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Volume 10, No. 1 2020 ISSN 2162-6421 (online) Spring 2020 EDITORIAL STAFF Letter from the Editor ELIZABETH SKINNER Editor ELIZABETH ROBINSON Copy Editor SALLY BAHO Copy Editor As I write, the world is in the grip of a global terror the likes of which we haven’t seen in four generations. Only this time, the terrorists are not angry men with guns and bombs hiding out in sleeper cells, but microscopic viruses that spread EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD swiftly and invisibly and kill just as randomly. Fortunately, there are heroes all across the world, armed with ventilators, masks, and medicines who are putting VICTOR ASAL themselves on the line to save the lives of others. May they—and we—all stay safe. University of Albany, SUNY Even ISIS has warned its adherents not to travel to Europe for fear of the coro- CHRIS HARMON navirus. Time out for global terrorism while people desert public spaces for the Marine Corps University relative safety of isolation at home. And yet we can be sure that when the trains and planes move normally again, and people gratefully resume gathering in clubs, TROELS HENNINGSEN stadiums, and arenas to celebrate the end of the coronavirus terror, the angry men Royal Danish Defence College with guns and bombs will be back, refreshed, revitalized, and ready to take up where they left off. What we don’t know is what the world will look like when we finally emerge from this seemingly dark and scary place we have now entered. PETER MCCABE Joint Special Operations University It was less than three years ago that the Battle of Mosul, in northern Iraq, and the Battle of Marawi, on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, drove ISIS and IAN RICE its followers from cities they had infiltrated and occupied during their precipitous COL, US Army, (Ret.) rise. In this issue of CTX, we start with a reminiscence by Colonel (Ret.) Ian Rice about his work with Iraqi tribal leaders in Ninewa to support Operation Inherent ANNA SIMONS Resolve, the Iraqi-led coalition campaign to dislodge ISIS from Mosul. Rice offers US Naval Postgraduate School an unusual perspective on the many actors and interests that competed for posi- tion behind the scenes of the main fight againstISIS . SHYAMSUNDER TEKWANI Next, the CTX interview brings you Lieutenant Colonel Kåre Jakobsen, com- Asia-Pacific Center for mander of the Danish special forces unit known as the Jaegercorps, who spoke Security Studies with Dr. Troels Henningsen in spring 2019. Jakobsen offers his perspective on working in an international coalition and describes the mission he led in CRAIG WHITESIDE 2016–2017 to train an Iraqi tribal militia in Anbar Province in preparation for US Naval War College Operation Inherent Resolve. Layout and Design Provided by: Graduate Education Advancement Center, Naval Postgraduate School Spring 2020 1 Moving from the battlefield to the computer lab, the next article, by Major Marcelle Burroni and Dr. Sean Everton, uses social network analysis (SNA) to depict the social and kinship networks of the US-based ISIS cell known as the Minnesota Six. The authors demonstrate that careful use of SNA can reveal insights into a terrorist network’s vulnerabilities that might not be obvious through other kinds of analysis. We then present two special interviews for you. Dr. Douglas Borer interviewed Major General Eduardo Zapateiro, commander of the Colombian Army’s Joint Special Operations Command, and Lieutenant General (Ret.) Danilo G. Pamonag, who commanded Philippine forces in the Battle of Marawi. Both discuss their roles in combating violent insurgencies in their countries. While extremists have retreated in Colombia and the Philippines for the time being, Zapateiro and Pamonag warn that unless governments address the underlying social causes of insurgency, this reprieve will be only temporary. The Ethics and Insights column features a lecture by Dr. Paul Bloomfield on “The Philosophy of Courage,” given to students and faculty of the US Naval Postgraduate School. Dr. Bloomfield begins with a brief history of Western thinking about courage and offers some unusual insights on the nature of courage aimed at the warfighter both on and off the battlefield. Finally, we’re happy to welcome a new occasional columnist, Captain Yuri Sepp, who borrows the mantle of CTX movie reviewer from his father Kalev Sepp to take a critical look at Hotel Mumbai. Hollywood turns “India’s 9/11,” the chaotic and horrific four-day terrorist attack on the city of Mumbai, into two hours of digestible and heart-wrenching personal stories. Along with all the drama, Sepp notes, there are lessons for CT professionals to glean. Don’t miss the latest offerings from JSOU in our Publications section. As our regular readers know, CTX is written by professionals like you for the global professional CT community. We urge our readers to become contributors. All submissions are reviewed by peer professionals for quality of content and analysis. English as a second language is not a barrier to publication. If you have a paper, a draft article, or