 pig 64 paribhasa 756 pile fabrics 959 parikarma 756 loop brocade 958 Pascal triangle 45, 46, 49, 50, 229, 473 , 608, 627, 1043 pineapples 227 pati 155 ping (floating differences) 510 patiganita 155, 907 see also Arithmetic in India pinhole images 794 Patisara 752 Pires, Tome' 228 patrilineal societies 189 824 patterned fabrics 957. Piri Reis 803 PAULISA 808 Pirqei di-Rebbe Eliezer 11 2 Paulisa 808, 1000 Pisces 77, 92 Paulus-ul -Yunani 808 Pitamaha Siddantha 977 paurnamasya 806 pitch (frequency) 816 pawang 213 of musical instruments I 0, I 06 1 pearl 433 Piute 359 and jade exploitation 905 Pizarro 803 pediatrics 184,675,918 plane figures 67 Pegasus 1060 plane transversal theorem 898 Pei Xiu 567, 568 planetarium 898 Pell's equation 48, 68 planetary and astral conjunctions 508 Pen Tsao see Ben Cao Gang Mu, Pen Tshao Kang Mu (Great computations 508, 522 Pharmacopoiea) equations 1057 1106

hypotheses 395 PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES 827 longitudes 416 precious metals 730 see also gold, silver motions I 003 precipitation 738 stations 128 precision balances I 0 I 8 tables 544, 927 prediction of eclipses 636 see also Eclipses theory 412 planetary occultations I 003 planets 76, 77, 78, 90, I 0 I, 134, 194 Presler John 253 planimetry see geometry prime numbers 38 74 vertical 71 planning, urban see City Planning meridian 475 platinum 732 primum mobile 1003 267, 434, 820 non nocere 664 of 902 pnntmg 254, 505, 940 Plato of Tivoli 273 probabilistic number theory 844 Platonic idealism 814 progressions 785 Pleiades 95, 96, 101, 106, 120, 121, 144 prohibitions on killing 664 Pliny 57 projection 433, 837 Plotinus 434 prophetic medicine 672 Plough (constellation) 76 prophylaxis 12 plow (agricultural implement) 346 proportions and percentages 514 Plukenet, Leonard 56 prosody 229 plus symbol 147 proto-porcelain wares 191 pneuma 193 prototrigonometry 627 po tolo 99 Prthuyasa 78 pochotes 952 Ptolemaic and Aristotelian systems 434, 573 Polar Star 76 astronomy 152, 874 Polaris 93, 95 cartographic traditions 555, 569 polygonal masonry 913 parameters 416 polymath 8 Ptolemy 55, 60, 73, 74, 127,271,346,356, 377,395,408,412, Polynesian voyaging 771, 772, 773, 774 413,423,776,797,802,803,860,898,902,915,934,953, Polynesians 92, 95, 710, 770 970, 989, 1057 polynomial 45, 46, 414. 785, 903, 914, I 056 Almagest: Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic Porno 654 World... 50, 55, 73, 127, 133,331,392,392,394,395, Pope Sylvester II 402,416, 444,455,459,460,470,520, 544,547,633,636, popular astronomical and meteorological knowledge 429 637,776,899,91 I, 969,987,988,991, 1044, 1058 porcelain 505, 938 Geography 482, 801 portable equatorial sundials 920 map 443 portolan 555, 824 Optics 432, 797 POTATO 825 Planetary Hypotheses 127, 396 potato 242 potential salt 876 Planispherium 547 potter's wheel 936, 938 Rulers 792 pottery 191, 192,346,747, 936 Tetrabiblos 82, 507, 776 power 556 Puding 228 power series 68, 785 Pueblo 101 powers of ten 784 Bonito 101 practical astronomy 522 people 983 382 time 983 learning 645 Pueraria thunbergiana 957 mathematics 9, 907 Punarvasu 142 pramanu 817 Punjabi midwives 189 prana 193 punting 764 pranayama I 046 Puranas 353 Prasnasatapancasika 807 Purusottama Bhatta 548 Prasnavidya 906 Purusottamapuri 883 Pravesaka 14 PUTUMANA SOMAYAJJ 827 prayascitta 827 Putumana Somayaji 845 pre-colonial African maps 554 pyramidal mounds 746 pre-Columbian period 61 PYRAMIDS 828 pre-industrial technology 941 pyramids 63,358, 381,937,951, 1014 pre-Islamic Arabia 7 Pythagoras 267, 376, 609 pre-Renaissance Europe 92 theorem 54,364,369,372,381,382,386,609,784,970 pre-Shona Calendar 99 triples 364, 381, 784 pre-smelting rituals 724 Pythagoreanism 814 1107

