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Jadwiga Piepet~Ooney, Ph.;' To Reclaim the Republic: Federalism, Religious Freedom, and Liberal Discourse in Early Mexican Reform Era Nation-Building, 1854-1857 Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Gonzalez, Alexandra M. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 17:08:20 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297616 TO RECLAIM THE REPUBLIC: FEDERLISM, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, AND LIBERAL DISCOURSE IN EARLY MEXICAN REFORM ERA NA TION­ BUILDING, 1854-1857 By ALEXANDRA M GONZALEZ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors degree With Honors in History THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA MAY 2013 /­ / Jadwiga Piepet~ooney, Ph.;' Department of History The University of Arizona Electronic Theses and Dissertations Reproduction and Distribution Rights Form The UA Campus Repository supports the dissemination and preservation of scholarship produced by University of Arizona faculty, researchers, and students. The University Library, in collaboration with the Honors College, has established a collection in the UA Campus Repository to share, archive, and preserve undergraduate Honors theses. 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Student signature: Date: I ABSTRACT: The early years of the Mexican Reforma government (1854-1857) represented a formative era for Mexican nation-building. The Liberal Reform government influenced the trajectory of Mexican nation-building through its leaders' prioritization of the republican principles of federalism and religious freedom. Through their work, they successfully introduced these liberal principles into Mexican political discourse by elevating them to matters of national importance. This study examines five documents of the early Reforma: The Plan of Ayutla, Juarez Law, Lerdo Law, Iglesias Law, and Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 in conjunction with biographical information and personal reflections on these laws and liberalism from the legislation'S drafters in the form ofletters, speeches, and an autobiographical account. Through the examination of these documents and the liberal leaders who put them forward, this study demonstrates the role of individuals and importance of the collaborative process that allowed the reformers to successfully introduce their liberal concepts to Mexican political discourse. Gonzalez 1 I. INTRODUCTION On March 1, 1854 in the town of Ayutla, Colonel Florencio Villareal issued a plan against the government of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. While this declaration against the incumbent Mexican leadership may have initially appeared unremarkable as it was, after all, one of several plans issued by military leaders since the nation's 1821 independence to call for the removal of a sitting president, the Plan de Ayutla initiated the ascension of the Liberal Reform government to power. J The plan itself articulated the fundamental goal of the Liberals: the dismantling of Santa Anna's despotic rule in favor of the institution of a republican government. The era of Reform leadership brought about a number of legal reforms that worked towards the implementation of such a Mexican republic, yet the stability and trajectory of the liberal revolution was, at times, uncertain. A coalition of two competing liberal factions, the radical puros and the moderate moderados, joined to back the Plan de Ayutia, however the liberal rise to power quickly put the two groups back into competition over the types of reforms to be implemented. The competing discourses produced by internal dissension among the liberal leadership effectively worked to create a series of reforms that were fundamental in the process of Mexican nation-building. The Reform's key legal reveal an emphasis an emphasis on federalism and religious freedom, both of which require further examination to understand how they were, in many ways, indicative of the collaborative process that shaped the Liberal vision articulated in the early Reform. In the period preceded the Reform from independence to the ousting of Santa Anna, the institution of federalism and religious freedom were at the forefront of debates regarding the limits of Mexico's newly gained sovereignty. Debates over the division of state and federal J Michael P. Costeloe, The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835-1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993),298. Gonzalez 2 power and the role of the Catholic Church in this post-independence era served as antecedents to liberal views on these topics during the Reform. In the discourse of the Reform era, the themes of federalism and religious freedom emerge as central concerns that the Liberals attempted to define, negotiate, and implement during their tenure. Many studies have addressed the role of these two themes in the trajectory of Mexican history. Michael P. Costeloe's works on church patronage and attempts to consolidate central power in the era before the Reform illuminate the often complex colonial carryovers and precedents that colored political discourse in the early nation? Not only does Costeloe examine the development of Mexican liberal ideology, but he also analyzes the factors that inhibited the success of these early attempts to define the Mexican state. These initial attempts to define the ideal place of religion and the balance of power in Mexico demonstrate the necessity of effective leadership and a developed ideology at the right historical moment to institute significant reform. Historians of the Reform era such as Juan Alberto Carbajal identify it as that key historical moment. In his book La Consolidaci6n de Mexico Como Naci6n, Carbajal exhaustively analyzes the text of the Reform constitution and legislation in order to demonstrate that the reforms produced under the leadership of the radical leader Benito Juarez effectively consolidated Mexico into a nation for the first time. 3 While Carbajal's focus on legal texts and Juarez is valuable, the dialogue created by the different liberal voices involved in the process of developing and instituting reforms deserves its due attention, as these reforms were instrumental in making the Reform a formative era for nation-building. While historians of Mexican history have placed emphasis on the development of the discourse of federalism and religious freedom 2 Michael P. Costeloe, Church and State in Independent Mexico: A Study of the Patronage Debate 1821- 1857 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1978). 3 Juan Alberto Carbajal, La Consolidacion de Mexico Como Nacion: Benito Juarez, fa Constitucion de 1857 Y las Leyes de Reforma (Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 2006). Gonzalez 3 prior to the Reform and the role of leaders like Juarez within it, a focus on how these two discourses were transformed into foundational state policy through the collaborative efforts of Reform leaders is necessary to highlight the formative nature of the Reform in Mexican history. The efforts and collaboration of Liberal Reform leaders introduced liberal concepts into Mexican political discourse, providing a greater foundation for the development of Mexican liberalism. The establishment of this preliminary foundation can be best understood through an examination of their treatment of federalism and religious freedom in the Reform era constitution, laws, and proclamations. Furthermore, the dissent among the liberals regarding these democratic principles will be examined in conjunction with the legal code in order to see how these debates characterized the Reform.
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