JANUARY-MARCH, 2009 Vol. LVI-No.1

TheThe IndianIndianIP PPoliceolice JournalJournalJ

Custodial Healthcare : Safeguarding the Health of Detainees Vol. LVI-No.1

JANUARY-MARCH, 2009

Editorial Board Contents 1. Editorial 2 Sh. Prasun Mukherjee - Chairperson 2. Abstracts & Keywords 4 Sh. Rakesh Jaruhar - Member 3. Custodial Healthcare 8 Sh. P.C. Sabarwal - Member S.V.M. Tripathi Sh. R.C. Arora - Member Sh. R.R. Bhatnager - Member 4. Training Note on 12 Sh. S.P. Vaid - Member Prof. (Dr.) A.S. Deoskar, A. Dutta Sh. Sanjay Baniwal - Member 5. Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers 15 Dr. B.V. Trivedi - Member Dr. Deepti 6. Need for Alternatives to Imprisonment 21 Editor Case for Community Sentencing Gopal K. N. Chowdhary Dr Upneet Lalli 7. Child Abuse: An Overview 28 Dr. Rufus and Dr. Beulah 8. Managing Low Intensity Conflicts 38 A.P. Maheshwari 9. A Grain of Evidence 41 H.S. Bhawara 10. Management of a Police Welfare 45 Programme: “Arogya Badrata Scheme” in Andhra Pradesh Dr. G. Sive Rama Sarma 11. A Noiseless Crime: Sexual Harassment 51 against Women Employees at Private Hospitals in Tirunelveli City - An Empirical Analysis Rufus and Dr. Beulah 12. People Friendly Police 63 Perceptions of Commercial Vehicle Drivers in Haryana Dr. Sewa Singh Dahiya and Dr. Ravindra Singh 13. From Desk of Director (R) BPR&D 70 14. From Desk of Director (Special Policing) 72 BPR&D 15. Police Medal Republic Day, 2009 74 Editorial

The proud nation is celebrating 60th Republic Day. On this occasion, we must congratulate our police, CPMFs and other stakeholders for steering our nation from shaky ground to solid foundations. However, we must not forget to introspect as to what are amiss in public life: Dedication, commitment, sincerity, honesty, sacrifice, duty before self, unflinching love for motherhood and its people. On this August occasion, we must remember not often quoted quotable quote of Shri Vivekanand: “We should be more concerned with what we have given to our country rather than what country has given to us. “This credo needs to be reinforced in our public life. Shri S.V.M. Tripathi, in his thought-provoking article, “Custodial Health Care” underlines the importance of healthcare of persons under custody. He maintains that negligence or denial of custodial healthcare, is violation of human rights of the person under arrest. ‘The state through its officers has absolute responsibility, without any alibis, to protect the life and safeguard the health of detainees.’ The well-researched paper, “Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers’’ by Dr. Deepti delineates the reigning job stress among Indian Prison officers. With the help of a pilot study conducted in 2008 in this regard, Dr. Deepti highlights the job stress prevalent among Indian prison officials.’ This situation has serious implications for staff safety, the safety of prisoners and the security of our institution’ and, therefore, calls for timely remedial intervention. Dr. A.S. Deoskar and A. Dutta in their path-breaking paper, “Training Note on Forensic Entomology” underlines the importance of forensic entomology in solving the complicated cases. As forensic entomology is “the science and study of insects and other anthropods with law related applications. ... it is the application of the entomological evidence to resolving the Iitigation (Civil cases) and solving crimes most often those of violence and death.’ Dr. Upneet Lalli, in her very timely paper- “Need for Alternatives to Imprisonment: Case for Community Sentencing” emphasizes the need for alternatives to imprisonment. As our prisons are overcrowded and correctional philosophy is yet to percolate down to the ground level, the need for alternatives to imprisonment is being felt world over. The community sentencing or punishment by community seems to be only viable option for this. The article “Child Abuse: An Overview” by Dr Rufus and Dr. Beulah highlights the gravity of child abuse prevalent world over. They maintain that ‘the problem of child abuse is becoming very serious and it is need of the hour to handle this problem on priority basis.’ Shri A.P. Maheshwari, IPS, in his paper on “Managing Low Intensity Conflicts” pours down his experience of handling low intensity conflicts. He opines that ‘Human Terrain Mapping holds the key in managing low intensity conflicts’ in different parts of the country. ‘Mere physical terrain mapping is not sufficient, it must be backed with ‘Human terrain mapping.’ The article “A grain of Evidence” by H.S. Bhawara discuss the forensic Palynology which deals with the ‘the study of pollen grains and spores as evidence in the court of law’. Although it is not in use in India, yet it has great potentiality in cracking many difficult cases. Dr. G. Sarma Siva Rama, in his paper “Management of a Police welfare Programme: Arogya Bhadrala scheme in Andhra Pradesh” discusses an innovative police welfare programme being successfully

2± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 implemented in Andhra Pradesh. The scheme is designed ‘to take care of the serious ailments or medical condition of police personnel through identified super speciality hospital in the state. “A Noiseless Crime: Sexual Harassment against Employees at Private Hospital in Tirunelveli city- An Empirical analysis” by Shri Rufus and Dr. Beulah discusses the plight of sexually harassed women employees in unorganised sector. Through an empirical study of a private hospital in Tirunvelli city, the author duo arrives at a conclusion that the unorganised sector merits urgent attention from Government, Police, NGOs and others to tackle this problem on high priority due to it. Dr. Sewa Singh Dahiya and Dr. Ravinder Singh, in their paper “People Friendly Police: Perception of Commercial vehicle Drivers in Haryana” discusses the initiatives and measures to make our police people friendly. Through a case study of the perception of commercial vehicle drivers of Haryana, they put forward some innovative steps, the implementation of which would result into our police force becoming more people friendly. We hope that the material included in this issue shall be of interest to our esteemed readers. The suggestions and feedbacks are welcome.

Gopal K.N. Chowdhary Editor

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 3 Abstracts & Key Words

Custodial Healthcare forensic science,as well as it is also important for police personnel in crime investigation cases. S.V.M.Tripathi Because physical evidence can say the truth if Key Words collected, preserved, analyzed and interpreted properly. Here the authors made an effort to point Human right of life, Healthcare, Official Custody, out the scope of forensic entomology in crime Absolute responsibility of State; Change in mindset investigation, and it's collection. of custodial officers; Availability of adequate medical staff and resources. Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers Abstract Dr. Deepti State takes persons in custody for transgression Key Words of laws. Only in a few cases, death or lack of healthcare of these persons attracts public Stress, Correctional Officers, Legitimate Protection, attention.A number of institutions, including prisons Job Stress, Regulated Task of Work Hours, Burnout, and police stations, act as detention centres.The Aversive Noxious, Curtailed Sleep. State, through its officers, has absolute Abstract responsibility, without any alibis, to protect the life Prison officers play important roles in the and safeguard the health of the detainees. To performance of correctional administration.They achieve this objective the mindset of the officers make and preserve the community and security responsible for custody has to change. environment within prisons and repeatedly have Considerable augmentation in the strength of direct impact on the behaviour of prisoners through medical staff, equipment and other resources is their daily contact with prisoners. However, the required in the custodial institutions. The general prison environment is full with stress. Job of Indian medical set up for health protection has to be Prison Officers is very demanding, and the job of considerably reinforced, especially in the rural an Indian Prison Officer is essentially distressing. areas, to act as a back up of arrangements in these institutions. The present state of affairs is not There were decades of enormous social changes. satisfactory. As a result, Indian Prison Officers are suffering from burnout. Prison Officers are also human beings with Training Note on Forensic Entomology similar requirements and relative obligations as everyone else. Prison Officers cannot keep going Prof. (Dr.) A.S. Deoskar and A. Dutta with these overwhelming responsibilities. As a Key Words consequence many of our prisons officers are Forensic, Entomology, Insects, Arthropodous, regularly under stress moderately just because Environmental, Conditions, Genetics, DNA, Prison Officers cannot continue. This situation has Morphological Features, Formal Succession, serious implications for staff safety, the safety of Arsenic, Entomotoxicology prisoners and the security of our institutions too. Abstract A pilot Study was conducted in 2008 to identify sources and the impact of work related stress from Forensic entomology is an important branch of the Prison Officers' perspective.

4± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Need for Alternatives to Imprisonment : this population is vulnerable to abuse, exploitation case for community sentencing and neglect.There are many definitions of Child Abuse.The originally used definition is as follows: Dr. Upneet Lalli "Acts or omissions by a care-giver leading to actual Key Words or potential damage to health and development, and exposure to unnecessary suffering to the child".No Alternative, Imprisonment, Community Sentencing, piece of legislation has been enacted to deal Human Rights, Approach, Penologists, Penal exclusively with child abuse in India.This article Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Rationalisation, Pre- aimed at sensitizing the public by creating trial Detention, Psychiatric Help, Social Help. awareness on the issue of child abuse especially Abstract child sexual abuse in our country. Prison is a complex institution that is beset with Managing Low intensity conflicts contradictions trying to achieve different aims. A.P. Maheshwari Penologists around the world are increasingly questioning the over-use of imprisonment as a Key Words mode of punishment, as it is being realized that Terror Triangle, Counter Terror Sleuths, Known imprisonment is not a panacea with regard to either Unknowns, Unknown Unknowns, Credibility Gap crime prevention or reintegration of offenders. So Cognitions,Physical Terrain Mapping,Counter- the lateral shift of Penal Philosophy from deterrence Violence, Non Enemies, Value-based, Performance, to reformation and reintegration of offenders is now Cultural Intelligence, Psycho-Behavioural being construed in terms of non-custodial Operations, Optimising Cultural security, Alienated, measures of punishment. The deprivation of liberty Holistic efforts, Organic human profiles is a severe punishment as it affects not only individual offenders but also the family and in the Abstract long run the community. To use it parsimoniously The security forces, as part of their and proportionately, the States have to adhere to compartmentalized notions, generally develop two the Human Rights Approach to Criminal Justice types of cognitions towards the public in such Policy with total conviction. Hence, an important conflict zones, either in terms of their being a part challenge today is in creating and exploring new of terror support structure or a potent conduit of terrains of justice where prison no longer serves the information about them.It is beyond these as our major anchor. particularities, that we have to understand the Child Abuse :An Overview concept of 'Human Terrain Mapping'. Secondly, it is also in sharp contrast to the 'physical terrain D. Rufus and Dr. Beulah mapping' which otherwise forms a part of the 'learnings' of the security forces for dominating the Key Words area to reverse the lose-win situation. Child, Children,Child Abuse, Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Sexual Abuse. A Grain of Evidence Abstract H.S. Bhawara Around 40 million children under the age of 14 years Key Words are estimated to suffer from abuse and neglect Pollen Grains, Forensic Palynology, Trace Evidence, around the world (WHO,99). After approximately a Pollen Rain, Palynologist. decade touched, still the prevalence of child abuse is in increasing trend in our country.There is a large Abstract child population in India and a large percentage of Pollen grains are important form of trace

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 5 Abstracts & Key Words

evidence,which can help in linking a suspect to a specialty hospitals in Andhra Pradesh. The main crime scene. Such a branch of Forensic Science objective of the scheme is to relieve mental tension that deals with the study of Pollen grains and spores among police officers and men when they have to as evidence in the court of law is known as Forensic undergo major operations. Palynology. Experts that deal with the forensic pollen The membership in this scheme is open to all analysis are called as Palynologists. Palynologists categories of employees working in the Police can determine whether the pollen species and Department. The scheme is managed by a patterns found on a suspect are characteristic of a Managing Committee headed by the Director particular area. General of Police. The opinions of the Police It is not just the identity of the pollen that is Personnel have been taken by administering a semi- important, but also the way in which it is structured questionnaire on the functioning of the dispersed,popularly known as pollen rain. Pollen scheme. evidence can furnish the plant habitat and pollen The data furnished by the department and some of dispersion data including climatic conditions and the respondents reveal that the scheme is being pollen dehiscence time, so that the crime scene implemented by the A.P. Police Department very could be obtained from pollen data, but the data effectively. should be treated carefully before application. In India, this important area has not received much A Noiseless Crime : Sexual Harassment attention.The present article highlights the Against Women Employees at Private significance of pollens in forensic problems. If due Hospitals in Tirunelveli City-An Empirical attention is given to this important aspect, many Analysis cases of adulteration of food and other eatables such as honey, milk etc and cases of rape, murder Rufus and Dr. Beulah and kidnapping etc can be solved easily. Key Words Management of A Police Welfare Sexual harassment, Workplace, Women Programme : "Arogya Bhadrata Scheme" Employer,Private hospitals. In Andhra Pradesh Abstract Dr. G. Sive Rama Sarma Sexual harassment of working women exists in various forms like discrimination, torture, attempted Key Words rape, rape, physical contact and advances, demand Arogya Bhadratha (Health Protection), Professional or request for sexual favours, sexually coloured Hazards, Health Problems, Mental Tension, remarks, showing pornography and other Managing Committee, Super Specialist Hospitals, unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct Third Part Administrator, Reimbursement, Unit of a sexual nature.The Indian Penal Code no doubt Officers, Referral and Accredited Hospitals, deals with cases of sexual harassment of women Subscriptions, Identity Cards. in Sections 294, 354 and 509.The Supreme Court Abstract judgement on sexual harassment,14thAugust 1997, for the first time,(Vishaka & Ors vs State of Since Police Personnel are more prone to get into Rajasthan & Ors) identified sexual harassment as serious health problems due to the exigencies of a separate category of legally prohibitive behaviour. their duties and the connected professional hazards, The sexual harassment studies and researches are the Arogya Bhadrata Scheme is designed to take increasing in India to curb and control this legally care of the serious ailments or medical condition prohibited behaviour. The NGOs are doing hard work of police personnel through identified super to create legal awareness on it. But these initiatives

6± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Abstracts & Key Words

and researches generally focus on women working Key Words in the organized sector like government sector, Sincerity, Impartiality, Informal Appeals, Public economically familiar private companies and Interest, Specialized Agency, Hegemony Work factories, and do not focus on the women working Culture, People Friendly, Democracy, Cocricive in the unorganized poor work sector. A research Method, Controversial Perception, Commercial study conducted in Kolkata, West Bengal, with 135 Vehicle. in-depth interviews of women employees in two government and two private hospitals involving Abstract several doctors and nurses, including senior staff People-friendly police is in vogue in several members, revealed that sexual harassment in developed countries and its need is now hospitals is quite common. This fact motivated the increasingly realized in some of the developing researchers to conduct this empirical study among countries like India. The new Millennium has posed the women who were working in the Private several challenges thereby making it obligatory to hospitals in Tirunelveli City. change the existing police set up and culture in People Friendly Police:Perceptions of India. There is a need to restructure the police on the pattern of developed countries where police Commercial Vehicle Drivers in Haryana behaves with the public in a friendly manner; it is Dr. Sewa Singh Dahiya and Dr. Ravindra Singh not a symbol of terror. Transparency and positive behaviour on the part of policemen should be the sine qua non of police functioning.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 7 Custodial Healthcare

S.V.M. Tripathi* Key Words Introduction Constitution clearly mentions that State shall regard Human right of life the improvement of public health as one of its and healthcare in A news item in the Delhi edition of "The Hindu" dated primary duties. An improved health security system 14 May, 2008 stated : "Advocates of Allahabad High of the state would undoubtedly also lead to better official custody; Court on Tuesday set fire to a State Roadways bus Absolute health protection in custody through a "trickle down" and vandalized a couple of private vehicles in protest effect. The author's experience with the various responsibility of against the death of a fellow lawyer who had been levels of "health centres" in rural Uttar Pradesh does State; Change of sentenced by the court in a contempt case.The not inspire confidence that such an improvement mindset of custodial unrest broke out this afternoon as the news of the is likely to be effected custody and keep citizens in officers Availability death of 45-year-old S. P. Awasthi reached the high designated institutions for varying periods for court. Awasthi was sentenced to one-month simple of adequate medical transgression of laws, rules and regulations. imprisonment last month and was lodged in the jail Prisons and police stations are the two major and staff and resources here. He was admitted to a hospital here on Monday required. better known recipients of such persons. But there following deterioration in his health". are a number of other custodial institutions where Death of a person in custody belonging to a vocal lawbreakers are detained. And, barring an ugly or a high profile group catches the attention of the incident, deaths or lack of healthcare in those media and public. Custodial deaths of ordinary detention centres do not always attract any citizens hardly find a place on the radar screen of significant publicity. Some of the other institutions the media, except accidentally, and seldom create are Children's Observation Homes, Women a ripple in the public conscience. But any such death Protection Homes, Customs and Excise should lead to introspection and analysis of the Departments, Railway Protection Force set up, civil problem of health security of all persons in custody prisons used by the State Revenue Department etc. of the State. State’s Responsibility Health & Human Rights Once a person is in official custody his health and It is now accepted that health and human rights well being becomes the absolute responsibility of are inextricably linked.Violation of human rights can the State. No alibi, such as lack of supervisory have serious health consequences. We need to controls, funds, medicines or doctors, is available apply a human rights-based approach to health for any failure to discharge this responsibility. care. In the prevailing conditions the rights of the Keeping this fact in view very elaborate rules have poor can never compete against the might of the been framed in the jail manuals, police regulations rich in the open society. Witness the poor, and other rules for medical check up at the time of insufficiently equipped and thinly staffed medical reception and during the custody of the persons and health services generally available in the rural under detention. These have been supplemented areas in the country as compared to the "state of by judicial decisional laws handed down by the apex the art" healthcare available to the rich in the costly court such as in D.K.Basu vs. State of West Bengal *Ex DGP UP, CRPF & former Member, private clinics. But, in State custody, we have to JT 1997(1) SC and Joginder Kumar vs. State of UP UP Human Rights bring about conditions of equality in living conditions and others (1994) 4 SCC 260. National and certain Commission. by pushing the limits of feasibility. Article 47 of our State Human Rights Commissions have, from time

8± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 to time, also issued detailed guidelines regarding including those transmitted sexually. It is of prevention of custodial violence and provision for paramount importance for the prison administration healthcare of the prisoners. to have a thorough knowledge of implications of this factor and ways of preventing them. If sexual The in its judgment in coercion and/or violence are the main issue, better Parmanand Katara vs Union of India (1989) ruled surveillance and timely intervention to protect that the state has an obligation to preserve life of targeted prisoners must be enforced. very person whether he is innocent or a criminal Abstract liable to be punished under the law. The right to In this context in the proceedings drawn up by the State takes persons in conditions which are adequate for the health and National Human Rights Commission after taking custody for wellbeing of all was already recognized in the suo motto cognizance of Communal riots, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The in Case No.:1150/6/20012002 dated 01 April 2002, transgression of laws. International Covenant on Economic, Social and amongst others matters, it has 'been-observed that, Only in a few cases, Cultural Rights, furthermore, states that prisoners "(iii) The Commission would like to observe at this death or lack of have a right to the highest attainable standard of stage that it is the primary and inescapable healthcare of these physical and mental health. The minimum standard responsibility of the State to protect the right to life, persons attracts public rules for prisoners regulate the provision of health liberty, equality and dignity of all those who attention.A number of care for them. Apart from the civil and political constitute it. It is also the responsibility of the State institutions, including rights, the so called second generation economic to ensure that such rights are not violated either and social human rights, as set down in the above through overt acts, or through abetment or prisons and police mentioned Covenant, also apply to prisoners. This negligence. It is a clear and emerging principle of stations, act as right to health care and a healthy environment is human rights jurisprudence that the State is detention centres. clearly linked to other first generation rights, such responsible not only for the acts of its own agents, as non-discrimination, privacy and confidentiality. but also for the acts of non-State players acting within its jurisdiction. The State is, in addition, Equal Healthcare responsible for any inaction that may cause or Human rights instruments call for prisoners to facilitate the violation of human rights". receive healthcare at least equivalent to that Reasonable Custodial Healthcare available for the outside population.Those taken into custody by the various agencies are more likely to In the light of these factors a few basic requirements be already in a bad state of health either due to for reasonable custodial healthcare are being injuries or illness, and the unfavourable conditions mentioned: in detention centres further worsen the health A thorough and compulsory medical examination situation. Hence, the need for healthcare and of the person at the time of reception in all custodial treatments will often be greater in a detention centre institutions should be conducted. This should than in the outside community. However, providing faithfully establish the extent and nature of injuries, even basic healthcare to prisoners has proved if any, and warn the custodians of any instant or extremely difficult in India, as the medical and health chronic illness. For this purpose services of at least system is chronically insufficient. Budgetary one qualified doctor should be assured. Similar provisions for medicines, equipments for directive in this regard have been included in the pathological tests and ambulance are meagre in D.K.Basu case supra after arrest by police officers most cases. During custody the human but frequently it is recorded by them that the person environment is often one of violence and high-risk taken in custody does not want any medical lifestyles, either through actions of the state agents examination. This fact was noticed in many reports or due to actions of other prisoners who have received by the author in the UP Human Rights acquired positions of power by various means. This Commission. It has also been similarly noticed that can even lead to transmission of various diseases

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 9 Custodial Healthcare

due to mismatch in the number of assigned doctors possible, if the heads and the other staff posted in and the intake of persons in custody, as also due custodial institutions change their mindset. They to paucity of necessary equipments, detailed initial have to believe that proper healthcare of inmates in medical examination of prisoners is not always custody is the absolute responsibility of the State possible. To a significant extent, therefore, the through them and they have to answer for elaborate guidelines, issued by National Human substantive lapses in this regard. Otherwise a The State, through its Rights Commission in this respect, are not being "culture of impunity" can develop. For this purpose officers, has absolute followed. the departmental, medical and magisterial inquiries, responsibility, without which generally linger for ages, have to strictly any alibis, to protect Proper Facilities follow the time table which has been laid down in the life and safeguard Based on this initial medical examination immediate most cases. This would eliminate such actual the health of the action has to be taken to start targeted remedial instances as allocating mandatory inquiries in detainees. To achieve measures. A number of reports in cases of custodial custodial deaths to magistrates after a lapse of over deaths, especially in the state prisons, disclosed a year by the local District Magistrate! In a large this objective the number of cases it is observed that superior and mindset of the officers delayed clinical response initiated after obvious appearance of advanced signs of grave illness. The inspecting officers show undue leniency and accept responsible for custody initial medical examination seldom serves to give a excuses without due scrutiny. They have to make has to change. wake up call even in chronic ailments such as it clear that a person in custody cannot be Considerable Tuberculosis etc. In prisons arrangements have to automatically termed as "guilty" and that his human augmentation in the be made for conducting most of the pathological rights are not in abeyance. This is one of the most important requirements. strength of medical and clinical tests. In a large number of cases staff, equipment and facilities for conducting such tests are not available. Better Hygiene If some tests cannot be conducted inside the prisons and in other custodial institutions The general conditions of hygiene, in prisons, arrangements for assured and prompt tests in looking at the chronic overcrowding, and in other outside agencies have to be put in place. custodial institutions are grossly unsatisfactory. There is imperative need for government to make Availability of Doctors an objective assessment of the staff and material The number of doctors sanctioned is almost which ensures a clean and healthy living condition, uniformly less than that Required for adequate including drinking water, food and personal hygiene medical healthcare of inmates of the chronically as large congregations generate additional overcrowded prisons.The problem is aggravated problems. Running clean water is still an exception due to the fact that substantial vacancies of doctors rather than a rule in these institutions, at least in sanctioned for prisons are allowed to continue for Uttar Pradesh. For discharging this responsibility long periods partly on account of administrative government has to look seriously at the medical reasons and partly due to reluctance of doctors to and health setup not only at the district headquarters accept such postings. In most of the other custodial but also at the primary and community health institutions permanent presence of doctors is not centres, which are required to provide back up always feasible. Services of doctors from support. government clinical establishments, on instant call, Conclusion for routine as well as specialist treatment of persons in custody in such other institutions have to be Based on the author's personal experience through made available. visits to prisons, police lock ups, children's Observation Homes and Women Protection Homes Change in Mindset etc. and also to various rural health centres in Uttar Proper healthcare of persons in custody is only Pradesh, it can be safely said that the setup needs

10± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Custodial Healthcare

considerable augmentation and improvement in prisoner's health deteriorated. The prison’s doctor terms of availability of doctors, medicines and referred him again to Balrampur hospital where the working conditions/infrastructure. Considerable red prisoner was not admitted but was advised tape has to be jettisoned and rules framed so that admission to the local Medical University from custodial authorities can requisition the services whence he was advised admission to the local TB of government doctors on their own with a measure hospital. There also he was not admitted and a large of dispatch and certainty. number of tests were again prescribed. After other resources is considerable efforts at various levels the prisoner required in the custodial The procedures for referring and expeditiously could be admitted to the "Trauma Centre". institutions. The general reaching needy inmates for super specialist treatment at the appropriate higher level hospitals It can be truthfully said that for all practical medical set up for have also to be streamlined. Otherwise this may purposes, rules and regulations notwithstanding, health protection has to result into negative, even fatal, consequences for the human rights of the inmates of custodial be considerably the patients. Even allowing for some journalistic institutions almost entirely depend on the outlook reinforced, especially in license a case reported from Lucknow district and attitudes of the custodians. This dependence the rural areas, to act hospital in "Dainik Jagaran", a Hindi daily on June becomes total in respect of healthcare as persons as a back up of 27, 2008 illustrates the problem graphically. A in custody are largely shielded from public scrutiny arrangements in these prisoner was being treated in the prison hospital and can have no access to any independent medical during the past few months. On June 22, 2008 on treatment. To this extent the responsibility of all institutions. The present his complaint of chest pain and difficulty in breathing supervisory levels in the concerned departments state of affairs is not he was referred to Balrampur hospital for tests. as also the judiciary and human rights set up satisfactory. Before test results were made available the increases. At present, this responsibility is only partly being discharged.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 11 Training Note on Forensic Entomology Key Words Prof. (Dr.) A.S. Deoskar,* and A. Dutta* Forensic, Entomology, Insects, Arthropodous, Insects and related arthropods are the most Forensic entomology not only uses arthropod Environmental, abundant organisms present on the planet earth biology but it pulls from other sciences introducing and found in almost all conceivable habitats fields like chemistry and genetics exploiting their Conditions, Genetics, including those associated with human habitation. inherent synergy through the use of DNA in forensic DNA, Morphological They are intimately involved as major players in entomology. There are many techniques being Features, Formal sustaining ecological function and eco system developed to differentiate between various species Succession, Arsenic, processes. Thus these arthropods are often found of forensically important insects.Use of scanning Entomotoxicology associated with human activities including electron microscopy to identify key morphological homicide. features of eggs and . Some of the morphological features that can help identify the Forensic entomology is the science and study of different species are the presence/absence of insects and other arthropods with law related anastomosis, the presence/absence of holes and applications. In short it is the application of the the shape and length of median area. Potassium entomological evidence to resolving litigation (civil permanganate staining is often used as a quicker cases) and solving crimes,most often those of and lower cost technique. Eggs are rinsed with violence and death. normal saline solution, then transferred to a glass Each species has developed a unique niche in Petri dish and soaked in potassium permanganate which to breed and feed. Each species comes with 1% solution for one minute, and then the eggs are a unique and predictable set of environmental dehydrated and mounted into a glass slide for the conditions with which they can and will thrive.Most observation with a calibrated eyepiece for insects exhibit a degree of endemism (occurring in observation to compare various morphological certain places) or have a well defined phenology features such as the size, length and width of (active at a certain season or time of the day). Thus plastron as well as the area around the micropyle. their presence in association with other evidence The various measurements and observations are can demonstrate potential links to times and compared to the standards for forensically location when other events may have occurred. important species. Another area of Medico legal Forensic Entomology Process to collect and record arthropod evidence: is Entomotoxicology which involves the utilization of entomological evidence and specimens found (i) At first a close up photograph to be taken to *Professor of Forensic Medicine, N.K.Salve Imtitvte of at a scene in order to test for different drugs that record all the locations from where evidences Science, Nagpur, G-2 Imdira may possibly have played role in the death of victim. are collected. Apartment, Rahate Colony, The concept of forensic entomology dates back to (ii) Photograph should be taken without flash along Nagpur-440022 at least 1300 years but only in the last thirty years with use of metric and inch scale. ** Forensic Consultant, C/o has it been systematically explored as possible (iii) At least evidence should be collected from Smt. Rima Dutta, mawari, source for evidence in criminal investigations. Sung three different locations; such locations are to Gatebazar, Opp. Shyma Tzsu, Berqretd Ambois, Jean Pierre Megnin and be marked in each containers. Enterprise, New Jalpaiguri, P.O. Baktimagar, Dist. Jalpaiguri, Reinhardt are some of the biggest contributors to (iv) Collected insects to be preserved in 98% Pin-734007, West Bengal this science. C2H5OH but not in isopropyl Alcohol.

12± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 (v) Before putting the insects in the Ethanol it 4) Pre-pupa migrates away from the body seeking should be killed by hot water. suitable pupation site. Transfers into a pupa takes about four days. (vi) All the exhibit's container should contain the information about (a) Location, (b) Exact time 5) Pupa resides within puperium undergoes of collection, (c) Date of collection and (d) transformation from larval body to adult and Initials. emergence from pupa takes around ten days. Abstract The order in which the insects feed on the corpse 6) Adult fly mates on emergence from pupa, feeds is called the faunal succession. There are many on protein from fluids, lays eggs on corpse, Forensic entomology is types of insects that can be involved in forensic emergenceto egg laying takes two days. an important branch of entomology. Most of the insects are: (1) Specific data required during death forensic science,as necrophages species feeding in corpse tissue well as it is also mostly the and beetles, (2) Omnivores insects scene investigation important for police that feed on both corpse and the associated fauna i) Site description,(ii) Death scene area (Rural/ such as ants, beetles and wasps which may alter Urban /Suburban/City), (iii) If rural then (forest/ personnel in crime role and rate of , (3) parasites and field/ pasture/brush/roadside/barren area/close investigation cases. predators may be beetles, true flies and wasps that building/ open building), (iv) If urban/suburban Because physical attack the flies,(4) incidentals use the corpse as then (close buildingopen building/vacant plot/ evidence can say the resource extension such as springtails, spiders, pavement/ trash container), (v) Information truth if collected, centipedes and ants. Emanating foul smelling gases about aquatic habitat (pond/lake/creek/small of purification attract various insects. There are eight river/large river/ irrigation canal/ditch/gulf/ successive waves of invasion from the beginning swampy area/drainage ditch/salt water/fresh of the putrefaction right upto skeletonisation. Initially water/brackish water), (vi) Exposure data two winged flies predominate, later there will be (open air/burial including it's depth), (vii) involvement of several other kinds of insects Clothing (entire/partial/nude), (viii) Portion of including beetles. body clothing, description of clothing, (ix) Thus the science is based on ecological concepts Stage of decomposition (fresh/bloat/active : (1) different species of insects go through decay /advanced decay/skelitonization/ developmental stage in a predictable fashion (2) saponification/ mummification/ developmental time is temperature dependent at the dismemberment), (x) Evidence of scavengers, microbial level, (3) ecological succession which (xi) Possible traumatic injury site, (xii) Crime means a corpse may be invaded by a series of scene temperature:- (a) Ambient temperature, different species or insect groups over a time. Each (b) Ambient temperature (1 ft depth), (c) Body species or group changes microbial environment surface temperature, (d) Ground surface through its activities which makes it attractive to temperature,(e) Under body temperature,(f) new waves of organisms and so on. Water temperature (if aquatic), (g) Enclosed temperature, (h) whether AC was on or off (i) General life cycle of fly Whether ceiling fan was on or off. (j) Soil temp at 10 cm depth and 20 cm depth. (1) Eggs present in dumps of upto 300, laying hatching takes one day. Thus, this knowledge can be suitably applied to the death investigations in:- (2) Larvae first instar initially feeds on fluid exuding from the body which then migrates into body (1) Determining post mortem interval. Estimation hatching to first molt takes one day. of post mortem interval using insects may be based on period of time for a given species to (3) Larvae second instar increases in size. Second reach a particular stage of development. molt to pre-pupa takes two days. Companions of assemblages of insect fauna

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 13 Training Note on Forensic Entomology

on corpse at the time of examination along with Cloripramin by applying GC - MS and HPLC environmental factors in corpse decay, access techniques. by insects and depth of burial. Calculation of (5) Further artifacts like fake blood spatter can be time since death can be undertaken by taking developed by the arthropods that can be into account temperature history at crime detected through the following clues : scene. Extracts of weather bureau records of preserved, analyzed maximum and minimum daily temperature at (i) Stains have a tail-to-body (L(t)/L(b)) ratio and interpreted the weather station nearest to the crime scene, greater than 1 properly. Here the over the general period the body has been (ii) Stains with tad pole/sperm type structure. authors made an effort exposed. Calculate the average temperature iii) The above category stains do not end in a to point out the scope that the body has been exposed to.Rear small dot. of forensic entomology maggots to adulthood to identify the species and then estimate the time of egg laying.For (iv) Any stain without a distinguishable tail and in crime investigation, calculating time since death formula that is body. and it's collection. used A+B X (CD) where A is the stage of (v) Stains having wavy and irregular linear invasion in hours, days, weeks or months. B structure. is the stage of the life cycle in hours or days (vi) Any stains that do not participate in and CD represents climatic factor correction. directional consistency with other stains (2) Movement of corpse at the scene of crime can that suggest a point of convergence at a be known by examining the faunal community point of origin. in the seepage area beneath the body. (6) Detection of Knife injury : Any deep penetration (3) Association of suspects with the death scene. caused by knife injury in a corpse that is deeply feeded by maggots. (4) Detection of or drugs through analysis of insect larvae. Many of the chemicals can (7) Drug Trafficking : It is also possible by an be detected through maggots, empty pupa or entomologist to detect in which country the larval skin. Many of the chemicals influence contraband was produced by simply life cycle of maggots. High dosages of cocaine plotting the maggots found in the cocaine along accelerate development of sacrophages. with their geographical origin. Knowledge of daily drug use in the victim is (8) Utility in medical negligence investigation cases important in finding the cause of death but also : forensic entomology can give important in estimating the time of death. However, the insights to the dynamics, amount and final forensic entomotoxicological methods does state of bodily care that was given to the lead to useful results when embedded in the respective person in need of care; forensic actual criminalistics context for the purpose entomology may also help to exonerate care of qualititative detection : givers (e.g. when infection of a The following substances can be detected person's wound occurred during a normal qualitatively through forensic entomotoxicology interval). techniques: Legal Status : According to Daubert guideline (i) Arsenic, (ii) , (iii) formed by the supreme court of u.s. (Ref: Daubert Mercury, (iv) , (v) Cocaine, (vi) vs Merrill Dow Pharmaceutical 509 US 579, 1993) Amitryptilline, (vii) 3,4 - methylenedioxy forensic entomology is treated as science in US. ,(viii) nortryptilline, (ix) Basic factors that determines whether an expert Triazolam, (x) oxazepam, (xi) opinion will be accepted in the court of US regarding ,(xii) Alimemazine,(xiii) forensic entomology or not depends on the following :

14± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers Key Words Dr. Deepti Stress, Correctional Prison officers play important roles in the changes were introduced. A diversity of Officers, Legitimate performance of correctional administration. They responsibility is illustrated and becomes the focal Protection, Job Stress, make and preserve the community and security point of consideration within different level.As per Regulated Task of Work environment within prisons and repeatedly have new arrangement, these responsibilities include the Hours, Burnout, direct impact on the behavior of prisoners through Indian Prison Officer as good prison manager, as Aversive Noxious, their daily contact with prisoners. However, the Counsellor agent and as a professional and policy Curtailed Sleep. prison environment is full with stress. Job of Indian maker as a physician and many more. As a result, Prison Officers is very demanding, and the job of Indian Prison Officers are suffering from burnout. an Indian Prison Officer is essentially distressing. Prison Officers are also human beings with similar Indian Prison Officers experienced excessive stress, requirements and relative obligations as everyone which manifested in physical illnesses, burnout, else. Prison Officers cannot keep going with these family problems, or their inability to perform their overwhelming responsibilities. As a consequence duties- compromising institutional safety and many of our Prisons Officers are regularly under creating further stress for other staff. stress moderately just because Prison Officers cannot continue. This situation has serious There were decades of enormous social changes. implications for staff safety, the safety of prisoners These changes related to prisoners rights, as well and the security of our institutions too. as understandings of Indian Prison Officer's new roles in prison administration. In modern era, human Methodology rights in prisons have assumed a new significance and perspective i.e. prisons are part of the criminal A pilot study was conducted in 2008 to identify justice system. Human right issues and obligations sources and the impact of work-related stress from are now an important feature of the day-today the Prison Officers' perspective. conduct of the government. This study was based on primary data. The study In recent years many states have ratified a was conducted on 180 Prison Officers selected considerable number of human rights instruments from sample states like U.P., M.P., Chhattisgarh., regarding this. Prison staff carry out one of the most , and Haryana. The age range of the difficult tasks of a civilized society. In order to respondents ranged between 25-55 years with the promote and protect wide variety of human rights, average age of 40 years. Their rank ranged between international laws undertake several binding head warder to DIG with average monthly income obligations (ICPS, 1998). of Rs. 8,500, their qualification ranged between undergraduate to postgraduate. These changes gave rise to a number of new perspectives on the essential prison relationships Definitions of stress and their purpose. In these perspectives, the differing role of the Indian Prison Officer is the Here are some recent definitions of work-related stress:- distinguishing feature. However, there remained *Professor of Sociology, significant tension within the prisons as these "Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical Deptt. of Higher Education, M.P.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 15 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers

and emotional responses that occur when the under periods of high stress, productivity requirements of the job do not match the decreases, and negative outcome of emotion capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Job become more prominent. By this questionnaire an stress can lead to poor health and even injury." attempt is made to find out how Prison Officers he (Stress at work, 1999). come vulnerable to stress. "The emotional, cognitive, behavioural and Educational Level of Prison Officers Abstract physiological reaction to aversive and noxious Prison officers play aspects of work, work environments and work Education plays a significant role in the life of everyone. Higher the level of education, greater is important roles in the organizations. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and distress and often by feelings the potential for resisting any action of injustice, performance of of not coping." (Guidance on work-related stress). exploitation or stress. Education gives us a voice correctional against all types of evils and empowers to fight for administration.They "Stress is the reaction people have to excessive justice. It is generally presumed that the extent of pressures or other types of demand placed on stress is less in cases where the subject of stress make and preserve the them." (Managing stress at work, 1999). community and is educated. Formal education helps us to know what is happening outside our immediate security environment Research has overwhelmingly linked psychological stress to physical illness. Many diseases worsen surroundings. within prisons and repeatedly have direct Table 1 : Educational Level of Prison Officers impact on the U.P. M.P. Chhattisgarh Karnataka Haryana Total Mean behaviour of prisoners Graduates 30 33 34 29 31 157 31.4 through their daily Post-Graduates 6 3 2 7 5 23 4.6 contact with prisoners. However, the prison 36 36 36 36 36 180 environment is full with Table 1 depicts that most of the Prison Officers from properly regulated task of work hours, for every sampled are graduates, only 6 Prison Officers are category of prison personnel. post graduates in U.P. followed by 3, 2, 7, 5 The prison service is a twenty four hours, seven Chhattisgarh, respectively M.P. C. G. Karnataka and days a week operation, and must be roistered Haryana and mean of N=180 is 31.4. accordingly. As a result, Prison Officers are suffering Well-planned and properly regulated task from burnout. Prison Officers are ordinary human of work hours beings with the same needs and family commitments as everybody else. In the answer of a well-planned and properly regulated task of work hours for every category of Proper ratio of prisoners and prison staff prison personnel, 90.5% N=180 Prison Officers The basic requirement for efficient management of replied negatively Only 9.4% N=180 Prison Officers any institution is its manpower. The Prison replied that their prisons have a well-planned and Institutions are managed by 3 categories of

Table 2:Well-planned and properly regulated task of work hours U.P. M.P. Chhattisgarh Karnataka Haryana Total Mean Yes 6 1 3 2 5 17 3.4 No 30 35 33 34 31 163 32.6 36 36 36 36 36 180

16± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers

personnel viz., Jail Cadre Staff, Correctional Staff though only 2.2% N=180 Prison Officers feel that and Medical Staff. The number of inmates per present ratio of prisoners and prison officers is good official is a real indicator of how well inmates are enough. looked after in prisons. The number of inmates per For security of staff members. Concerning this Jail officials (like DG/ IG, SP, Jailor, Warden etc.), issues, findings are alarming only 37.2% N=180 The highest number of inmates per jail official was officers replied positively and 62.7% N=180. Prison reported from Bihar (24), Jharkhand (23), Gujarat stress. Job of Indian Officers replied negatively.While the job of a Prison (16), Delhi (13), Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Uttar Prison Officers is very Officer is unique in its nature, this level of increase Pradesh (11 each) and Assam and demanding, and the job in serious assaults on Prison Officers is totally (10 each). Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, unpredictable. The fear suffered by Prison Officers of an Indian Prison Jharkhand, UT of Delhi, Rajasthan and Jammu & cannot and must not be underestimated. Prison Officer is essentially Kashmir have only one correctional staff for 66669, Officers are aware of the inexcusable manner in distressing. 10359, 6350, 2589, 1914, 1398 and 1135 inmates which the safety of prison staff was treated in respectively. (prison statistics, 2006). Regarding There were decades of institutions. Our study finds that the safety of Prison proper ratio of prisoners and prison staff in prison Officers is not satisfactory. enormous social 97.8% N=180 Prison Officers answered negatively changes. As a result, Indian Prison Officers Table 3: Proper ratio of prisoners and prison staff are suffering from U.P. M.P. Chhattisgarh Karnataka Haryana Total Mean burnout. Prison Yes 0 2 1 0 1 4 0.8 Officers are also No 36 34 35 36 35 176 35.2 human beings with 36 36 36 36 36 180 similar requirements and relative obligations Availability of necessary A moderate level of stress To maintain human rights new situations but as everyone else. facilities for security of staff can be an important unfortunately in prison infrastructure, necessary motivational members factor and can be prison culture continues creating facilities are not instrumental in achieving a dynamic adaptation to available even negative attitudes and helplessness.