Q Qusta ibn Luqa 272, 273 , 798 Qutb al-Oin al-Shirazi see al-Shirazi q-series 844 Q 4 QADI ZADEH AL-RUMI 830 Qadi Zadeh al-Rumi 801 , 802 R QANAT 832 qanat 452, 926, 947 Rabi 20 Qanun al-Tibb () 434 Rabi ben Ezra see Abraham Ibn Ezra Qazwin 434 Raf al-hijab 231 qedet 1015 raffia palm 956 Ql 13, 157. 165, 192, 332, 370,466,541,571,685,748, 816, Raffles, Sir Stamford 227 832, 833, 856, 897, 905, 985, 1046 ragi 19 energy 397 rahmah 930 four 687 Rahu 78, 93 , II 0 gong (breathing therapy) 673, 688, 856 rain 193, 735, 736 han 345 basin (yupan) 343 of fire 344 forest 936 orthodox 686 gauge 737 Qian Han shu 234 735, 814, 895 QIANJIN YAOFANG 833 rainfall 73 7 Qianjin Yao Fang (Thousand Golden Remedies) 185, 664 rainforest 35 QIBLA AND ISLAMIC PRAYER TIMES 834 RAINWATER HARVESTING 843 qibla 9, 392, 424, 477, 776, 859, 864, 925, 990, 993 see also rainwater harvesting 936 Mecca Rajasthan 843, 939 charts 574 rajju 924 determination 480 Rama yantra 788, 791 table 480 Ramacandra 85 Qichun (Hubei) 512 Ramakrsna 883 Qidan 197 Raman, C.V. 819 Qimin yaoshu 18 RAMANUJAN 843 qin (half-tube zither) II ramie 957 QIN JIUSHAO 836 rami 362 Qin Jiushao 45, 193, 194, 513, 925 ramon 26 Qin Shihuangdi 192, 195 Raqqa 152 Qin Yueren 194 rasa 670 Qinding gujin tushu jicheng 78 Rasail 401 qu 336, 337 Rasail Ikhwan al-Safa see Ikhwan al-Safa QUADRANT 837 Rasayana therapy 268 quadrant 87, 356, 475, 934 Rasigolasphutaniti 845 of Israel 437 RATIONALE IN INDIAN MATHEMATICS 845 quadratic equations 44, 47, 48, 163, 387, 515, 785, 786, 907, RATIONALITY, OBJECTIVITY, AND METHOD 845 1003 Ravivarman, King ofVettattunatu 14 quahuitl 624 Rayy 434 quantity surveying 948 reaction-vessel 195 quarrying 912 realgar oil (xionghuangyou) 161 quartic equation 513 recreational mathematical problems 660, 661 quartz 816 rectangle 52, 612 quasi-natural measures 380 red copper 725 see also copper Qubilai Qan 390, 513 red mummies 751 Quetzalcoatl 94 Red Sea 803 Quibiao 793 reflecting telescopes 954 Quiche of Momostenango 134 reflection 236 quinine 226, 227 reflectors 793, 794 Quintana Roo 25 refracted ray 407 quinteros 21 refraction 236,407,432, 740,814 QUJPU 839 758 quipu 60,489,496,605,1026 regula falsi 68, 147 quipucamayu 605 regular pentagons 612 Qunawi 402 reiyaku-jutsu 932 456, 672, 696, 834, 858, 930 relief maps 894 see also Maps and Mapmaking Abortion 2 RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN CHINA 852 QUSTA IBN LUQA 841 RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN ISLAM I 857 1108

RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN ISLAM II 861 s RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN THE NATIVE AMERICAS 865 Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin 802 religious ablutions 451 Saccheri's quadrangle 479 architecture 237 Sacred Direction 858 effigy 746 fire 917 sciences 270, 443 maps 596 taboos 65 sacrificial altars 609 remainder theorem, Chinese 110, 194 fire 977 resonance phenomenon of Lu Ju 11 SADR AL-SHARIAH 874 retting 333 Safar-nameh (Book on Travels) 7 59 rgya-rtsis 136 Safavid medicine 80 I rhetorical algebra 607 Sagittarius 92 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 381, 1014 Sahara Desert 938 Ricci, Matteo 46, Ill, 264, 366, 569, 925 Saharan Africa 14 Riccioli, Giovanni 56 Sahel 34, 936 rice 16, 23, 122 Sahn-i Seman Medreses 799 rice-soup oil (mitangyou) 161 SAID AL-ANDALUSI 875 Rigel 95 Saijo-ryu 38 right-angled triangles 51, 386, 380, 513, 515, 903, I 003 Saint Thomas the Apostle 253 rilib 588 Saiph 96 rim-min 137 Saka 121 rim-pa 137 Sakas 169 rings 891 sal ammoniac 460 riparian veins 580 Salih ibn Nasrullah 803 Risala (Epistle) 6 saline earth 876 Risala fi'l-amal bi'l-asturlab 8 lakes 876 Risalat al-tair (Treatise of the Bird) 434 soil 876 ritha 42 SALT 876 rituals 174, 372, 865, 865, 977 salt 1025 road measures I 024 and sugar making 905 ROAD NETWORKS IN ANCIENT NATIVE AMERICA 868 roasting 334 lake 878 Roberto Valtorio 80 I Xiezhou 878 Robinet, Isabelle 39 manufacture 881 Robinson, Kenneth I I Range 877 roca 928 trade 836 art 102, 560 SALT IN CHINA 877 salt 877, 880, 881 SALT IN INDIA 880 ROCKETS AND ROCKETRY 872 saltiness (xian) 877 rockets 389, 937 saltpeter 196, 388,389,937,939 see also gunpowder rod numeral system 44, 46, 234, 608 Sama-veda 153 rom 491 Samanid dynasty 434 Romaka 808. I 000 medrese 801 root approximation formula 147, 784 Samarqand observatory 396 of a polynomial 4 76 Sampo Tensei-ho Shinan 38 rosemary 190 Samratyantra 788 Rouran 197 SAMUIL