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1 “Samuel Pepys, the Restoration Public and the Politics of Publicity” “Samuel Pepys, the Restoration Public and the Politics of Publicity” David Charles Magliocco A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Queen Mary University of London September 2013 1 Abstract This thesis is situated in three fields of academic research. The first is the on-going reconceptualization of early modern political history conducted under the title of ‘post- revisionism’. Within this field of research, Jurgen Habermas’s notion of an emergent public sphere has proven a key, if contested, heuristic in the production of a more expansive and inclusive political field. The next field is Restoration studies. Whilst this period has enjoyed a much-heralded renaissance of interest in the past quarter century, this has largely bypassed its opening decade, the focus of this study. Finally, this thesis is an intervention in the field of Pepys studies: an extensive corpus of work spanning the academic-popular divide, and extending across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Despite this continued interest in Pepys, there has been no recent study focusing on his participation in the public sphere identified by recent research. This thesis then brings these fields of inquiry together in an attempt to raise questions about all three. In particular it examines questions of space and practice, agency and publicity, and identity and identification. Whilst this study confirms the post-revisionist notion of an expansive field of political discourse, it emphasizes different features of this space than those that have dominated recent research. First it suggests the need for a reconfiguration of public space, alternative modes of publicity and a more hierarchical understanding of interactions within it. Next, in the place of an inclusive and anonymous public, it emphasizes the exclusionary and disciplinary nature of the public and operation of the public sphere. Finally it emphasizes Pepys’ position as not merely spectator of, or participant in this public space/public, but also, increasingly, as its object or effect. 2 Contents Acknowledgements Page 5 Abbreviations 7 Illustrations, Maps & Charts 10 Introduction 11 Chapter I - Pepys and the Public 21 The Coffeehouse 21 Pepys’ Practices 27 Pepys’ Representational Practices 42 Pepysian Spaces 49 The Coffeehouse Redux 59 Conclusion 62 Chapter II - Pepys in Public 65 Public Diplomacy/Diplomatic Publics 65 Representative Publicity & Diplomatic Display 69 Public Diplomacy (I) 76 The Ambassadorial Entrance 83 Diplomatic Disorders 90 (Un)diplomatic Publics 95 Transnational Publics 104 Public Diplomacy (II) 106 Aftermath 112 Epilogue 115 Chapter III - Pepys and Popery 117 Chapter IV - Pepys and Popularity 163 ‘The Politics of Popularity’ 163 Unpopularity 174 Practising Popularity 179 Popularity as Discourse 189 3 Capital 198 Conclusion 205 Bibliography 212 4 Acknowledgements To paraphrase Slavoj Zizek, it is at times easier to imagine the end of the world than the end of a doctoral dissertation, so I now find myself unconscionably unprepared to meet the obligations I have incurred over these last few years. Hence if I forget anyone who merits acknowledgement - as I undoubtedly will - I apologize in advance. With this proviso in place, it is a pleasure to recognize the assistance, material and intellectual, that has made this work possible, and at times almost pleasurable. This work was supported by the AHRC, so my first thanks must go to this body and to the state: may their enlightened policy funding research in the humanities long continue. Next, it is a pleasure to acknowledge my debt to my supervisors at Queen Mary; Professors John Miller and Michael Questier. John deserves particular thanks; for encouraging me to apply in the first instance, for his patience in wading through various drafts, and last, but by no means least, for encouraging me to take the ‘factual turn’ in my work. Whilst it may not be immediately apparent, my supervisors’ joint (and entirely beneficial) influence is present throughout this study. Queen Mary has proven a congenial institutional home. Besides John and Michael, I would like to single out a few additional individuals. James Ellison, like John, is partially responsible for this work (although no blame should be attached to him), having conducted the interview process the year I applied, and has continued to take an interest in my progress, for both of which I am grateful. Similarly, Professor Miri Rubin, as director of graduate studies, has inspired a cohort of students through her remarkable enthusiasm and encyclopaedic knowledge. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my obligation to the late Kevin Sharpe. Kevin, along with Michael, conducted my upgrade, and was extraordinarily generous with both his time and expertise. It is wholly fitting that the closing volume of his series on state propaganda, Rebranding Rule, was the final work I engaged with as I was writing up my research. Like so many London-based scholars, over the last three years my home, often physical and certainly spiritual, has been the Institute of Historical Research. Again, I must first thank Professor Miller for introducing me to the community of early modern scholars at the ‘British History in the 17th Century’ seminar. Next to John, I would like to thank the other conveners; Professor Justin Champion, and Doctors Ariel Hessayon, Jason Peacey and Laura Stewart. In addition to those already cited, I am grateful to the advice and camaraderie (not to mention forbearance) of a motley cast of characters that, over the course of my studies, have attended the seminar room and its extension, the Jack Horner. They are - in chronological order - Elliott Vernon, Alex Barber, Noah Millstone, Jake Pollock, Will Cavert, Leslie Theibert (or Burton), Richard Bell, Tim Reinke-Williams, Matt Growhoski, Catriona Murray, Bill Bulman and Jordan 5 Downs. One perennial visitor requires special mention. Like so many other practitioners in the early modern field, I have benefitted immeasurably from the advice and encouragement – wholly unexpected and largely unmerited - of Professor Peter Lake. Whilst, perhaps sensibly, I have decided to drop an early attempt to ape his (academic) style, the range and depth of his work remain the reference point of my own, and of course many others’, academic labours. Collectively this group, based around the IHR (and occasionally the Skinner’s Arms), has constituted a virtual third supervisor; and like my real supervisors have made this work not merely better but actually intelligible. Too many other scholars, at various academic institutions and conferences, have helped me to be mentioned here, but I am appreciative that academic research and publication is always a collaborative endeavour, however solitary it may at times feel. Finally, I would like to thank my family. Like others of my generation, I was introduced to history through reading Ladybird books as a child – a pensive Alfred the Great burns the cakes, Henry V and his remarkable bowl-headed haircut, &c. – and must thank my parents for encouraging my early interest in the subject. My children, Em and ‘the other Sam’, have suffered an often absent (and occasionally vacant) father for much of their lives: I hope that they like the ‘post-doc’ version! Last (but certainly not least) I would like to express my gratitude, admiration and, of course, affection, to my wife, Serina. Over the last few years, and before that too, she has provided immeasurable practical and emotional support, and for that I will be forever thankful. 6 Abbreviations BL British Library Bodl. Bodleian Library Bryant, Letters The letters, speeches and declarations of King Charles II, A. Bryant (ed.) (London, 1968) Bryant, Pepys A. Bryant, Samuel Pepys: The Man in the Making, 1633-1669 (London, 1967) Burke, Fabrication P. Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, 1992) Calabi & Christensen, Cities D. Calabi & S. Christensen (ed.), Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400 – 1700 (Cambridge, 2007) Calhoun, Habermas C. Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) Cogswell et al T. Cogswell, R. Cust & P. Lake (ed.), Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain (Cambridge, 2002) Cowan, SLC B. Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee: the Emergence of the British Coffeehouse (New Haven, 2005) CSPD Calendar of state papers, domestic CSPV Calendar of state papers, Venetian Cust & Hughes, Conflict R. Cust & A. Hughes (ed.), Conflict in Early Stuart England (London, 1989) Greenblatt, RSF S. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: from More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 2005; 1st edition, 1980) Habermas, STPS J. Habermas, (trans. T. Burger), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, Mass., 1989) Harris, London Crowds T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: propaganda and politics from the Restoration until the exclusion crisis (Cambridge, 1987) HMC The Historical Manuscripts Commission HoP B. Henning, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1660-1690 (London, 1983), 3 volumes Hume & Love, Buckingham R. Hume & H. Love, Plays, Poems, and Miscellaneous Writings associated with George Villiers Second Duke of Buckingham (Oxford, 2007), 2 volumes 7 Hutton, Restoration R. Hutton, Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, (Oxford, 1989) Hyde, The Life Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord
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