Table 4 :Availability of Necessary facilities for security of staff members U.P. M.P. Chhattisgarh Karnataka Haryana Total Mean Yes 15 7 12 10 9 67 2.8 No 21 29 24 26 27 113 33.2 36 36 36 36 36 180

Legitimate protection in stress free atmosphere. But unfortunately correctional administration is unable to protect Prison Officers expects that necessary facilities for Prison Officers from governmental injustice even defense should be extended to the staff members in bonafide situations. Like at the time of prison in the event of criminal prosecution/civil damages escape, death of prisoners, prison riots; 70.5% arising out of bonafide discharge of official duties. N=180 Prison Officers realized that correctional In addition to this, legitimate protection should be administration is not providing legitimate protection extended to staff in matters related with recovery even in bonafide matters, though 29.4% N=180 of damages for bonafide delays, bonafide errors of Prison Officers replied positively. judgment, false allegation etc. so that they can work

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 17 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers

Table 5 : Legitimate protection U.P. M.P. Chhattisgarh Karnataka Haryana Total Mean Yes 10 12 6 15 10 53 10.6 No 26 24 30 21 26 127 25.4 Prison Officers cannot 36 36 36 36 36 180 keep going with these A number of forces have shaped these changed Dentist 7.3 overwhelming expectations of Prison Officers' work which have responsibilities. As a developed from the initial changes in the 1980s to Actor 7.2 consequence many of current times. Rapidly increasing prisoner numbers Doctor 6.8 reflected community response to a period of rapid our prisons officers are Broadcasting personnel 6.8 regularly under stress social and economic change.These changes gave rise to a number of new perspectives on the Nurse 6.5 moderately just essential prison relationships and their purpose. It Film production crew 6.5 because Prison Officers was reported that 71.3% (N=180) of officers doing Ambulance personnel 6.3 cannot continue. This their job due to this stressed situation, unlimited situation has serious working hours, overtime, relocation, unplanned Musician 6.3 implications for staff shifts, and lack of promotion opportunities played Firefighter 6.3 safety, the safety of a greater role in prison officers' stress. The HSE Teacher 6.2 prisoners and the research, "The Scale of Occupational Stress: The Bristol stress and health at work study", published Social worker 6.0 security of our in 2000, found clear links between high stress Personnel manager 6.0 institutions too. scores and adverse working conditions such as (Source: Conditions of work digest: Preventing stress at work.) having too much to do and not being supported by managers. Organizational interventions to manage Prison Officers stress can take place early in an officer's The evidence also indicates that a broad and career. Similarly in prison, the training can play a growing range of occupations are prone to work- crucial role in forming ideas, values and attitudes related stress. The following table lists those in the new recruit and in service forces. Recently, occupations which equal or exceed the rate of 6 on BPR&D initiated some form of awareness training a stress rating scale of 0 to 10 elaborated by the at the national level namely "Personality University of Manchester Institute of Science and Development Course For Prison Officers" and Technology. providing information to officers as to the benefits Table 6 : Occupations with high stress levels of services that could make the officer and family more resistant to the potential negative effects of Occupation Rating scale the job stress. Data revealed that job stress among Miner 8.3 prison officers increasing due to their unawareness Police officer 7.7 about healthy life style. Prison officer 7.5 Curtailed Sleep Construction worker 7.5 Unhealthy levels of stress lead to a variety of Airline pilot 7.5 disorders and illness. These include a broad range Journalist 7.5 of pathological consequences, ranging from chronic fatigue to depression, and including insomnia, Advertising executive 7.3 anxiety, migraine, emotional upsets, allergies and

18± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers

abuse of tobacco and alcohol. In response of proper Stress among Indian Prison Officers occurs in a sleep 26.6% N=180 officers replied positively and wide range of work incident but is often made worse 73.3% N=180 officers replied negatively. As we when Prison Officers feel that they do not have even know 7-8 hours sleep is very necessary for health. little bit support from supervisors and colleagues Our study confirms that long working hours are part and where they can not understand how they can and parcel of prison officer's jobs. A total 91% cope with this stress and pressures. N=180 of officers regularly exceed their contracted A pilot Study was There is often confusion between pressure or hours; most of the officers believed that it was a conducted in 2008 to challenge and stress and sometimes it is used to part of their organization's culture. See Figure 1. identify sources and explain bad management practice. Pressure at the Figure 1: Curtailed sleep prison is inescapable due to the stress of the the impact of work contemporary work environment. Stress results related stress from the from a difference among the demands and Prison Officers' pressures on the officers on the one hand, and their perspective. knowledge and abilities, on the other. It challenges their ability to cope with work.This includes not only situations where the pressures of work exceed the officer's ability to cope but also where the officer's knowledge and abilities are not sufficiently utilized and that is a problem for them. (Source: Based on Primary data.) Risk management Insufficient Pay Risk management of stress is basically a problem solving approach to health and safety problems and Insufficient pay and 24 hours work are also a major makes available a source for the continuous contributor for stress among prison officers. Pay improvement of work and working condition and of Prison Officers is insufficient to meet their basic thus, the health of workers and the well being of needs for housing, food, transportation, children their organization. Rick management proceeds education and other social responsibilities. An through a cycle of five actions: examination of the pay of Prison Officers will clearly show that they are in fact poorly paid.This has not 1. An analysis of the situation and an assessment been given the attention it deserves.Out of N=180 of risk; only 2% prison officers feel that their exiting pay 2. the design of an action plan to reduce the risk scale is satisfactory while 98% N=180 feel that of work stress; they are poorly paid. 3. the implementation of that action plan; Figure 2 : Insufficient pay 4. its evaluation; and 5. learning and further action based on the results of that evaluation. WHO suggests that a healthy job is probably the one where the stress on officers are suitable in relation to their capability and resources, to the quantity of management they have over their work, and to the support they obtained from seniors who matter to them. As health is not only the lack of (Source: Based on Primary data.) disease or infirmity but a positive state of complete

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 19 Job Stress among Indian Prison Officers

Model 1 :WHO Risk management for organizationally valued are the key to a good prison stress of prison officers system. It emerges that the crucial challenge is to construct a good organizational culture that promotes well-being, in which prison officers are considered as assets and given an opportunity and support to be creative human beings. Reference 1 Brodsky, C.M. (1982). Work stress in correctional institutions. Journal of Prison and Jail Health, 2(2), 74-102.

(Source: WHO, 1986.) 2 Guidance on work-related stress: Spice of life - or kiss of death, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social physical, mental and social well-being, a healthy Affairs. working environment is one in which there is not only an absence of harmful condition but an 3 Leka Stavroula, Griffith Amanda, Cox abundance of healthy promoting ones (WHO, Tom,1986. Work organization and stress. 1986). Institute of Work, Health & Organizations University of Nottingham, UK. Conclusion 4 Managing stress at work,1999 Discussion The development of healthy workplaces in prison document, United Kingdom Health and Safety for Prison Officers is not a simple process. The Commission, London. challenge falls upon all contributors and includes 5 Stress at work,1999.United States National officers, family members, correctional Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, administrators, and policy makers. It is a huge task. Cincinnati. It cannot be done in a disorganized style, nor will it come about by chance. It can only be 6 Training Module, 99 Indo-British Project on accomplished, if there is a logical strategy followed, Human Rights and Prisons Management, based on the premise that a good staff that are London.

20± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Need for Alternatives to Imprisonment : Key Words The Case For Community Sentencing Alternative, Dr. Upneet Lalli* Imprisonment, Community Sentencing, Human The ultimate power that any democratic State can Brazil,Columbia and Canada),50% in Australia, and Rights, Approach, exercise over its citizens is through the use of 33% in South Africa*. It is well-established that Penologists, Penal prisons. crime rates alone cannot explain the increase in prison population.The retributionst philosophy can Philosophy, Criminal Imprisonment is one of the most widely used be readily translated into popular demand for longer, Justice, Rationalisation, measure of punishment, especially for serious tougher sentences. As Andre Kuhn pointed out in Pre-trial Detention, offences. However, many people awaiting trial are 1996, an increased fear of crime, a loss of also detained in prison. In fact, Prison Psychiatric Help, Social confidence in the criminal justice system, Administration has no say over the numbers of Help. disillusionment with positive treatment measures people sent to prison but still it has to deal with the and the strength of retributionist philosophies of resultant consequences. Globally prison systems punishment all lie behind this belief of increasing are overcrowded and it has reached levels in certain use of imprisonment. countries where it can be termed as cruel, inhuman or degrading offenders or rehabilitate them in the Prison overcrowding is also widespread throughout society along with maintaining a safe society. Most the world in both developing and developed prison administrations have been unable to allocate countries. Overcrowding in some of the countries the additional resources required for physical can reach a level where it can be described as cruel, infrastructure and the manpower necessary to cope inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. with the rising need of imprisonment. Prison Currently the US Federal prison system is 33% administration being a key stakeholder of Criminal overcrowded and prisons in England and Wales has Justice System does have an important role in been overcrowded in every one of the past 20 years. making decisions about detention i.e. how many Prisons in Cameroon are nearly 300% occupied. should be sent to prison and whether necessary The rate of imprisonment varies from country to infrastructure, manpower and resources are country. The world average prison population is just available to the prison administration to take care under 150 per 100000 of general population. The of overcrowding in prisons, its consequences and United States of America has 4.6% of the world's adherence to the dictates of Human Rights population while 23.1 % of the world prisoners. It Institutions. has the highest imprisonment rate at 761 per one lakh of the population followed by Russia at 632. Growth and Trends in Prison Population In U.K. the imprisonment rate is 152 per 100000 In recent years, prison population has consistently (Source: World Prison Population Report 2007). In risen in all parts of the world. In 68 out of 173 India, the prison population for the year 2005 was 3,58,368 and overcrowding was 145% even while countries,the prison population has risen *Deputy Director, Institute of the rate of imprisonment is low in India (32 per 1 substantially. The increase is 20% in Europe, 62 to Correctional Administration, 85% in the Americas (USA, Argentina, Mexico lakh population). Sector 26, Chandigarh

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 21 Need For Alternatives To Imprisonment : The Case For Community Sentencing

Along with the level of use of imprisonment, there Reducing the high levels of imprisonment requires are widespread differences that exist between a multifaceted strategy. Strategies to reduce prison countries in the use of pre-trial detention. The use population in a sustainable manner requires - (a) of prisons for non-convicts has increased over the review of the criminal justice system; (b) establish years on account of judicial decisions over which who is being imprisoned, for how long and for what the prison system has obviously no control. In fact, purpose and objective; (c) creating public Abstract the high proportion of undertrials is the main reason awareness and political debate about crime and of overcrowding in prisons in many countries justice. Prison is a complex including India. Some of the states with the highest Some of the actions that have been taken around institution that is beset proportion of pre-trial detainees in their prison the world to reduce the use of imprisonment have populations are Liberia with 97%, Haiti 83.5%, with contradictions been related to reforming the criminal code leading Paraguay 68.2%, India 69%, Pakistan 66.1 %, trying to achieve to decriminalization of some acts, reducing the use Argentina 53.8%, and Italy 58.3%. In India, different aims. of detention for those awaiting trials through overcrowding is mainly concentrated in the pre- Penologists around the introducing new alternatives to imprisonment and trial part of the system. world are increasingly introducing earlier and conditional release questioning the over- Need for Alternatives mechanism.The short term strategy has been mainly dealt with amnesty being granted to certain use of imprisonment as Prisons are expensive places to maintain. categories of prisoners. It has also been the a mode of punishment, Expenditure is incurred on feeding, accommodating experience that increasing the number and the as it is being realized and caring for the basic needs of prison inmates. capacity in prisons has led to wider use of that imprisonment is Imprisonment has not only financial costs but also imprisonment. This is seen both in the USA and not a panacea with results in psychological and social costs. Generally, United Kingdom. Even building better prisons regard to either crime prison inmates are not dangerous but often they cannot mask the cruelty involved behind gilded are poor and socially disadvantaged people involved bars. prevention or in marginal criminal offences. This helps neither reintegration of the victim nor the society but leads to increase in Numerous international instruments recommend a offenders. prison population beyond the manageable rationalization in sentencing policy, including the limits.The negative impact of imprisonment is well wider use of alternatives to prison, that seeks to established and the saying "A person may go inside reduce not only overcrowding, but also tackles as an undergraduate in crime but come out of prison reintegration issues. It also reflects a fundamental as post-graduate in crime" shows the societal change in the approach to crime, offenders, and perception about prisons. Overcrowded prisons are their place in society. It is being realized that better more damaging and exacerbate the pains of protection of society is served not from isolation of imprisonment. offenders from the community, but that, it is far better to have penal sanctions within the The need for alternative to prison is most keenly community. felt by those undergoing imprisonment. President of Czechoslovakia Valcav Havel in a letter from However, it must be emphasized that introducing prison to his wife Olga, wrote, "I never feel sorry alternative sentences does not by itself lead to a for myself, as one might expect, but only for the more and effective criminal justice system. other prisoners and altogether for the fact that Introduction of alternatives has to be done with clear prisons must exist and that they are as they are, objectives and technical skills in order to bring a and that mankind has not so far invented a better more humane and effective criminal justice way of coming to terms with certain things". system.An assessment of a system of alternatives to incarceration can be based to how well it answers Various countries are realizing the strong need for these following questions: (a) Whether it leads to introducing changes in the use of imprisonment. reduction in prison population? (b) Is it cost

*World Prison Brief Online 22± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Need For Alternatives To Imprisonment : The Case For Community Sentencing

effective? (c) Does it lead to reduction in crime? as alternatives especially in cases involving young (d) Does it meet the offence related needs of the offenders. Instead of a trial process, if the defendant offender and (e) Does it protect the offenders' is prepared to admit that he/she is guilty and the human rights as also the victims' rights? victim agrees, then mediation process between both is brought out. The victim and offenders are brought Alternatives to Imprisonment together in the presence of a competent person to attempt to resolve the conflicts and arrange mutually So the lateral shift of In the commentary to the United Nations Standard Penal Philosophy from Minimum Rules for Non Custodial Measures (Tokyo satisfying outcomes, without recourse to official Rules, 1990), it is argued that "Imprisonment cannot judicial system. Safeguards for both parties are deterrence to be considered an appropriate sanction for a wide usually included, so that neither is put under undue reformation and range of offences and many types of offenders, in pressure to agree to a particular settlement. reintegration of particular, those who are not likely to repeat II. Alternatives at Sentencing Stage: offenders is now being offences, those convicted of minor crimes and construed in terms of those needing medical, psychiatric or social help". Throughout the world, there are many ways of non-custodial dealing with convicted persons other than through The use of non institutional methods must ensure measures of the use of imprisonment.The Judicial authority, that peace, good order, security are maintained in should have a range of non-custodial measures at punishment. The society.There are some sanctions that imply its disposal, and decide after taking into deprivation of liberty is supervision and control and other sanctions that consideration the rehabilitative needs of offender, a severe punishment as do not require supervision or control. These are the protection of society and the interests of the indicated in table below:- it affects not only victim, who should be consulted whenever individual offenders but A wide range of alternatives are now in use appropriate.The different types of alternatives at the also the family and in throughout the world.These measures can be sentencing stage include - (a) Verbal sections,such introduced at mainly three stages, pre-trial, as admonition, reprimand and warning; (b) sentencing and post sentencing stage. Some of the Conditional discharge; (c) Status penalties; (d) important alternatives at these stages are as Economic sanctions and monetary penalties, such follows:- as fines and day - fines; (e) Confiscation or an expropriation order, (f) Restitution to the victim or a I. Alternatives to Pre-trial detention compensation order; (g) Suspended or deferred Article 9 (3) of the Covenant on Civil and Political sentence;(h) Probation and judicial supervision; (i) Rights requires that 'it shall not be the general rule A community service order; (j) New forms of justice that people awaiting trial are detained'. such as 'restorative justice' are being developed which require offenders who have admitted their The United Nation Standard Minimum Rules for. guilt to meet the victim, discuss the crime and make Now Custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) some recompense; (h) A combination of any of suggests that- these measures is also available. "pre-trial detention shall be used as a means of Verbal sanctions such as reprimand or warning are last resort in criminal proceedings, with due regard used most frequently with younger offenders. In for the investigation of the alleged offences and some countries, arrangements are made for for the protection of society and the victim". offenders to compensate their victims financially The frequently used alternatives to pre-trail detention for the loss or damage they have suffered. include -Bail, Electronic Surveillance, Diversion, In England, there is in place an option called an Administrative Fines/Non-Penal Fines and House Attendance Centre Order. This order is available for Arrests. young people under 21 years. This centre is open Victim Offender Mediation Schemes are emerging on Saturday afternoons for upto three hours.The