IBN ABBAS AL-MAGHRIBI 882 Rouzhi 197 Samuil al-Maghribi 50 rtsis 136 samurai 469 Ru Jia 854 San Lorenzo 543 ruba 356 San Yin Ji Yi Bing Zheng Fang Lun (Three Pathogenic rudder 764 Categories) 187 Ruisbroek, William of 26 1 sand sculptures 56 rule of ethnocentricity 556 Sangamagrama-Madhava see Madhava of Sangamagrama false position 44, 234 sangaku 38, 466 · inverse operations 68 Sanizade Ataullah 803 inversion 147 Sankara Variyar I 048 three 44, 67, 147,234,514 SANKARA VARIYAR 882 two errors 476 sanku 924 Russia 804, 938 Sanming tonghui 77 Rutherford, E. 995 Sanskrit prosody 230 Ryazau 389 Sanson- Flamsteed method 44 7 Ryusen, Ishikawa 579 saqiya 949 1109

Sarada script 147 Sepopo 556 Sarajevo 799 Sergi us the son of Elias 56 Sarasvati Amma, T.A. 364 Seri 189, 190 Saravali 906 sericulture 192, 905 Sardulakamavadana 77, 136 serpent mound 746 Sarton, George 513 seven climata scheme 574 Sasthams'a yantra 790 desiderata for rationality 846 SATANANDA 883 187 Satawal 772 kishvar system 574 satin weave (duanwen) 958 Luminaries 77 6, 90, 90, 109, 110, 115, 194,603,911 Seventeen Rules of Enjuin 665 Satyasadha 917 SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM 892 saumya-yantra 546 sexagesimal computations 70, 506 saunas 718 sextant 934 Saura Siddhanta 808, I 000 Seydi Ali Reis 803 Savasorda see Abraham Bar Hiyya (Savasorda) Shache 197 Sawai Jai Singh see Jai Singh shaduf 937, 949 Sayyid Ismail see al-Jurjani Shah Zij 126 scapulomancy 362 Shahjehan 752 Schaeffner, A. II Shahpur I 55 Schall von Bell, Adam 264, 390, 910 Shahriyaran 126 Schlegel, Richard I 08 shakkaziya 83 7 scholasticized knowledge 660 shaku-kan system I 019 School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 688 shamans 194, 195, 249, 526, 698, 708, 865, 866 science and art 888 Shamhaji Bapu 224 and Civilisation in China 191 , 809 shamila (universal instrument) 481 education 220 Shams al-Dawlah 434 of calculation 427, 615 Shan Mu Gong 10 of inheritance 830 Shandong province 194 in Islamic Polity 456 Shang dynasty 191 of Shadows 412 Shang Han Hui Yao (Collected Essentials of Disease Due to Cold of Ultimate Reality 456 Evil) 511 SCIENCE AS A WESTERN PHENOMENON 884 shanggong 514 scientific bodies 224 Shanghan Xuepai (School of Disease Due to Cold Evil) 685 innovations 254 SHANG HAN LUN 893 knowledge 485 Shanghan Lun (On Diseases Due to Cold Evil) 684 method 846, 848 Shangqing (Supreme Purity) 41, 933 practice 849 Shanhai jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) 582 renaissance 889 Shao Yong 193 research 224 shaoguang 514 revolution 525, 553, 809 Shaoyang 893 thought in Islam 403 Shaoyin 893 Scorpio 92, I 05, 106, 120 SHARAF AL-DIN AL-TUSI 894 Scot, Michael 274 Sharaf al-Oin al-Tusi 75, 638 sculpture 62 Shaykh al-Rais 434 sea salt (haiyan) 877, 878 Shaykh Muhammad Abduh 862 seafaring 776 see navigation sheep 64 searchlights 955 shekels 1014 seasonal changes 165 Shen Gu 10 cycle 975 Shen Guo 46 hours 837 Shen Kua see Shen Gua Sedillots 132 567, 568 Sefer ha-Ibbur 152 Shen Nong 684 Sefer ha-ares we-tavnit kaddurey ha-raqia 151 SHEN GUA 894 Seiryoki 24 Shen Gua 160, 809 seismograph II 0 see Zhang Heng sheng-ji 360 seismological principles I 052 Shengji Zonglu (Imperial Encyclopedia of Medicine) 674 seismoscope I 052 Shengyang Yiwei (Ascending Yang Replenishing-Sfomach) SEKI KOWA 890 511 Seki Kowa 46, 513 Shennong Bencao Jing (Divine Husbandman's Classic of Sekisui, Nagakubo 579 Herbology) 195, 196, 684 Seleucid cuneiform algebra texts 53 shi 337 Self-destruction of the Self-destruction 820 Shi Ji (Historical Record) 157, 684 Semseddin ltaki 803 Shi Shen 109, 192, 909 1110

