Science of Cars Science of Cars
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THE SCIENCE OF CARS A Cars Discovery Book THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK The Science of Cars By Larry Heiman Illustrated by the Disney Storybook Artists Special thanks to Leslie Mark Kendall, Chief Curator at Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, California Lerner Publications Minneapolis Copyright © 2019 Disney Enterprises, Inc. All rights reserved. No prt of this book my be reproduced, stored in retrievl system, or trnsmitted in ny form or by ny mens—electronic, mechnicl, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quottions in n cknowledged review. Lerner Publictions Compny A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minnepolis, MN 55401 USA For reding levels nd more informtion, look up this title t www.lernerbooks.com. Min body text set in Mikdo. Typefce provided by HVD Fonts. Librry of Congress Ctloging-in-Publiction Dt The Ctloging-in-Publiction Dt for The Science of Cars: A Crs Discovery Book is on file t the Librry of Congress. ISBN 978-1-5415-3261-8 (lib. bdg.) ISBN 978-1-5415-3280-9 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-5415-3265-6 (eb pdf) Mnufctured in the United Sttes of Americ 1-44851-35721-3/1/2018 Materials and characters from the movies Cars, Cars 2, and Cars 3. Copyright © 2019 Disney Enterprises, Inc. and Pixar. All rights reserved. Disney/Pixar elements © Disney/Pixar; rights in underlying vehicles are the property of the following third parties: Hudson, Hudson Hornet, and Nash Ambassador are trademarks of FCA US LLC; FIAT is a trademark of FCA Group Marketing S.p.A.; Ford Coupe, Mercury, and Model T are trademarks of Ford Motor Company; Chevrolet Impala is a trademark of General Motors; Porsche is a trademark of Porsche; Volkswagen, trademarks, design patents and copyrights are used with the approval of the owner Volkswagen AG. Background inspired by the Cadillac Ranch by Ant Farm (Lord, Michels and Marquez) © 1974. CONTENTS What Is a Car? 4 Cars to Race and Ride 6 All Systems Go! 8 Making the Metal Move 10 Fuel the Machine 12 Throttle Up! 14 Get into Gear 16 Push Me, Pull Me 18 Hit the Brakes 20 Keep the Rubber on the Road 22 Safety First 24 No Drag, Please! 26 Get in Line 28 Amazing Car Cultures 30 Start Your Engines! 32 Formula One Racing 34 IndyCar and Drag Racing 36 Demolition Derby, Endurance, and Rally Racing 38 Cars of the Future 40 Hit the Road! 43 Glossary 44 Index 47 WHAT IS A CAR? Lightning McQueen’s friends come in many different shapes and sizes. They are all marvelous machines that use their own power to get from one place to another—or quickly around a racetrack. Let’s take a peek under the hood and explore the amazing machines we call cars. It’s a Big Group! Cars are part of the big group of vehicles called automobiles, or motorized vehicles. In that group, you will find cars, trucks, buses, and vans. You will even find tractors, bulldozers, and fire trucks. There are different kinds of vehicles for different kinds of jobs. 4 What Every Vehicle Needs Every vehicle has an engine. The engine uses some kind of fuel for energy. A gasoline engine converts gasoline, or gas, into motion to get a car moving. An engine in an electric vehicle is called a motor. An electric car delivers power from the batteries to the motor. Let’s Get Rolling! Fuel runs the engine or motor, which sends power to the wheels. That power makes the wheels move. Let’s find out more about how these great machines work. 5 CARS TO RACE AND RIDE Sterling owns the Rust-eze Racing Center. Cars train there to become better racers. But what exactly makes a car a rce cr? What does a race car have that a family car or commuter car doesn’t? Fast Cars A race car like Cruz Ramirez is built for speed! Her body, engine, and tires help her go as fast as she safely can on the racetrack. 6 Family Cars A family car or a minivan is not for racing. Its job is to carry you and your friends or family on the road— not on the racetrack. It is built to keep you safe and comfortable. Commuter Cars Any car, except a race car, can be a commuter car. Its main job is to travel from home to work and back every day. Many of the best commuter cars are small, comfortable, and safe. 7 ALL SYSTEMS GO! Smokey was the Fabulous Hudson Hornet’s crew chief. If a car is in trouble, he can find the trouble and fix it! Smokey understands that a car is made up of many different systems. All the systems have to work together to keep a car running. ENGINE 8 FUEL SYSTEM DRIVETRAIN TIRES & BRAKES EXHAUST STEERING BODY & CHASSIS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 9 GLOSSARY aerodynamic: designed in such a way so as to carbon fiber: a strong, lightweight material that can move through the air in a smooth and fast way replace many of the steel and aluminum parts of a car airbag: a device in a car designed to cushion ceramic: a strong, hard material often used to a driver and passengers when activated in an replace steel in many engine parts accident chassis: the frame of a vehicle, onto which the all-wheel drive (AWD): a drive system that uses engine, axles, and wheels are mounted sensors to automatically shift the power between the wheels as needed to get the best traction closed-wheel car: a kind of car where the body and trim of the car go over and around the wheels aluminum: a strong and light silver metal and tires commonly used in automobiles clutch pedal: a pedal that when engaged by a antilock braking system: a system in some driver separates the engine from the transmission modern vehicles that prevents skidding and before changing gears improves control by sensing and adjusting braking characteristics in individual wheels combustion: a controlled burning or explosion assembly line: a manufacturing method in composite: something that is created by mixing which parts are added as the car moves from separate materials workstation to workstation until it is finished compression: the process of pressing or squeezing automatic transmission: a transmission system things into a small space that automatically selects the best gear while driving crankshaft: a long metal rod in an engine that converts the up-and-down motion of the pistons axle: a pin or metal shaft around which two wheels into a rotating motion that sends power to the rotate driving wheels body: the outside shell of a car crash test dummy: a life-size model of a person used in crash tests to see what happens to the brake pad: a thin block of friction-producing human body when a car gets into an accident material attached to a caliper that squeezes against both sides of a brake disc when the brakes crumple zone: an area on a car that is designed to are applied absorb most of the force in an accident brake shoe: a curved steel plate covered with cylinder: the tube-shaped part of an engine block a thin block of friction-producing material that in which the pistons move up and down pushes against the inside of a brake drum when the brakes are applied Daytona 500: a 500-mile (805 km) NASCAR race that takes place yearly at Daytona International burnout: the deliberate spinning of the rear tires Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida just before a drag race to heat the tires so they will stick to the track demolition derby: a sport in which drivers deliberately crash into one another until only one caliper: the part of a disc brake that straddles car is left moving both sides of the disc and clamps down on it when the brakes are applied disc brakes: the braking system on most modern cars that uses a brake pad attached to a caliper camshaft: a steel rod that controls the valves of that squeezes both sides of a flat disc when the an engine to open and close at the right time brakes are applied 44 disconnect: to break a connection four-wheel drive (4WD): a drive system that sends engine power to all four wheels at the same time distributor: a device in the ignition system that sends electricity to each spark plug at just the friction: the resistance to movement between two right time to ignite the air and fuel mixture in the objects as they slide against each other cylinders front-wheel drive (FWD): a drive system that sends downforce: a downward force produced by airflow the energy from the motor to just the front wheels around the body of a car fuel: anything that can be used to create power drag: the force from the air that slows a moving car gear: a strong wheel with notches, or “teeth,” that drag race: a short quarter-mile (0.4 km) race meshes with other gears to control the power from between two vehicles the engine to the wheels drive system: a system that transfers the power ignite: to set or catch fire; to burn from an engine to the wheels Indianapolis 500: an annual 500-mile (805 drivetrain: the mechanical system that takes the km), two-hundred-lap IndyCar race held at the rotating power from the engine and sends it out to Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, the driving wheels of a motorized vehicle Indiana drum brakes: the braking system on most older cars Indy car: a single-seat, open-wheel race car used that uses brake shoes to push against the inside of in IndyCar racing.