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 23 Need For Alternatives To Imprisonment : The Case For Community Sentencing

Sanctions that imply supervision Sanctions that do not require and control supervision or control Monetary Withdrawal of rights Others

O Probation and suspended or O Fine O Suspension of O Suspended conditional imprisonment with licenses sentences O Compensatory the long run the supervision without payment O Prevention from community. To use it supervision O Community service o Home assuming an parsimoniously and O Personal Probation reparation electoral office O Good behaviour proportionately, the bonds O Open,Ambulant or contract States have to adhere O Confiscation to the Human Rights treatment Approach to Criminal Source : Jousten and Zvekic (1994). Justice Policy with total minimum number of hours of attendance is 12 and to' offenders who have committed minor crimes conviction. Hence, an the maximum is 24 or 36.Activities usually consist for the first time. They can be released on probation important challenge of physical exercise and constructive activities such with the supervision of probation officers. Offenders today is in creating and as craft work or lessons on first aid. Most of the may be released on probation without the exploring new terrains actions are usually linked in some way with supervision of probation officers on condition that of justice where prison supervision. Supervision is carried out by persons they promise to conduct themselves well. designated by the courts. This may be under social no longer serves as our III. Post Sentencing Stage major anchor. worker, probation officer or skilled person appointed by the competent authority. The competent authority shall have at its disposal Fines and Monetary Penalties: Fines are a wide range of post-sentencing alternatives in order economical both in terms of money and man power, to avoid institutionalization and to assist offenders practical in terms of management and in their early reintegration into society (Rule 8.1) administration and humane because they inflict Post sentencing dispositions may include -Furlough minimum damage to the offender. But fines cannot and half way houses;Work or education be used for a poor offender who cannot pay. In release;Various forms of Parole, Remission; . some countries, such as the Scandinavian countries The use of open prisons is also an important and Austria, a system of 'day fine' is available. measure that reduces the harmful impact of In this system, the amount to be aided is incarceration and is mainly used for reformed proportional to the offender's net income, allowing offenders. In India, there are 14 open prisons; for coverage of basic expenses. In so doing, the however, they are not being used to their optimum gravity of offence is reflected in the number of days capacity. for which earnings have to be paid. Scope of Alternatives to Imprisonment in Probation : Probation is one of the outstanding non India custodial measures which is designed to work for early reformation and resocialization of criminals Some alternatives to imprisonment are contained while they remain in the communities as ordinary to some extent in the existing statutes of India. There citizens by subjecting them tocertain conditions are:-

with which they must comply. O IPC provides for imposition of fine in lieu of In India, as per the provisions of Probation of imprisonment in case of lesser offences, and Offenders Act, 1958, this measure can be applied in conjunction with imprisonment in case of graver offences.

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O The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 provides The work assigned to the offender should be for release of offenders on probation in lieu of socially useful and meaningful rather than pointless being sentenced to imprisonment, in respect and should enhance the offender's skills as much of offences not punishable with death or as possible." The system set up for the imprisonment for life. implementation and supervision of the community service vary widely from country to country. In Under the Indian Penal Code, different punishments some countries, supervision including decisions on are prescribed for different offences.Section 53 of whether an individual has breached conditions and the Indian Penal Code provides the Punishments to should be sent back to court is the responsibility which offenders are liable which are : (a) Death, of qualified social workers or probation officers. In (b) Imprisonment for life, (c) Imprisonment, which these cases, community service participants may is of two descriptions, namely - (i) Rigorous, i.e., also benefit from the counselling skills and advice with hard labour and (ii) Simple imprisonment, d) such workers may offer.Offenders are offered the Forfeiture of property and e) Fine.There are a total option of undertaking work of benefit to the of 403 offences punishable under IPC,and the community as an alternative to predominant punishment is imprisonment, ranging imprisonment.Thus,there is a reintegrative shaming from three months to life imprisonment. and restitution that is offered by the offenders to While, fines are the most frequently used measure the whole community. at the sentencing stage, for offences punishable This work is usually based on public authorities under the Special and Local Laws the probation and institutions. The offenders may undertake work system has not really taken off as an alternative to in a welfare institution, for example care of old or imprisonment. disabled persons, environmental improvements e.g. Community Service at Sentencing Stage tree plantation, maintenance construction and as an Alternative to Imprisonment renovation of buildings that have social welfare activities e.g. schools, hospital,etc.Custodial The community service stands as an unique sentence may be introduced if the offender does alternative to imprisonment and such schemes are not comply with the rules and requirement of the being increasingly used at the sentencing stage. community sentence.This is decided by the court. Whether it is Naomi Campbell, the famous Model Hence, it acts as a deferred term of imprisonment. being punished for misbehaviour or Hyundai If community service is to be introduced as an Chairman, Chung Mong Koo being punished for alternative to imprisonment, then an Amendment fraud, the punishment has been community service. in Section 53 of Indian Penal Code needs to be Community service is an order of the Court whereby made for incorporating this as a punishment option the offender is offered the opportunity of available to the court. Gujarat has already amended compensating the society for the wrong he or she its prohibition act to include community service as has done by doing social work instead of an alternative.The State of Andhra Pradesh has also undergoing imprisonment. Community sentencing initiated an amendment to the IPC in order to facilitates rehabilitating the offender and encourages introduce community service as an alternative and reparation. This sort of punishment facilitates this is pending with the Union Government. The attitudinal change, thereby, reforms a person. It is Draft Paper on National Policy on Prison Reforms more economical than custodial measure. It avoids in Correctional Administrators has also proposed expenses on maintenance of prisoners and also greater use of Alternatives to imprisonment and enables offenders to live with their families, hence introduction of community service. family ties are maintained. Consent of the offender to undergo a community According to the commentary of the Tokyo Rules service order will have to be obtained in writing by

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the court. Pre-Sentencing Report - the report of offender. This may be obtained during a social the offender,and the circumstances of the inquiry report carried out by social worker or case,character and antecedents of the offender will probation officer. The prosecution services will only have to be obtained. This may be through the report request the community service and courts will only of the Probation Officer. Offences to which scheme make such orders if they feel that they will be truly shall apply would need to be mentioned.The carried out and that breaches will be properly organizational aspects of the implementation of this notified so that appropriate sanctions can ensue. scheme must be taken seriously. Adequate financial Case Review Committee may be formed for such and human resources will have to be allocated for purpose. the proper management of the community sanctions. Potential of Community Sentence Fixing hours of Community Service Work The scope of creative decisions by judiciary is large. In U.S.A, recently Rapper. T.C. was sentenced for This will have to be done having regard to and an offence of illegal weapon possession. He was without disturbing the normal work of the offender sentenced to do 1000 hours community service, for livelihood to self and dependant family members. by talking to children about negative experiences This may be before and after his normal working with guns. Such decisions are a win-win for both hours. Concern about the offender's mobility, i.e. parties. Would not a sentence for Salman Khan,to ability to reach the workplace, e.g. transport, etc. give a message to save wild life and work for will also have to be taken into care. Minimum and protection of wild life, have worked better than a maximum hours of community service may be term in prison, even as an undertrial? ln India, specified, e.g. the minimum hours is usually kept almost 70% of the prison population consists of at 40 in most countries and maximum at 1000 hrs. undertrials from whom no work can be got done. It The Community Service may be available as an is not only a sheer waste of time and human alternative to fine which the offender cannot resources but also reduces their potentialities.The possibly pay.This provision exist in Germany and community service makes demands on the Zimbabwe but not in France. offender's time and also is more challenging than short punishment. The community service work to be involved has to be within a fixed period e.g. 18 months with Community service may be introduced as an maximum, though deadline may be suspended by alternative to imprisonment for petty offences e.g. the review judge in response to particular problems ticketless travelers,minor thefts,etc.where e.g. threat to health, employment,etc.The convicted punishment is not more than one year imprisonment offenders may be present at the time of hearing .It has already been introduced as a punishment and must accord his consent. under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. However, it is being seen that Information to the Courts in some cases the Magistrates are sentencing the Reliable information about the offender must be juveniles to do community service at the Borstal given to the court.The effectiveness of the Jail itself. This defeats the very purpose of this community service depends mainly on the true scheme. In Gujarat, one juvenile was ordered to do capacity of the offender to work within the community service at the Sabramati Ashram constraints imposed by these types of punishment showed remarkable change and transformation. In (time keeping, quality of work, mobility, etc.) In order a research on 'Modalities to Reduce Undertrial to avoid failure during the operation of the prisoners' (Lalli, U. 2006), 82% of prison inmates Community Service Order,the court must have expressed the desire to do community service credible information about the personality of the instead of undergoing imprisonment. The undertrials from Punjab and Haryana were more in

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favour of doing community service for religious India. More research, awareness and experiments organizations like Gurdwara and Mandir. Educated need to be undertaken in this regard as public persons wanted to do teaching activities.This is a participation is very essential for the application of positive sign as involvement in altruistic activity non-custodial measures. This should compliment itself promotes cognitive change and pro-social the efforts of Criminal Justice Administration. learning (Toch,H.2000). Another finding of this Ultimately, offenders and society are best served research study was that the judges were less keen by the criminal justice system, if the system to initiate alternatives. Only 22% judges of Punjab attempts to reform offenders, rather than merely and Haryana were in favour of community service perpetuating offending behaviour by punishing for as an alternative.In focused group discussions,the punishment's sake. lawyers were not in favour of probation due to the poor quality of probation officers and corruption in References system. Community service was welcomed as an 1 Government of India : National Crime Records innovative idea but with some apprehensions about Bureau: "Prison Statistics:, 2005. supervision under this scheme. 2 Jousten, M Ugyesa Zuekic. 1994. Non The community service as an alternative to Custodial Sanctions : Comparative Overview. imprisonment holds a lot of promises in terms of In Ugyesa Zuekic (Ed.) Alternatives to reducing prison population and maintaining public Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective: safety in both the short run and the long run, and UNICRI. Chicago: Nelson Hall. will also reduce expenditure for maintenance of prisoners. However, one has to be cautious and 3 Kuhn, Andre (1996). Incarceration Rates. avoid some pitfalls which may actually lead to an Europe vs. USA. European Journal of Criminal increase in the prison population in the long run, if Policy and Research. 4,3: 46-73. this sentence only widens the net of punishment. 4 Lalli, U. (2006). Modalities to Reduce Money will have to be spent wisely so that there is Undertrial Prisoners. A Research Study. reduction in recidivism and a proper needs and risk Sponsored by the the Bureau of Police assessment will have to be undertaken.The role of Research and Development, MHA, New Delhi. judiciary for implementation of the scheme is (Unpublished). extremely important.Judiciary is required not only to pass the order but also to monitor the execution 5 Toch,H.J.(2000).'Altruistic Activity as of the order. In the current scenario, Courts are Correctional Treatment', International Journal already over-burdened and creative decisions by of Offenders and Comparative Criminology, 44, the courts for community sentence may be a tall 270-278. order. A high quality will be demanded of probation 6 Walmsley, R. (2007). 7th Edition. World Prison officers or community supervision officers. Population List. A linking up of judges, social workers and probation Web Sites: officers to monitor and review at post-release and rehabilitation phase is important. The concept of 1 http://www.kcl.ac.uk community service as an alternative to 2 http: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ imprisonment is still unknown to most people in

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 27 Child Abuse : An Overview

D. Rufus* and Dr. Beulah** Key Words Introduction Convention are: Article 3: Protect the best interests Child, Children,Child of children; Article 19: Protect children from all There is a large child population in India and a large forms of physical or mental violence, injury or Abuse, Physical Abuse, percentage of this population is vulnerable to Emotional Abuse, abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, mal- abuse,exploitation and neglect. Child abuse in treatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse Sexual Abuse. developing countries including South Asia is yet to while in the care of parents, legal guardians or any be recognized as a major social and health problem person in whose care they are; Article 34: with an enormous burden on the economy and Undertake to protect children from all forms of society.The central government is promoting sex sexual exploitation and sexual abuse; Article 35: education in public schools and some of the state Take all appropriate national, bilateral and multi- governments are banning such lesson saying it is lateral measures to prevent the abduction of, sale inconsistent with Indian culture. What a dilemma! of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any Children are not safe,even at homes. Future form. generations are going to be permanently tainted. Verbal abuse and physical abuse in the name of Review of Literature discipline is common in India. Sometimes emotional blackmails or assaults and sexual exploitation are The perusal of available literature has been given carried out by the relatives or powerful people in here to understand the phenomena of Child abuse the society. Most can get away, even if cases are in the Country. According to a content analysis of reported. What we need is change of mindset to the year 2005,Hindustan Times Newspaper, it was protect the weak and vulnerable amongst us, found that a majority of perpetrators of child abuse nurture the next generation with genuine love and were males, who were found responsible for child sacrifice. Problems might seem insurmountable abuse. The age of victims varied between 4 to under (Online reference 1). 18 years, which indicates that the abuse of children does not respect any age. When the data is analyzed Forms and dynamics of child abuse have undergone state wise, the number of cases of child abuse is major changes in recent decades, adding very high in the state of Madhya Pradesh, but is manysided dimensions, complexities and lesser in the states of Orissa, Andra Pradesh, Bihar, *UGC-Doctoral Research challenges. The problem of child abuse and the Haryana, Chattisgarh, and Kerala (Mamta Patel, Fellow, Department of network of its human rights violation hug some of 2006). Report 2005:"Trafficking inWomen and Criminology and Criminal the most dangerous aspects of the worst forms of Children in India": (a) 44,476 children were missing Justice, Manonmaniam child exploitation and abuse on the international in India; (b) India major source and destination Sundaranar human rights agenda.The UN Convention on the country for trafficking children from within India and University,Tirunelveli,Tamil Rights of Child, 1989 is the most important Nadu adjoining countries. (c) Three to five lakh girl instrument in the history of child rights at the children are in commercial sex and organized ** Reader & Coordinator of international level, including India, which ratified the prostitution (Sen, 2005). P.G.Diploma in Victimology, Convention in 1992. The four major Articles Department of Criminology and pertaining to child abuse and neglect in the In a 1999 report by Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,Tamil Paper presented in the 4th All India Conference of KAAS held at Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Tirunelveli,Tamil Nadu. Nadu. Nagercoil,Tamil Nadu Nagercoil,Tamil Nadu on Nov 30 & Dec 1, 2007.

28± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 a study done in 1994 and 1995 with 150 minor abuse, emotional and psychological abuse, girls in Mumbai showed that 39% of the girls had abandonment and, increasingly problems of street been sexually abused before age 10 and 86% had children, there are also many issues which are been abused by a family member or a friend of the prevalent only in certain regions of the world. For family (HT Bureau,2004). Dr. L. Kacker et.la in their instance, in Asia where population density is high, report states that 19% of the world's children live the issues of child labour and child sexual in India. 42% of India's total populations are aged exploitation are also high. Political instability and Abstract below eighteen. India is home to almost 19 percent other internal disturbances, including conditions of of the world's children. Child protection has insurgency in many countries in Asia are also Around 40 million remained largely unaddressed. Harmful traditional creating major problems, with increasing number children under the age practices like child marriage, caste system, and of child soldiers, refugee children, trafficked children of 14 years are discrimination against the girl child, child labour and children on the streets. estimated to suffer and devadasi tradition impact negatively on children from abuse and neglect Child abuse in India and increase their vulnerability to abuse and around the world neglect.The research study on 'Abuse among Child There is a large child population in India and a large (WHO,99). After Domestic Workers (2005)' revealed 68.3% of total percentage of this population is vulnerable to abuse, approximately a decade population faced physical abuse, 86% of total child exploitation and neglect.There is also inadequate domestic workers faced emotional abuse, 32.2% information about the extent of child abuse in the touched, still the of the participants have had their private parts country. Barring a few sporadic studies, with limited prevalence of child touched by someone, 22.4% of respondents have scope, the attempt to understand the different forms abuse is in increasing been made to touch abuser's private parts, 19.5% and magnitude of child abuse across the country trend in our of child participants have been made to watch has been inadequate. The only information available country.There is a large pornography. The average working day of most annually is the crime data maintained by NCRB. child domestic workers was 15 hour long. child population in India A look at the data maintained by NCRB shows that and a large percentage Child Abuse Scenerio (Online : (1) There is a record of only those crimes which Reference 2) can be registered under the IPC or other criminal Acts. Corporal punishment, use of children for Child abuse across World: The UN Secretary creation of pornography, exposure etc. are not General's Study on Violence against Children has reflected in NCRB data as they are not offences given the following overview of the situation of under the IPC. (2) There is a gross under-reporting abuse and violence against children across the of crimes against children, which in itself is globe. WHO estimates that almost 53,000 child indicative of the low priority accorded to children deaths in 2002 were due to child homicide. In the by parents, caregivers and the police. Recently Global School-Based Student Health Survey carried reported cases, in which the police did not even out in a wide range of developing countries between lodge First Information Reports (FIR) of missing 20% and 65% of school going children reported children is indicative of this. The government, which having been verbally or physically bullied in school has the onerous task of implementing constitutional in the previous 30 days. Similar rates of bullying and statutory provisions, is concerned about the have been found in industrialized countries.An lack of data in this area. It was felt that India needs estimated 150 million girls and 73 million boys both legislation as well as large-scale interventions under 18 have experienced forced sexual to deal with the increasing incidence of child abuse. intercourse or other forms of sexual violence involving physical contact. Objectives of The Study Child abuse in Asia:While certain child abuse and The present paper has the following objectives in neglect issues are common in almost all countries interconnected with the child abuse: (a) To develop at the global level such as physical abuse, sexual a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 29 Child Abuse : An Overview

of child abuse (b) To evaluate the magnitude and The term 'Child Abuse' may have different forms of child abuse (c) To sensitize the public connotations in different cultural milieu and about the serious danger of prevalence of child socioeconomic situations. A universal definition of abuse especially child sexual abuse in the society child abuse in the Indian context does not exist and (d) To give a layout about the existing legal has yet to be defined. According to WHO following of this population is framework to deal with the problem of child abuse are the various forms of abuse: in the country (e) To provide the inference which Physical Abuse : Physical abuse is the inflicting of vulnerable to abuse, are derived from the National Study on Child Abuse physical injury upon a child. This may include exploitation and titled "Study on Child Abuse:INDIA 2007"undertaken burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating neglect.There are many by Prayas Institute of Juvenile Justice,in or otherwise harming a child. The parent or collaboration with the Department of Women and definitions of Child caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child. Child Development, Ministry of Human Resource Abuse.The originally It may, however, be the result of over-discipline or Development, Government of India (Now Ministry used definition is as physical punishment that is inappropriate to the of Women & Child Development) with support from follows: "Acts or child's age. UNICEF & Save the Children Fund (UK). (f)To omissions by a care- present the vital conclusions related to Child Sexual Sexual Abuse: Sexual abuse is inappropriate sexual giver leading to actual Abuse derived from a research on "Prevelance and behaviour with a child. It includes fondling a child's or potential damage to Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse among School genitals, making the child fondle the adult's genitals, health and going children in Chennai" (g) To accumulate the intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism development, and suggestions derived from the major studies, experts and sexual exploitation.To be considered 'child abuse', these acts have to be committed by a person exposure to thoughts and others writings to curb the abusive incidences against the children and to protect the responsible for the care of a child (for example a unnecessary suffering children. baby-sitter, a parent, or a daycare provider), or to the child". related to the child. If a stranger commits these Child Abuse Definition acts, it would be considered sexual assault and There are many definitions of Child Abuse. The handled solely by the police and criminal courts.It originally used definition is as follows: "Acts or was found by Mathur,K.M (1991),75% to 85% child omissions by a care-giver leading to actual or sex offenders are someone that the child knows, potential damage to health and development, and loves or trusts. Some 45% are relatives, fathers, exposure to unnecessary suffering to the child". brothers, under-age or grown up cousins. In a handbook titled 'Managing Child Abuse (2004)' Emotional Abuse: Emotional abuse is also known the wider definition is : "Anything which individuals, as verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological institutions, or processes do (acts) or fail maltreatment. It includes acts or the failures to act (omissions) to do which directly or indirectly harms by parents or caretakers that have caused or could children or damages the prospects of safe and cause, serious behavioural, cognitive, emotional, healthy development into adulthood". The World or mental trauma.This can include parents/ Health Organization Report on the Consultation on caretakers using extreme and/or bizarre forms of Child Abuse and Prevention (1999) proposed punishment,such as confinement in a closet or dark modified definition for Child Abuse Such as "Child room or being tied to a chair for long periods of abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of time or threatening or terrorizing a child. Less severe physical/and or emotional ill treatment, sexual acts, but no less damaging, are belittling or rejecting abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial treatment, using derogatory terms to describe the or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential child, habitual tendency to blame the child or make harm to the child's health, survival, development him/her a scapegoat. According to Hindustan or dignity in the context of a relationship of Times, May 17,2005, it is an apposite to explain responsibility, trust or power". the emotional abuse that a 15 year old girl

30± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Child Abuse : An Overview committed burning herself and ended her life Physical Abuse because she was unable to cope with harassment i) Two out of every three children are physically by a man living in neighbourhood. abused. Neglect: It is the failure to provide for the child's ii) Out of 69% children physically abused in 13 basic needs. Neglect can be physical, educational, sample states, 54.68% were boys. or emotional. Physical neglect can include not No piece of legislation iii) Over 50% of children in all the 13 sample states providing adequate food or clothing, appropriate has been enacted to were being subjected to one or the other form medical care, supervision, or proper weather deal exclusively with protection (heat or cold). It may include of physical abuse. child abuse in abandonment. Educational neglect includes failure iv) Out of those children physically abused in to provide appropriate schooling or special family situations, 88.6% were physically India.This article aimed educational needs, allowing excessive truancies. abused by parents. at sensitizing the public Psychological neglect includes the lack of any v) 65% of school going children reported facing by creating awareness emotional support and love, never attending to the corporal punishment i.e. two out of three on the issue of child child, substance abuse including allowing the child children were victims of corporal punishment. abuse especially child to participate in drug and alcohol use.According to sexual abuse in our Kratcoski (1979), Social neglect includes failure vi) The State of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar to train or discipline a child. and Delhi have almost consistently reported country. higher rates of abuse in all forms as compared Study on Child Abuse: India 2007 Result to other states. This Study was undertaken by Prayas Institute of vii) Most children did not report the matter to Juvenile Justice, in collaboration with the anyone. Department of Women and Child Development, viii) 50.2% of children worked 7 days a week. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India (Now Ministry of Women & Sexual Abuse Child Development) with support from UNICEF & a) 53.22% children reported having faced one or Save the Children Fund (UK).The survey carried out more forms of sexual abuse. across 13 states and with a sample size of 12,447, revealed that 53.22% of children reported having b) Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi faced one or more forms of sexual abuse, with reported the highest percentage of sexual Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Delhi reporting abuse among both boys and girls. the highest percentage of such incidents. c) 21.90% child respondents reported facing Major Findings (Facts from EENET Asia severe forms of sexual abuse and 50.76% other forms of sexual abuse. News Letters, 2007) d) Out of the child respondents,5.69% reported 1. Across different forms of abuse, and across being sexually assaulted. different evidence groups, the younger children (5-12 years of age) have reported higher levels e) Children in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and of abuse than the other two age groups. Delhi reported the highest incidence of sexual 2. Boys, as compared to girls, are equally at risk assault. of abuse. f) Children on street, children at work and children 3. Persons in trust and authority are major in institutional care reported the highest abusers. incidence of sexual assault. 4. 70% of abused child respondents never g) 50% abuses are persons known to the child or reported the matter to anyone. in a position of trust and responsibility.

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h) Most children did not report the matter to Y 48% of the boys who participated in the study anyone. had been abused.With regard to girls, the result shows that 39% of girls had faced abuse.When Emotional Abuse and Girl Child Neglect compared the result gives the impression that O Every second child reported facing emotional the abuse of boys is more prevalent than that abuse. of girls, this may not necessarily be indicative of the larger social realities. Due to male- O Equal percentage of both girls and boys reported facing emotional abuse. dominant patriarchal nature of Indian society, abused girls are often disbelieved and/or O In 83% of the cases parents were the abusers. blamed for their abuse, with abuse usually O 48.4% of girls wished they were boys. being associated with "loss"of virginity and These are the statistics that reveal the serious nature notions of family honour often playing an of child abuse prevalence in our country. The gravity extremely significant role in this process. This of the situation demands that the issue of child factor may hinder girls from disclosing about abuse be placed on the national agenda. The abuse faced by them.

Ministry on its part has taken measures such as Y The most prevalent forms of sexual abuse are the enabling legislation to establish the National and touching children's private parts (603), State Commissions for Protection of Rights of the exhibitionism (384) and forcing and/or tricking Child, the Integrated Child Protection Scheme, the children to watch Pornography (371). The other draft Offences against Children Bill etc. forms are made to touch offenders private Child Sexual Abuse Study Results (Facts from parts (226), made to remove clothes (83), oral Research on prevelance & Dynamics of Child sex (131), sexual inter course (81). (Due to Sexual Abuse among School going Children, 2006) multiplicity of responses the arithmetic sum of individual prevalence figures for each of the Tulir-Centre for Prevention and Healing of Child abuse is more than the total number of Sexual Abuse with support from Save the Children- children). Sweden has undertaken a study among 11th Standard school going children in Chennai.The Y Out of 847 boys students,21% of boys were study was conducted among 2211 students from reported severe forms of sexual abuse. Out of the schools in Chennai Corporation zone limits. 847 the 1364 girls students 11% of girls were students were boys while 1364 were girls. The reported severe forms of sexual abuse, Here participants belonged to a range of Socio-Economic the oral sex, sexual intercourse, making the strata and School types. For the purpose of this child to touch offender's private parts and research, the following definition has been arrived: making the children to take off their clothes (a) Child-Any person below the age of 18 years (b) are considered as severe forms of sexual Child Sexual abuse-Any behaviour by an older or abuse. more powerful person on a child for his/her sexual Y (a) Abusers-touching child's private parts : In gratification. this category the abusers are stranger Major findings of child sexual abuse (35%), personal and/or family acquaintances (27%), extended family research (17%),multiple abusers (16%), immediate

Y Out of a total of child 2211 participants, 939 family (5%). had faced at least one form of sexual abuse at (b) Abusers making the child touch abuser's some point of time, that is, 42% of these private parts : In this category the abusers children have faced sexual abuse in one form are stranger (18%), personal and/or family or the other. acquaintances (43%), extended family