Shi Shi 908 SILK AND THE LOOM 900 Shi-zen 349 silk 256, 900, 956, 957 Shi'ite 757 fabric 191 shiatsu (pressure point massage) 984 reeling frames (saochechuang) 900 shibr 184 trade 255 Shibu suanjing 627 silkworm 900, 905 see also sericulture SHIBUKAWA HARUMI 895 silsa kusi 506 Shifa 434, 435 silver 42, 345, 393, 725, 730, 733 Shigeru, Nakayama Ill Sima Qian 684, 909 Shiji 76 Simenjing 78 Shijing (Book of Odes) 192, 516 simple and 908 Shilla mathematical system 643 arithmetic 482 shinjyu (group suicide) 665 drugs 404, 435, 445, 698 Shinto rite of purification 190 simultaneous congruences 370 Shintoism 526 linear equations 46, 234, 515, I 053 ships see navigation polynomial equations 45 Shisi Jing Fahui 12 SINAN IBN THABIT 902 SHIZUKI TADAO 897 Sinai 57, 843 Shoho map of Japan 579 Sindhind 126, 33 I. 395 Shona 724 sine 68, 392, 988, I 044 short cubit 381 Singapore 227 Shoshone 359 Singh, Sawai Jai see Jai Singh Shosoin 578 Sinicae historiae decas prima 257 Shoushili 390 Sinologists I 09 Shoushili calendar Ill, 194 Sirak 645 shu 756 sirhak 506 Shugaisho (Collection of Oddments) 578 Sirius 95, 96, 98, 99, 120 Shujing (Book of Documents) 108, 192 Sisyadhivrddhida 71 Shusheng 197 Siuai 658 shushu 625 Siva 800, 907 Shu Shu Chiu Chang see Shushu Jiuzhang Six Excesses 187 Shu Shu Jin Zhang see Qin Jiushao Sixth Crusade 389 Shushu jiyi (Recording Omitted Items in Mathematics) 194 SIYUAN YUJIAN 903 SHUSHU JIUZHANG 898 Siyuan yujian 45,914 Shushujiuzhang 45,836, 898,925 skar-rtsis 136 Shuwen 12 skar-ma 139 shuxue (mathematics) 192, 193 slash and bum 25, 928 see also swidden shway arlay (gold weights) 1007 sliding bearings 987 si nan shao 232 callipers 1011 Si Maqian 157 sluices 448 Siberia 935 small-scale agriculture 32 Sicillian school 435 Sme-ba 138 Siddhanta 79, 116 smelting 726, 733, 905 see Metallurgy Siddhanta-siromani 71 , 155 Smith Sound Inuit 3 Siddhanta system 136 sna-rkan 137 Siddhanta-Tattvaviveka 4 75 Sokkuram grotto 504 Siddhantadarpana 780 Sokoto Caliphate 556 Siddhantadipika 845 Solanum (spp. esp. tuberosum) 825 Siddhantaraja 116 solar and lunar eclipses see Eclipses Siddhantasarakaustubha 117 rituals in Peru · 181 Siddhantasarvabhauma 116, 752 calendar I 71 S iddhantasekhara 71, 908 mean motions 128 Siddhantasindhu 116 position 835 Siddhantasiromani 79, 116, 183 , 752 year 416 Siddhantasudha 548 soldering 727 Siddhantatattvaviveka 117 solid form (xing) of fire 344 Siddhantic calendar 170 Solomon Island 658 Siddhartha I I0 solstices 94, 116, 134, 755,827 Sidi al-Chelebri 926 solsticial colure 71 15 sona 363, 367 sifahanes 800 soncoyoc 666, 704 sifr 69 Song capital, Linan 390 sighting tubes 953 SONG CHI 904 signs of the zodiac 78, I 058 Song China 193 1111

Song dynasty 194 squares 539 Song-Jin 743 use in navigation 769 SONG YINGXING AND THE TIANGONG KAIWU 904 STARS IN ARABIC-ISLAMIC SCIENCE 910 Song Yingxing 344 STARS IN CHINESE SCIENCE 908 Songshi (Official History of the Song Dynasty) 389 steel 730, 743, 943 Sorcerer's Apprentice 616 stick charts 587 sorghum 34, 35 stirrup 937 sound 10, II, 816 Stoicism 77 South and central America stomach 193 Agriculture 30 stone age 936 Calendars 180 candles (shizhu) I60 Environment and Nature 305, 307 juice (shiye) 160 south China 23 oil (shiyou) 160 south controlling spoon 232 Stonehenge 102, 118, 755, 923 Southeast Asia 937, 938 "Stonehenge U.S.A." 102 Southern Cross 95 stonemasonry 239, 828 southwestern Europe 803 STONEMASONRY, INCA 912 soybean 337 storage techniques 448, 951 span 1016 storms 738 sPar-kha 138 SuSong 110,194,211 spear thrower map 561 Suanjing shishu (The Ten Computational Canons) 640 spectacles 810, 953 suanpan (abacus) 890 see also Abacus sphere 508, 522, 544, 1061 suanshu 625 spherical astronomy 128,439, 477, 993, 1057 Suanshushu (Book on the Art of Arithmetic) 194, 515 earth 110 SUANXUE QIMENG 914 triangles 477, 990 Suanzi suanjing 110 trigonometry 8, 390 sub-aeon 394 SPHUJIDHVAJA 906 sub-Saharan Africa 260; 666 Sphujidhvaja I 044 sublimation 43, 195 Sphutacandrapti (Computation of True Moon) 522 subsistence I 8, 20 Sphutanirnaya 14 subterranean water 476 spice trees 226 sucrochemical industry 917 spices 256, 339 Sudan 34,35,98 spindle 963 Sufism 403, 456 wheel (fangche) 900 SUGAR IN LATIN AMERICA 915 spinning 956, 960 sugar 339 and weaving 346, 905 suicide 665, 666, 671 wheel 938, 968 Suishu lOll spirit (shen) of fire 344 SULBASUTRAS 917 spleen 193 Sulbasutras (Rules of the Cord) 364, 372, 501, 609, 923 Spleen-Stomach Benefiting 685 Suleyman the Magnificent 800, 802 Spring-and-Autumn Period 194 Suleymaniye Kulliye 800 44, 234 sulfur 196, 267, 345, 