an idea that you think might be a good fit for the journal, or you just want to check in with us about something you read inCTX , send an email to [email protected] Meanwhile, my best wishes go out to all of you. May you, your families, and your communities stay healthy and safe. Write to me and tell me your stories. Elizabeth Skinner Editor, CTX 2 CTX Vol. 10, No. 1 Inside This Issue Letter from the Editor ELIZABETH SKINNER Operation Inherent Resolve: Observations from Ninewa’s Tribal Mobilization Effort 6 COL IAN RICE, US ARMY (RET.) THE CTX INTERVIEW 22 LTC Kåre Jakobsen, Danish Jaegercorps INTERVIEWED BY TROELS BURCHALL HENNINGSEN, ROYAL DANISH DEFENCE COLLEGE Homegrown Terrorism: A Social Network Analysis of a Minnesota ISIS Cell 36 MAJ MARCELLE R. BURRONI, US ARMY AND SEAN F. EVERTON, US NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL SPECIAL CTX INTERVIEW 48 MG EDUARDO ZAPATEIRO, JOINT SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND COLOMBIA INTERVIEWED BY DOUGLAS BORER, US NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL SPECIAL CTX INTERVIEW 52 LTG DANILO G. PAMONAG, ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES (RET.) INTERVIEWED BY DOUGLAS BORER, US NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL ETHICS AND INSIGHTS 54 On Courage PAUL BLOOMFIELD, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT THE MOVING IMAGE 66 Hotel Mumbai REVIEWED BY CPT YURI SEPP, US MARINE CORPS 71 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Paul Bloomfieldreceived his PhD in philosophy Dr. Troels Burchall Henningsen is an assistant pro- in 1995 and has taught at the University of Arizona fessor at the Institute for Strategy at the Royal Danish and at McGill University. He is currently a professor Defence College in Copenhagen, Denmark. After six of philosophy at the University of Connecticut and his years as a lecturer at the Royal Danish Air Force Academy, areas of specialty are moral philosophy and metaphysics. he earned his PhD in military strategy from Roskilde His publications include: “Justice as a Self-Regarding University in 2018. He specializes in studying the impact Virtue,” in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 72, of local informal politics and institutions on Western no. 1 (January 2011); A Theory of the Good Life (Oxford military interventions in Africa and the Middle East. He University Press [OUP], 2014) and, as editor, Morality currently studies the strategic effects of special operations and Self Interest (OUP, 2008). He and David Copp in fragmented societies. Dr. Henningsen is also a political are currently co-editing The Oxford Handbook of advisor for a multinational special operations component Moral Realism (forthcoming). command within NATO’s Rapid Reaction Force. Dr. Douglas Borer is an associate professor of Defense Lieutenant Colonel Kåre Jakobsen is the commander Analysis at the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), of the Danish Jaegercorps, the Danish land special forces. Monterey, California. He earned his PhD in political sci- He was commission in the Danish army in 1996 and ence from Boston University in 1993. Dr. Borer's academic earned his Jaeger badge in 1998. He served in the Jaeger- postings include the University of the South Pacific, corps until 2001 and again from 2004 to 2006 as a platoon the University of Western Australia, Virginia Tech, the commander. LTC Jakobsen also served as a staff officer Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and the US Army War at the Danish Defence Command, and as liaison officer College. In 2007, he co-founded (with Dr. Nancy Rob- for the Jaegercorps at the Army Command. He earned a erts) the Common Operational Research Environment master’s degree in military studies from the Royal Danish (CORE) Lab at NPS. Defence College. Major Marcelle Burroni enlisted in the US Army Lieutenant General (Ret.) Danilo Pamonag pres- in April 2002 as a Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical ently serves as undersecretary of the Philippine govern- Specialist and served in Iraq in support of Operation ment’s Department of Social Welfare and Development. Iraqi Freedom. She received her commission in 2007 and He served in the Philippine Army for 38 years and led its transferred to the Civil Affairs branch. MAJ Burroni Joint Operations Task Force against insurgent militants earned a Master of Science degree in Defense Analysis in the Battle of Zamboanga (2013). During the Battle of from NPS in 2018. After graduating, she was assigned to Marawi (2017), he was designated the ground commander Delta Company 83d Civil Affairs Battalion and served as of the Main Battle Area and later served simultaneously as the Company Operations Chief in support of the Joint overall commander of the Joint Task Force Marawi. A grad- Chiefs of Staff Global Response Force mission. MAJ uate of the Philippine Military Academy, LTG Pamonag Burroni is currently the Company Commander for Bravo commanded several of the army’s elite units and also served Company 83rd Civil Affairs Battalion.
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