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(24%), multiple abusers (9%), immediate usually an underlying obstacle, to their overall family (6%). development. While it is expected that children will be protected by adults and systems, including (c) Abusers making the child watching parents, families, teachers, community, and the pornography: In this category the abusers State. are stranger (8%), personal and/or family acquaintances (75%), extended family Important Legal frameworks to prevent (8%), multiple abusers (5%), immediate and curb the abuse against children and family (4%). to protect the rights of the Children (d) Abusers-Oral Sex: In this category the abusers are stranger (12%), personal and/ Constitution of India: The right to equality, protection or family acquaintances (39%), extended of life and personal liberty and the right against family (24%), multiple abusers (11%), exploitation are enshrined in Articles 14, 15,15(3), immediate family (14%). 19(1)(a), 21, 21(a), 23, 24, 39(e) 39(f) and reiterate India's commitment to the protection, safety, (e) Abusers-Sexual Intercourse: In this security and well-being of all it's people, including category the abusers are stranger children. (10%),personal and/or family acquaintances (41%), extended family International Conventions and (28%), multiple abusers (10%), immediate Declarations family (11%). The majority of the abusers in each form of abuse are people who are India is signatory to a number of international known to the child, whereas the strangers instruments and declarations pertaining to the rights are more often than not a minority.The only of children to protection, security and dignity. It two forms of abuse where the strangers acceded to the United Nations Convention on the constitute sizable number are touching the Rights of the Child (UN CRC) in 1992,reaffirming child's private parts and exhibitionism. its earlier acceptance of the 1959 UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child, and is fully committed to Y As per the research findings, the most common implementation of all provisions of the UN CRC. In tactic used by the abusers against children in 2005, the Government of India accepted the two order to abuse them is force. Equally relevant Optional Protocols to the UN CRC, addressing the to notice in this data are two other often used involvement of children in armed conflict and the tactics of abusers-trickery and making the sale of children, child prostitution and child children feel special in order to abuse them pornography. and to keep that abuse a secret, besides being blackmailed, given gifts and intimidated. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989- The Y Out of a total of 939 children 360 children, Convention prescribes standards to be adhered to that is 38%,had disclosed and sought help.As by all State parties in securing the best interest of response to the disclosure of 360 children's the child and outlines the fundamental rights of disclosure of their abusive incidence 147 were children, including the right to be protected from helped,91 asked to keep it as a secret, 16 were economic exploitation and harmful work, from all not believed, 8 were blamed, nothing changed forms of sexual exploitation and abuse and from (77), two or more of these (11), 10 got no physical or mental violence, as well as ensuring response from the parent, friends and societies that children will not be separated from their families totally. against their will. So child Sexual abuse is one of the most Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of fundamental violations of the children's rights and Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is also

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 33 Child Abuse : An Overview

applicable to girls under 18 years of age. of Children) Act, 2000. (h) Commission for Protection of the Rights of the Child Act,2005. (i) SAARC Convention on Prevention and Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006. Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution emphasizes that the evil of Indian Penal Code trafficking in women and children for the purpose of prostitution is incompatible with the dignity and Under the Indian Penal Code, the following sections honour of human beings and is a violation of basic are enumerated to curb the children from human rights of women and children. abuse: (i) Exposure and Abandonment : Crime National Policies and Legislations against children by parents or others to expose or to leave them with the intention of abandonment addressing Child Abuse {Section 317}. (ii) Kidnapping and Abduction : The major policies and legislations originated in the Kidnapping for extortion {Section 360}; Kidnapping country to ensure child rights and improvement in from lawful guardianship {Section 361}; their status are: Kidnapping for ransom {Section 363 read with Section 384}; Kidnapping for camel racing etc. (1) National Policy for Children, 1974; 2) Report of {Section 363}; Kidnapping for begging {Section the Committee on Prostitution, Child Prostitutes and 363-A}; Kidnapping to compel for marriage Children of Prostitutes and Plan of Action to Combat {Section 366}; Kidnapping for slavery etc. {Section Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of 367}; Kidnapping for stealing from its person: under Women and Children, 1998; (3) National Charter 10 years of age only {Section 369}. (iii) for Children, 2004 -Underlying the National Charter Procurement of minor girls by inducement or by for Children 2004, is the intent to secure for every force to seduce or have illicit intercourse {Section child the right to a healthy and happy childhood, to 366-A}.(iv) Selling of girls for prostitution {Section address the root causes that negate the healthy 372}. (v) Buying of girls for prostitution {Section growth and development of children, and to awaken 373}. (vi) Rape {Section 376}. (vii) Unnatural Sex the conscience of the community in the wider social {Section 377}. But no piece of legislation has been context to protect children from all forms of abuse, enacted to deal exclusively with child abuse in India while strengthening the family, society and the (National Initiative for Child protection, 2000). nation.This Charter has the following sections on child protection: (4) National Plan of Action for Conclusion Children, 2005 . The present paper is an attempt to enhance the Related National Acts/Legislations awareness of public about the prevalence of child abuse in our Country. It is clear from the facts and Major National legislations for protection of child figures of this paper that the problem of child abuse rights and to prevent the children from child is becoming very serious and it is the need of the abuse,child sexual abuse in the country are: hour to handle this problem on priority basis. The (a) Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976. child abuse is a major evil, which totally affects the (b) Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1986. (c) Child growth of the children's development and Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986. (d) personality because of creating and manipulating Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and the mental trauma to the children. Prof. de Psychotropic Substances Act, 1987. (e) Pre-natal Silva(2007) argued Humiliating and degrading Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention punishment will only make the children more of Misuse) Act, 1994. (f) Persons with Disabilities aggressive and domestic violence, a phenomenon (Equal Protection of Rights and Full Participation) behind closed doors will only lead to more physical Act, 2000. (g) Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection and emotional abuse of the children. Indian society

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is not prepared to bring out such cruel happenings, O The media should be used to spread as it is not ready to even discuss about child awareness on child rights. Debates and abuse,sex education to children. It is a universal discussions with participation of children can problem that occurs across gender, caste, religion, be a regular feature on electronic media in order ethnic and socio-economic groups (Veronica, to enhance people's knowledge and sensitivity 2007). Sexual abuse of children is disturbing, on child protection issues (National Study on abhorrent and very often an indescribable crime Child Abuse, 2007). but the unfortunate reality is that it exists.When O Schools should be encouraged to children do not feel safe,their other rights are institutionalize 'Personal Safety Education', a endangered.While it is the responsibility of all of us curriculum for children that aims at prevention adults to be the primary safe guards to care for of sexual abuse by helping children participate and protect the interest of children, with continually in their own protection through age-appropriate increasing incidences of abuse of children being information, skills and self esteem. reported, there seems to be a failure in this most basic obligation. So what we have to do is creating O Professionals at the frontline of working with awareness among the people to protect our ever- children, such as teachers, medical biggest asset, that is, children from being abused. professionals, school counsellors, police Since prevention is better than cure, the parents, personnel should be sensitized and trained to teachers, professionals like doctors and the appropriately respond to child sexual abuse, volunteers of non-governmental organization should for prevention, detection and management teach the children about the possibilities of being perspectives. abused. O NGOs and other civil societies should be made Recommendations aware of sexual abuse of children,trained to respond to this issue and helped to address it Following are the recommendations derived from as a crosscutting concern within their existing the other writings and discussions with the experts framework of activities with children and adult and colleagues with those who are being interested stakeholders (Research on prevelance and in protect the child rights: dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse, 2006).

O The present National Policy on Children 1974 O India has to enact a new Code for Child Rights needs to be revised. There is an urgent need to go by the U.N. Convention on the Rights of for a separate National Child Protection Policy. the Childs of which India is a signatory (Justice So, every state should then set up a State V. R. Krishna Iyer, 2007). Commission for the Protection of Rights of the O As per (Poongothai Aladi Aruna, 2007) the Child and formulate Plans of Action for Child former Minister for State of Tamil Nadu's word Protection at the village, taluk, district and state of honour, the Department of Social welfare levels. will have to initiate steps as soon as possible O Mechanism for Child Care and protection: to establish a special cell to deal with the There is a need to create a mechanism which physical, emotional and sexual abuse of may include child care and protection children and create awareness among the mechanisms at village, block, district and state public on these vicious social issues. levels which involve parents, elected O The legal practitioners forum should voluntarily representatives of urban and rural local bodies, advocate at free of cost in the child abuse cases teachers, anganwadi workers, medical for the benefit of the children and in parallel practitioners, police and social workers and way for the benefit of the growth of country. responsible members of public among others.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 35 Child Abuse : An Overview

O School teachers have to be trained to handle the interviewers with them from playgrounds, the misbehaving students through guidance schools, parks, and tuition centres. During this, and counselling instead of corporal the children should be made aware about the punishments. services and free helpline of Childline. By doing so, fearlessly they can ring up to O Stringent Laws should be enacted to childline(1098) and can inform the abusive completely curb child abuse and sex tourism incidents when they are in the hands of in the country, which will prevent the child abusers. trafficking indisputably. There is a plethora of children's issues that the state needs to tackle References aggressively-begging, child labour and sex work being the most urgent ones (Hindustan 1. Abuse among Child Domestic Workers (2005), Times, March 29, 2006). A research Study in West Bengal conducted by 'Save the Children-UK and Tulir-Centre for O Parents should participate voluntarily in the the prevention and healing of Child Sexual campaigns against child abuse and should Abuse'. p.19-20. suggest protection strategy to their children in child-friendly manner. 2. Ibid an. p.22.

O Recommendation to Criminal Justice System 3. de Silva, Presidential Task Force on Child - In his writing. Shri Sharma, DIG (2004) Protection and the National Child Protection suggested, police have to be trained in handling Authority of Sri Lanka, in The Hindu, dated on the child abuse cases. They must be sensitized 25th Oct. 2007. in interacting with the victims and their parents. 4. EENET Asia Newsletters : Fourth issue June They should have fundamental understanding 2007 Contents. of child psychology and development. The police should be very sympathetic to the victim 5. Hindustan Times, March 29, 2006: 'Seeking as well as to his/her family. It should console adult help', cited in, ' Abused children in print the latter which would help them to come out media', Indian Police Journal. Vol. LIII No.3, of the shock and a sense of depression. They July-Sept. 2006, p.71. must ensure proper legal assistance to the 6. HT Bureau (2004). Child Abuse: A priority issue victim whenever it is needed. The Supreme for immediate action, Human Touch,Vol.4: 5 Court of India has directed that an advocate cited in, ' Abused Children in print Media', Indian should be appointed by the Court for the Police Journal. Vol. LIII No.3, July-Sept 2006, victim.(Crl WP No.362/93-Delhi Domestic p.68. Working Women's Forum vs Union of India & Others).The judicial officers also should be 7. Kacker,L Srinivas Varadan,Pravesh Kumar sensitized and should know child development Report by Ministry of Women and Child and behaviour well to deal with these problems. Development - Government of India. Supported by: Save The Children and UNICEF. O Networking with Child helpline (a 24 hour nationwide helpline for children) should be 8. Kratcoski, P.C. and Kratcoski, L.D. (1979). strengthened for this purpose, so that an Juvenile Delinquency, Prentice Hall, New effective reporting mechanism may be Jersey. developed for the Child Domestic Workers 9. Managing Child Abuse (2004), A Handbook facing abusive circumstances (Abuse among for Medical Officers published by WHO Child Domestic Workers, 2005). Likewise, the Regional office for South-East Asia, New Delhi. children data should be directly collected by P6.

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10. Mamta Patel, 'Abused Children in print Media', Resource Development, Govt of India (Now Indian Police Journal. Vol. LIII No.3, July-Sept. Ministry of Women & Child Development) with 2006, p.69-70. support from by UNICEF & Save the Children Fund (UK). 11. Mathur, K.M (1991).'Police in India -Problems and Perspectives' Gyan Publishing House, New 19. The World Health Organization report on the Delhi, cited in, 'Abused Children in print Media', consultation on Child abuse and prevention Indian Police Journal. Vol. LIII No.3, July-Sept. (1999) 2006, p.68. 20. Veronica, Nancy, Programme facilitator in 12. National initiative for child protection-A TULIR, in. The Hindu, dated 26th October 2007. Resource Book(2000), published by CIIF, NISD, 21. V.R. Krishna Iyer, in "The Hindu" dated 14th Ministry of Social justice and empowerment November 2007. with support of UNICEF. p.36. 13. Poongothai Aladi Aruna, Tamil Nadu Former Source Books State Minister for Social Welfare, in "The Hindu" 1 "Managing Child Sexual Abuse-A Handbook for dated 25th October 2007. Medical Officers" Published by the WHO 14. Research on prevelance and dynamics of Child Regional office for South East-Asia,2004. Sexual Abuse among school going children in 2 "National initiative for child protection-A Chennai, supported by Save The Children - Resource Book"published by Sweden with Tulir-Centre For the prevention CIIF,NISD,Ministry of Social Justice and and healing of Child Sexual Abuse, Printed in Empowerment with support of UNICEF. 2000. India 2006. 3 "Research on prevelance and dynamics of 15. Ibid.p.28-29. Child Sexual Abuse among school going 16. Sharma, B.K (2004), 'Sexual Abuse of children in Chennai" supported by Save The Children', The Indian Police Journal, Jan Mar. Children- Sweden with Tulir-Centre For the 2004. p.81,82, 84. prevention & healing of Child Sexual Abuse, Printed in India 2006. 17. Sen,S and Nair P.M.(2005) :Trafficking in Women and Children in India; Orient Longman Online references Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1 URL:http://www.www.southasianconnection. 18. The National Study on Child Abuse titled "Study com/blogs/331/child-abuse-in-India.html, on Child Abuse: INDIA 2007", undertaken by retrieved on 20-11-2007. Prayas Institute of Juvenile Justice, in collaboration with the Department of Women 2 URL:http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/ and Child Development, Ministry of Human knowledge/childabuse_report.pdf, retrieved on 21-11-2007.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 37 Managing Low Intensity Conflicts