388 squash 338 mercury theory 460 Srauta Sutras 153 oil (liuhuangyou) 161 sri arJay (king 's weights) I 007 Muhammad 7 906 Sultan Bello 556 SRIPATI 908 Sultan ofKedah 212 Sripati 83, 807, 1000 Sultan Selim II 802 Ssu Yuan Yu Chien see Siyuan Yujian Sultani Zij 128 stacking 67 Sumatra 937 standard unit of measurement 634 Sumer, Sumerian 56, 244, 742, 937 star 76, 101, 191,910,915,928 see also asterisms, sumi 514 constellations summer solstice 99 calculation 136 sums of divisors 786 calendar 881 sun 62, 77, 90, 91,101, 106, 110, 115, 165, 179, 194, 275,508, catalogs 763 603,928 coordinates and magnitudes 915 Sun Chief 101 divination 76 Sun Circle at Cahokia 103 gazer 114 Sun Dance 103 map 581 sun-moon 89 of Bethlehem I 09 Sun Priest 983 positions 518 SUN SIMO 918 Sirius B 99 Sun Simo () 185, 195, 196, 664, 685, 833 1112

SUN ZI 919 T Sun Zi suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi) 194, 234 Sundararaja 995 Tabaqat al-Umam 876 Sundararajaprasnottara 780 tabby weave 957 sundials 87, 194, 356, 412, 413, 441, 788, 793, 838, 920, 921, tabhane 800 990 Tabiiyyat (Natural Philosophy) 434 analogous sundials 921 Tacitus 57 118 Tadataka, !no 579 SUNDIALS IN CHINA 920 Tadhkira fi ilm al-haya (Memoir on Astronomy) 396 SUNDIALS IN ISLAM 921 Taedong yojido (Terrestial Map of the Great East [Korea]) 585 Sung Neo-Confucianism 814 Tafakkur 863 Sungnam maps 584 Taghlib 875 Sunni theology 820 Tai Chu Li (Tai Chu Calendar) 520 of Medicine) 685 sunspots 77, 109 Tai Yi Shu (Imperial Academy (Supreme Ultimate Boxing) 673, 688 sunya 24 7, I 050 Taiji Quan Taiweiyuan 76 supernova 92 Taiyang 893 surface taiyi 77 area of a sphere 164, 426 Taiyin 893 of the sky 184 Takakazu 890 phenomena 81 I TAKEBE KATAHIRO 931 surgery 184,409,435, 690,927,986 tally 233, 620, 782 SURVEYING 922 Talmud 112 surveying 514 medicine in 716 surveyors' algebra 663 tambo 871 surveys 224 Tamil Nadu 995 SURYASIDDHANTA 926 Tanbih al-albab 231 Suryasiddhanta 71, 83, 116, 183, 475,636,807, 827,883,927 Tang Dynasty 70, II 0, 352 suspension bridges 940 Tang Fu 389 SUSRUTA 927 Tang Lu (Law of the Tang Dynasty) 688 Susruta 267 TANG SHENWEI 933 Susrutasamhita 664 Tang Shenwei 512 sutra 153,472,919 tangents 5 13 suttee 253 Tangshan earthquake 76 Suwar al-kawakib 129 tank reservoir 449 Suwen (Plain Questions) 397 Tantrasangraha 780, 883, I 048 Suzuki Hikosuke 37 Tantric monks 78, I 00 svadhyaya 1046 Tanzania cave symbols 98 Svalpa-samhita I 000 TAO HONGJING 933 Svalpa-vivaha-patala 1000 Tao Hongjing 41, 195, 196 Svalpa-yatra I 000 see Daoism svarodaya 136 tapas 114, I 046 Swettenham, Frank 213 tapestry (kesi) 959 AL-DIN 934 SWIDDEN 928 TAQJ Taqi al-Oin 793, 800, 802 swidden 25, 929 see also slash and burn Tasmania 771 swivel weaving method 959 tasyir 507 swnw 690 tatkalika-gati 164 syllable ·57 Taurus 92 566, 607, 644, 908 symbolic algebra taxation 17, 21,514, 553 symbolism 6 15,831 te de manzanilla 188 symbols 47 tea 256, 338 for integers 892 technology 254 symmetrical arrangements 368 China 199 symmetries 6 11 China, Western 261 syncopated al gebra 607 transfer see East and West syncretism 526 TECHNOLOGY 935 syndrome manifestation (bian zheng) 686 TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE 940 synodic month 164 TECHNOLOGY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 947 Syria 389, 799, 832, 937, 938 TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW WORLD 951 irrigation technology 948 tecoani 704 systems of teachings and beliefs 852 Tectihuacan 952 Szigetvar 803 telemetry 898 1113

TELESCOPE 953 timbre 816 telescope 462, 810 TIME 970 telling time 837 time 657 temascal 190 Calendars in East Asia 164 temetzlepilolli 926 Calendars in Egypt 167 temixiuitiani 704 Calendars in India 168 Templo Mayor 20 I Calendars in Islam 171 Tenjiku Zu (Map of India) 579 Calendars in Mesoamerica I 73 Tenochtitlan 145, 200, 201,926 Calendars in South America 180 Teotihuacan 357, 366, 869, 870, 926 keeping Ill, 168,477,920 Tepaneca ofTlacopan 143 ofday 834 terra cotta warriors 192 of Muslim prayer 477 terracing 25 see agriculture reckoning 515, 926 terrestrial longitude 248, 768 Sundials in China 920 Tetrabiblos 78 Sundials in Islam 921 tetsu-jutsu 39, 932 TIME AND NATIVE AMERICANS: TIME IN THE PUEBLO Texcoco 200,201 WORLD 983 texoxtl 704 TIME IN AFRICA 972 textile TIME IN CHINA 974 printing 940 TIME IN INDIA 977 technology 939 TIME IN MAYA CULTURE 981 textiles 936, 962 TIME IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 979 TEXTILES IN AFRICA 955 tin 720, 728 TEXTILES IN CHINA 957 bronze 725 TEXTILES IN EGYPT 959 Tinjau Belukar 228 TEXTILES IN INDIA 960 tipi rings 719 TEXTILES IN MESOAMERICA 963 Tirawahat 93 TEXTILES IN SOUTH AMERICA 967 79, 169, 806 Tezkereci Kose Ibrahim Efendi 802 Tiv 555 THABIT IBN QURRA 969 tlacanyotl 624 Thabit ibn Qurra 56, 272, 273, 365, 375, 392, 455, 753, 786 tlacatlacuiloli 624 Thailand 938 tlahuahuanoloni 926 than kas 596 tlahuelmantli 624 Theodosius' Sphaerics 633 tlamatepatli 704 Theon's Canon 394 tlanacazanimi 926 Theorica 113 tlayolloanaloni 926 thirteen zodiacal constellations 135 Toas 560 thorny fire balls 389 token-impressed tablets 245 thousand-mile boat 1061 Tokugawa period 23 throat-and-girth harness 192 Toledan Tables 131, 133,416,875 Thuban 93 Toledo 875 thunder-crash bomb 389 toloache 190 thyroid 834 Toltec 143, 366, 926, 952 ti-li 360 tonalpohualli 174, 623 Tiahuanaco 913 tone quality I 0,. I 00 Tiangong Kaiwu see Song Yingxing and the Tiangong Kaiwu Tonga 555 tian yuan shu 45 Tongjian Gangmu (Comprehensive Mirror) 257 Tian mu bi lei cheng chu jie fa 925 TONGREN ZHENJIU SHUXUE TUJING 984 Tiangong kaiwu (Exploitations of the Work of Nature) 191 tongue 193 Tianshiyuan 77 tonification 756, I 055 Tiantai school 41 tool making 746, 936 tianwen 76 topographic features 357, 552, 556 tianyuanshu 37,513,629 tortoise boats 744 tibabah 930 tou fu 337 tibb 930 town planning see City Planning Tibet 136, 197 toxic effects I 95, 694 astronomy 136 toxicology 184, 927 calendar 139 Trabzon 801 mapmaking 551 trans-oceanic navigation 761 ticitl 145 transhumance 22 tides 76 transmission of disease I 055 Tiele 197 ofknowledge from East to West 259, 261,266,270,272 Tigre 555 transmutation of metals 43 , 460 tillage techniques see agriculture transport 952 1114

trapezium 380, 513, 908 universal horoscope 5 trapiches 916 unknown number 47, 48 treadle-operated loom Uiaotaji) 900 Unschuld, Paul 664 trebuchets 389 Upanisads 267 TREPHINATION 985 Upapatti 845 trephination 704, 707 Uparagakriyakrama 14 triangulum 96 Upvana 341 TRIBOLOGY 987 Ur 346 trichord 10 uranometry 128 trigonometry 87, 128,392,426,636,639,758, 812,858,991, Uranus 90 I 044, I 057 see also sine urban organization 221 TRIGONOMETRY IN INDIA 987 urbanization 223 TRIGONOMETRY IN ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS 858, 990 Urjuza 414 , Philip of 274 Ursa Major 779 Trisatika 907 Ursa Minor 93 trisecting an angle 838 usat 930 tropical forest 25 usnu 203 tropical medicine 211, 258 ustaralava 75 true planets 183 uterus 189 tshes 139 Uyguy 197 tshes-zag 13 7 Uyun al-hikmah (Fountain of Wisdom) 404, 434 tsolk'in 174 tsuka (palm) 10 1 9 Tsu Keng-Chih see tsutsugamushi 684 tuber 825 v tubers 241 tucapus 4 96 Vadhula 917 tucricuc 498 Vagbhata 664 tumbaga 731 Vagbhava (Corrections to be Applied to Planets from AD 523) tumi knife 986 394 Tunisia 555, 843 vague year 174 tunob 178 Vakrapaksa-syena altar 373 Turin 555 Vakya-karana 827 Turk 197 Vakyadipika 807 Turkestan 799, 801 VAKYAKARANA 995 Turkey 799 Vakyakarana 807 turtle ships 505 Valley of Mexico 142, 200 758 VALUES AND SCIENCE 995 twelve animal cycle 77 vara 79, 1024 twelve-year cycle 138 Varaha 91 7 twill damask 958 VARAHAMIHIRA 999 two-stage rockets 872 Varahamihira 78, 83, 808, 883, 906 390 Vararuci 995 Tychonic geostatic models 1003 Varela, Francisco 269 Tyrian purple 252 vargaprakrti 68 Vasanabhasya 845 Vasco da Gama 255 Vasistha Siddhanta 808, I 000 Vatakanika I 000 u VATESVARA 1000 Vatesvara-siddhanta I 000 Udayantara 1 15 Vatican Codex 624 Ugarit 57, 58 Veda 83 248, 883 Vedanga 83 ULUGH BEG 993 Vedanga-jyotisa 83, 168, 977 UlughBeg 129, 475,793,800,802,830 114, 11 5, 153, 500 UMAR AL-KHAYYAM 479 vedi 153, 372 Umar al-Khayyam 365 Vedic priests 827 Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Caliph 87 texts 664 Umayyad 396 Vega 95, 813 uncountable 784 vegetable oils 905 uniform circular motion 758 Venus 90, 92, 95, 106, 107, 109, 110, 115, 124, 135, 144, 152, unit fraction 631 179, 194, 603, 911 1115

Venvarohastaka 828 locks 390 Vespucci, Amerigo 60 mirrors 794 Viete 194 power 947 Vietnam 597 resources 510 cartography 595 storage system 448 vigesimal numbers 624 wheel 110, 194 Vikramaditya 1000 works 509 village kin communities 972 bureau 390 Virgo 92 waterways 389 visceral manifestations 686 wave energy 588 visibility of tbe new moon 172 wawa 621 vision see optics wear of surfaces 987 Visnu 93 weather 95, 250, 910 see meteorology vitamins 677, 678 forecasting 82, 193, 735 74 science 737 void 241 weaving 611, 900, 956, 960 see loom, silk, textiles volume 234,363,364,375,381,514, 1019, 1021, 1026 weft-faced patterning 958 measures 380 wei qi 919 of granaries I 003 WEI BOYANG 1004 von Linne, Carl (Linnaeus) 513 Wei Boyang 41, 195 vyavaharas 756 weights and measures 634 Vyktaganitadhyaya 908 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN AFRICA 1005 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN BURMA 1007 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN CHINA 1010 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN EGYPT 1012 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN THE INDUS VALLEY w 1017 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN JAPAN 1019 wafq al-aad 536 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN ISLAM 1019 Wahlstadt 389 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN MEXICO 1023 39, 265 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN PERU 1026 bencao (Pharmacoepia of Operative Alchemy) 196 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE HEBREWS 1014 waike 668 weir 450 Waitai Miyao (Essentials from an Imperial Library Curator) well salt (jingyan) 510,877,880 685 well windlass 949 wall painting 551 Wenbing Xuepai (Seasonal Febrile Disease School) 685 patterns 612 Wenxuandi 195 Wan Minying 77 West Africa 35 Wan Shuhe 684 West Indies 60 wang tong 924 WESTERN DOMINANCE 1028 WANGCHONG 1002 wet metallurgy 726 Wang Chong II season 973 Wang Ling II 0 wetland cultivation 25 Wang Mang period 10 II wheat gluten 337 Wang Shouren 193 wheel 938, 982 WANG XIAOTONG 1002 white magic 524 Wang Xiaotong 44 435 WANG XICHAN 1003 winalob 178 Wang Xun 390 wind 735, 738 Wang Zhe 41 as an energy source I 032 Wang Zhen 18, 939 powered prayer wheels I 033 waqf 799, 800 protection 36 war magic 526 rose 555 warfare 937,938 windmill 938, 940, 1032 warp-faced patterns 901,957,958 WINDPOWER 1032 Warring States period 195, 352 wine 335, 337 wasan 379, 466 see Mathematics in Japan container 192 watches see Clocks and Watches making 192 water clock 208,211,472, 810,920,978 see also clepsydra 89, 168 communication systems 390 Wiredu 666 control 28 see also irrigation witchcraft 68 1 holding capacity 27 witches 706 level 510 Wittrey, Warren L. 103 lifting machines 473, 947 woad 251 1116

wool 956 xiu 516,909 wootz steel 729 Xiuyaojing 78 word 57 Xixia 390 magic 524 Xiyuan Jilu 904 world geography 423 Xochicalco road network 869, 870 maps 824 Xu Daozang 78 444 Xu Deqing 344 Writing Xu Guanggi 366, 910, 925 Alphabet 56 Xu Juyi 77 glyphs 1034 XuShang 514 petroglyphs I 02, 551, 558 Xu Xiage Yuji (Diary of The Travels ofHsu) 352 Phoenician alphabet 57, 58 XU YUE 1041 pictographs I 02 Xu Yue 194 scribal texts 55 Xuanzong 110 wedge-shaped cuneiform signs 57 writing material 243 systems I 034 Mesoamerican 591 WRITING OF THE MAYAS 1034 y wu wei 815 wu yun liu qi (Five Activities and Six Climatic Factors) 686 Yahya ibn Adi 272 WuXian 109,186 Yahya ibn ai-Bitriq 739 Wu Xing Xing Du Jie I 003 Yahya ibn Harun 271 Wu-Yi bell 10 YAHYA IBN ABI MANSUR 1043 Wu Yuan Lu (Free of Wrong Cases) 689 Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 395 Wu Zuo 689 Yajur-veda 153 (Treatise on Military Preparations) 569 yam 338,936 Wuchang 512 yamya-yantra 546 Wuhuan 197 yang viscera 686 (Collection of the Most Important Military YANG HUI 1043 Techniques) 389 Yang Hui 44, 45, 46, 194,473, 925 Wuman 197 Yangming 893 Wusun 197 yantra 529 Wuxian Shi 908 Yantra-raja 75, 85 Wuxing see Five Phases (Wuxing) Yantrarajaracana 75 Wuxingzhan I 09 Yao Lei Fa Xiang (Pharmaceutical Normalcy) 511 wuyi 194 yaofu 195 Wuzhen pian (Awakening to Reality) 41 yapa 621 Wyoming's Medicine Mountain 102 YAQUB IBN TARIQ 1044 Yaqub ibn Tariq 395 Yaqui 189 Yavana 1044 Yavanajataka 1044 X Yavanaparijata 1044 Yavanapura 808 Xi Yang Xin Fa Lin Shu 1003 Yavanasamhita 1044 Xi Yuan Ji Lu Ping Yuan Lu (Reassuring the Wrong Cases) 689 YAVANESVARA 1044 Xi Yuan Ji Lu (Washing Away the Wrong Cases) 689 Yavanesvara 906 Xi a dynasty I 09, 192 Yayoi 23 XIAHOU YANG I 041 Yellow Emperor 397 Xian 192, 196 Yellow River 17, 390 Xianbei 197 Yelu Chucai 198 xiang gan (mutual influence) 541 Yesodey ha-tevuna u-migdal ha-emuna !51 Xiang Ke 332 Yi 197 Xiang Sheng 332 Yi-xing 194 Xiao An Xin Fa 1003 Yi Xue Fa Ming (Medical Inventions) 511 Xiao Ge Xianweng 344 Yi Yuan Zhi Zhi (Treatment on the Basis of Etiology) 187 Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Herbology) 685 Yigu yanduan (New Steps in Calculation) 513 Xinghai 880 Yijing (I Ching, Book of Changes) 85, 192, 193, 195, 249, 345, Xingjing (Star Manual) 518 370,921, 1004, 1010 Xingxiangyunqitu 109 yin lu see also sound, pitch 10 Xintai 390 yin viscera 686 Xinzhou _ 390 yin-zhi, see also tone quality 10 Xiongnu 197 yin-nourishing 685 1117

yingbuzu 44,514 Zhenjiu Da Cheng 12 yingnu 514 Zhenjiu Jia Yi Jing 12 YINYANG 1045 ZHENJIU JIAYJJING 1055 yin yang 13 , 193, 250, 332, 360, 541, 643, 685, 905, 975, I 010 Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) Yirritja 490, 491, 493 684 Yisunsin 744 Zhenjiu Ju Ying 12 Yixing II 0, 924 Zhenjiu Zi Sheng Jing 12 YOGA 1046 zhenren (Authentic Man) 39 yoga 79 Zhenyuan yaolue (Dao of the True Nature of Things) yogataras see Lunar Mansions in Indian Astronomy 389 Yogindra 883 zhi 987 Yolngu 490 Zhiquan Zhenren 344 Yong Yao Xin Fa (Mastery of Drug Application) 511 Zho Zhuan II Yongtong well 344 Zhou dynasty 193 yongyi (common practitioners) 668 Zhou Jiu 10 Yoruba numeration 606 Zhou Li II Yu Gong (The Tribute ofYu) 351 ZHOUBI SUANJING 1056 Yuji tu 568 Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi) II 0, 194, Yu Shu 10, II 366,369,609,626,822,924 Yu the Great 924 Zhouhou jiuzufang (Handbook of Medicine for Emergencies) Yuanshi 66 345 Yucatan 25, 951 Zhouyi cantong qi 41 Yueling (Monthly Observances) 517 Zhu-bing yuanhou lun (On the Origin and Symptoms of Diseases) 169 185 Yuhanna ibn Masawayh 271 ZHU SHIJIE I 056 Yuki 651, 653 Zhu Shijie 45, 46, 194, 914 Yukti 845 Zhu Siben 568 YUKTIBHASA OF JYESTHADEVA 1048 Zhu Xi 193, 257 Yuktibhasa 845 Zhu Yuanzhang 390 Yuktidipika 845, 883, I 049 Zhuang 197 Yumen oi I field I 61 Zhuang Zi (The Book of Master Zhuang) II , 39 Yunyu 77 Zhubing Yuan Hou Lun (Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases) 685 Zhuge Liang 343 zhun 924 zi-ba'i-gza' 137 z ZIJ 1057 zij (astronomical handbooks with tables) 128, 394, 40 I, 404, ZACUT, ABRAHAM I 050 405,412,420,439, 463, 470, 547, 639, 792, 830, 896, 1043 Zacuto, Abraham I 13 ai-Arjabhar 72 Zambezi River 556 al-Safaih 88 Zang-shu 360 al-Sindhind al-kabir 126 Zeila 760 Ilkhani 758 Zeng Gongliang 389, 939 Ziliujing 344 ZERO 1050 zinc 728 zero I, 67, 69, 147, 247,626,647, 784,812,892, 898 Ziping method 77 meridian 248 Ziweidoushu 77,78 Zhang Boduan 4 I Ziweiyuan 76 Zhang Cang 514 Zla-ba 139 ZHANG HENG 1052 zodiac 14, 91 , 126, 152, 519,976 Zhang Heng II 0, 568 ZODIAC IN INDIA I058 ZHANG QIUJIAN SUANJJNG I 053 ZODIAC IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY I 059 Zhang Sui II 0 zodiacal signs 137, 383, 518, 566, I 058, I 060 Zhang Wenqian 390 Zoroastrianism 665 Zhang Yuansu 511 ZOUYAN 1060 ZHANG ZHONGJING I 053 Zou Yan 192, 195 zhen 749 Zouaras, J. 804 Zhen He 198 Zouhou Beiji Fang (Handbook of Prescription for Emergency) Zhen ling (Needling Classic) 397 684 zheng 735 ZU CHONGZHI I 060 Zheng Yin 345 Zu Chongzhi 194, 366 Zhengzhou I 91 Zuishu 194 zhenjiu 749 Zuni 94 ZHENJIU DACHENG I 054 Zun Yen see Zou Yan