A.P. Maheshwari, IPS* Introduction Forces that are pumped into the conflict zones to Key Words counter the violence, as in extreme situations Not very long back, there was a newspaper report counter-violence becomes the only alternative. The Terror Triangle, Counter to the effect that tribals in Chattisgarh are facing Terror Sleuths, Known forces which are trained to undertake surgical the terror brunt from all the three sides -the naxals, operations on the detection of the 'enemy'often fail Unknowns, Unknown the security forces and the locally sponsored self to differentiate 'who the enemy is not'. During the Unknowns, Credibility defence groups. It may not be an absolute truth unguided operations, therefore, many more Gap Cognitions, but the contrary is also not liable to be completely casualties of trust, goodwill and hopes find their Physical Terrain discarded. Nevertheless, it throws open a big way which totally negate the impact of whatever question before all of us. The question, which is Mapping,Counter- progress we would have made in sanitizing the valid across the globe, hits the basic premise, 'what given area. Violence, Non are we looking for?'Is there anything important for Enemies, Value-based, our security forces to know while undertaking It is here that we must relearn our lessons when Performance, Cultural operations against the target groups? we are not being humane towards the 'non enemies.'The way one analyses the geographical Intelligence, Psycho- Best way to visualize what could be wrong in our Behavioural terrains in the area of operation in terms of safe approach is to step into the shoes of the local routes or alternate routes, lED prone areas or Operations, Optimising habitats. We would then soon realize that it is not sanitized segments, contours or the local Cultural security, only relevant to ascertain 'who our enemy is', it is camouflage etc; similarly one has to conduct the Alienated, Holistic equally crucial to demarcate 'who our enemy is not'. human terrain mapping (HTM). This appears efforts, Organic human This holds good for all those conflict zones on the essential for two reasons. One, the enemy.is well internal security grid where the local populace lives profiles blended in the general populace and non- in the constant fear of a 'terror triangle'. segregation may lead to avoidable torture and Technologically exported global terror, a major thereby the alienation of the 'non enemy'. Two,the cause of concern for all, already keeps the common forces would fail to achieve 'value-based' man bewildered about what may be the next performance which has a propensity to further untoward threat lurking in the dark, and waiting to widen the credibility gaps in the system. raise its ugly head the next moment. And as if that is not enough, the known 'counter Pragmatic Approach terror sleuths' too, at times, leave behind a chilling 'Value based' performance should not be taken to impact that cuts across the bones of these masses, mean the creation of 'sources' for effective notwithstanding the pressures of the self defence operational results. Creation of 'sources' in these groups that they have to live with. Thus, one is left conflict zones is altogether a different ball game really confused in this world of the 'known where a person is approached by the forces or unknowns' and 'unknown unknowns'. A significant agencies with a definite motive and his weaknesses 'credibility gap'is thereby constantly perpetuated. are exploited for a favourable operational outcome. Human Terrain Mapping Mostly such people are spoilt professionals who have the potential to make the crossover. HTM is Mere physical terrain mapping, however,is not not concerned with a mere knowledge of such sufficient.This aspect, however,assumes * IG Operations, CRPF people for operational intelligence. Rather it takes prominence due to the sizable number of Armed Headquarters, New Delhi. a pragmatic approach to a 'cultural intelligence'

38± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 about the local people so that the 'non enemies' ours where each human being deserves a humane are not confused with the real 'enemies' or vice- treatment, much less the essential social respect. versa.We must try to know the local people as It is not difficult for the police chiefs or the intimately as a mother knows her child.We would commanders of the para-military forces to get then be able to undertake various attuned to the HTM. They are well aware of the psychobehavioural operations to make a mark and importance of the 'Human Mapping'of the soldiers indirectly wipe out the 'enemy'. Needless to say they lead in order to ensure that they be counted Abstracts that none of the sides in this dangerous game of amongst effective leaders. A well-considered fierce guns and explosives can survive without the The security forces, as extension of the human terrain approach shall assist public support, be it covert or overt. Optimising part of their them to lead well in the 'physical terrain' they are the proper use of the support base of the local asked to operate within. compartmentalized people, not for operational intelligence, but for notions, generally meaningful intervention and stabilization holds the In the social set up where people are not alienated develop two types of key to success in today's era of proxy war. with the local administration and systems of self- governance are more or less in place with a cognitions towards the Politico-Security participative mode, we have been trying various public in such conflict zones, either in terms One may also have to think in terms of 'politico- models of community policing and drawing security' to usher in the democratic process so that synergies out of the holistic efforts. In low intensity of their being a part of people have an alternate viable option to the 'terror war zones, till we reach such a point, MTM provides terror support structure dictats'. Understanding behavioural dynamics of the an effective tool. Since 'security' and 'development' or a potent conduit of in these areas remain part of the vicious circle of local population, given the socio-cultural and the the information about economic constants,is sine-quo-non for peace to abnormality, one being taken as excuse for the other and vice-versa, security forces got to take a them.It is beyond these return pronto and that too with the desired stability. particularities, Like in the body, the holistics of the system too lead.The concepts of area dominance have to shift needs to be well understood before the surgeon from inorganic physical terrains to organic human decides where to cut and how deep, profiles. notwithstanding the past and future sustenance of Conclusion the concerned patient. O Technologically exported global terror, a major Multifaceted Interface cause of concern for all, already keeps the Hence, the HTM concepts necessitate multifaceted common man bewildered about what may be sociocultural interface in the region with the help the next untoward threat lurking in the dark, of experts dealing with various facets of life. It may and waiting to raise its ugly head the next range from a political worker to the social or human moment. And as if that is not enough,the known rights activists; psychologists, doctors, lawyers, 'counter terror sleuths' too, at times, leave musicians, playwriters, journalists etc. to the behind a chilling impact that cuts across the historians.This leads us to the need for an advisory bones of these masses, notwithstanding the team consisting of the above in the given zone of pressures of the self defence groups that they conflict to guide the captains of the security forces have to live with. Thus, one is left really working in that area so that they donot miss the confused in this world of the 'known unknowns' mark. Physical security, in fact, would tend to and 'unknown unknowns'. A significant become redundant if carried out without 'cultural 'credibility gap' is thereby constantly security' where a person loves to sustain himself perpetuated. along with congnitively nurtured 'self-emotions'. O Understanding behavioural dynamics of the War of perceptions is, nonetheless, far more potent local population, given the socio-cultural and than a war of guns in this democratized world of the economic constants, is sine-quo-non for

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 39 Managing Low Intensity Conflicts

peace to return pronto and that too with the nonetheless, far more potent than a war of guns desired stability. Like in the body,the holistics in this democratized world of ours where each of the system too needs to be well understood human being deserves a humane treatment, before the surgeon decides where to cut and much less the essential social respect. how deep, notwithstanding the past and future O Since 'security' and 'development' in these sustenance of the concerned patient. that we have to areas remain part of the vicious circle of understand the concept O Physical security, in fact, would tend to become abnormality, one being taken as excuse for the of 'Human Terrain redundant if carried out without 'cultural other and vice eversa, security forces got to security' where a person loves to sustain take a lead. The concepts of area dominance Mapping'. Secondly, it himself along with congnitively nurtured have to shift from inorganic physical terrains is also in sharp 'selfemotions'. War of perceptions is, to organic human profiles. contrast to the 'physical terrain mapping' which otherwise forms a part of the 'learnings' of the security forces for dominating the area to reverse the lose-win situation.

40± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 A Grain of Evidence

H.S. Bhawara* Key Words Introduction shaped, spinecular, etc. Their variable shape, size, aperture, and wall characteristics are very helpful Pollen Grains, Forensic Pollen and spores are important form of trace in their identification. The exine (outer layer) of the Palynology, Trace evidence, which can help in linking a suspect to a pollen is resistant to acetolysis, physical and crime scene.This branch of forensic science that Evidence, Pollen Rain, biological degradation. Because of this property of Palynologist. deals with the study of Pollen grains and spores as exine, pollen grains can be found well preserved at evidence in the court of law is known as Forensic a crime scene for a long period.They are carried by Palynology. Experts in forensic pollen analysis are different media such as air, animals including man, called palynologists. They can determine whether insects such as bees, butterfly etc. the pollen species and patterns found on a suspect are characteristic of a particular area. It is not just Soil,dirt, and dust are common elements at almost the identity of the pollen that is important, but also every crime scene. As such they should be the way in which it is dispersed, known as pollen collected carefully because often these elements rain. Each area has its own type of pollen rain that contain abundant pollen and spores. Samples of depends upon its native flora. dirt collected from the clothing, skin, hair, shoes, or car of a victim might prove useful in linking the In its broader application, the field of forensic victim with the location where the crime palynology also includes legal information derived occurred.The same would be true of any suspects from the analysis of a broad range of microscopic thought to be associated with a crime. Mud found organisms--such as dinoflagellates, acritarchs, and on a stolen vehicle, or a vehicle used in a crime, chitinozoans--that can be found in both fresh and could link the vehicle with the scene of a crime or marine environments (Faegri et al., 1989). However, link it to the place from which it was stolen. Dirt in most sampling situations forensic palynologists found associated with other objects or other types rarely encounter these other types of organisms of conveyances (i.e., airplane, bicycle, motorcycle, because most are restricted to fossil deposits. boat, etc.) thought to be associated with a crime Pollen is the male sex cells of flowering or cone- also might yield pollen evidence useful in linking bearing plants. It is microscopic and found on nearly those items with a specific crime or a specific every surface and object, so suspects will be geographical locale. In this paper an attempt has carrying it, unknowingly, on their clothes, hair, and been made to highlight the significance of pollens body. Because of their microscopic entity, pollens in forensic problems. are different types of trace evidence found at the scene of crime.In almost every case pollens are Why Pollen Study? expected to be present, be it in wearing apparels, There are a number of reasons why the analysis of body parts especially in hairs, shoes, etc. However, pollen and spores have become useful in a number forensic palynology has not made much headway of scientific studies and they are as follows: in India because of the difficulties and problems that are encountered in their isolation and O Chemical resistance: They have a very tough identification work. outer coat (the exine) which enables them to * Scientific Officer, State survive better and longer than other biological Forensic Science Pollen grains can be differentiated by their external materials.This property renders them resistant Laboratory,Tikrapara morphology, which may be circular, ovate, bean- to chemical attack so that strong acids and Raipur (C.G).

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 41 A Grain of Evidence

alkalis can be used to remove other organic 1 What type of materials should be collected? material leaving the pollen and spores for 2 How should the materials be collected and by identification. whom? and O Identification: The second useful feature is 3 How should samples be treated once they are the variation in the form and sculpture of the collected resistant outer coat. This provides a means of Abstract identifying the plants that produced the pollen The most important consideration that should Pollen grains are and spores under investigation. always be foremost in the mind of the person collecting forensic samples is to make sure that all important form of trace O Production: Pollen grains and spores are collecting tools and all collection containers are free produced in vast quantities which means that evidence,which can of pollen contamination. help in linking a identification can be made quantitative rather The suspected clothing and article are placed on suspect to a crime than just noting presence or absence of particular types. the table and beaten with a stick. Dirt and dust that scene. Such a branch comes out are collected and kept in 70% ethyl of Forensic Science Palynological Study :An Evidentiary alcohol. Slides are then prepared for the presence that deals with the Value of pollen grains according to the method given by Nair (1960) which employs: study of Pollen grains Types of samples used for Palynological analysis and spores as evidence in Forensic Science are: i. Crushing of suspected pollen with a glass rod in the court of law is followed by sieving through a fine mesh. O Soil and dust from the alleged crime scene. known as Forensic ii. Staining the content with safranin (1%) and O Soil and dust from the alibi scene. Palynology. Experts washing the content with water until the that deal with the O Soil and dust from the victims clothing and/or supernatant in the centrifuge is colourless. shoes. forensic pollen analysis iii. After washing, dilute glycerin is added followed are called as O Soil and dust from the suspects clothing and/ by acetolysis with 1 ml of concentrated Palynologists. shoes. sulphuric acid in 9 ml of acetic anhydride.

Palynologists can O Scrapings from finger nails. Mounting of pollen grain is done in glycerin.When determine whether the seen through the microscope,the acetolysed pollen O Hair combings. looks brown in colour, with varied shape according O Soil from tyres. to the species. O From nostrils, ears or possibly lungs. Problem of Identification of pollen taxa Forensic Palynology :A Procedural Guide Large pollen grains often shows the equatorial view In forensic palynology the collection and extraction and rarely the polar view could be observed, which of pollen and spore assemblages from samples are might cause difficulty in the determination of pollen critical aspects. Improper collection of samples shape. It is also true that large grains might cause and/or the accidental contamination of forensic bubbles during the preparation of pollen slides samples will produce inaccurate results. Not only obstructing observation of the grains. can this lead to misinformation, but improper Pollen Identification Ability collection and handling of forensic samples can be used to dismiss resulting data as invalid evidence. Identification might be difficult when the pollen When determining what kind of materials one features were not prominent and also when the total should select for pollen forensic studies, the acquired pollen was not sufficient to give following three aspects should be considered:- conclusions. But for forensic application, at the

42± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 A Grain of Evidence

present time, it is possible for the identification of palynology occurred in Sweden in 1959. A the taxa at least to the level of family. Identification woman was killed in May during a trip in central of the pollen to family could supply the scope of Sweden. Palynological examination was done plant distribution as well as certain special to determine whether or not the women was environmental information from the pollen. Such killed where she was found or the murder took information could provide clues for criminal place elsewhere and then the body was investigation. dumped at the site of the alleged crime scene. pollen species and The examination suggested that the murder patterns found on a Caution for forensic application: took place elsewhere because the dirt lacked suspect are Avoid contamination and pollution before pollen from plants common in the area where characteristic of a collection: The instruments must be clean before the body was found (i.e. Plantago, Rumex, and particular area. It is not the collection. Pollen grains are too small to be seen Grasses). However, the later interpretation was just the identity of the by the naked eye so that the blank test must be that murder took place in May because the pollen that is important, Pollination during that time was over (Erdtman, done to ascertain that there was no pollution of the but also the way in instruments and tools. 1969). Mildenhall (1988) suggested that pollens may be present in the dirt collected which it is Avoid contamination during collection of pollen from the clothings, skin, hair, shoes, or car of dispersed,popularly grains: Collection of atmospheric pollen grains from a victim and might prove as useful links known as pollen rain. clothes must take several different steps so that between the victim and scene of crime. Pollen evidence can the contamination can be avoided at each step. Y In an alleged rape case, Horrocks & Walsh furnish the plant habitat Documentation of pollen evidence: Microscopic (1999) compared the pollen assemblages of and pollen dispersion photos should be done to keep the pollen evidence the rape victim's clothing and the suspect's data including climatic permanent. clothing with soil samples taken from the conditions and pollen alleged crime scene and the alibi scene. The Keep the clothes for evidence: Important clothes dehiscence time, so two scenes were only 7m apart but could be of the criminal must be kept in a cold condition to that the crime scene maintain the useful evidence long enough for further differentiated on the basis of pollen investigation. assemblage. The clothing samples showed could be obtained from very close correlation with each other and the pollen data, but the Explanatory ability: Pollen evidence can furnish crime scene in the amounts of pollen types the plant habitat and pollen dispersion data including present.This strongly supported the allegation climatic conditions and pollen dehiscence time, so that the suspect had been at the scene of the that the criminal scene could be obtained from alleged crime. pollen data. But the data should be treated carefully before application. Y A study by Horrocks,Coulson &Walsh (1999) was carried out to establish the value of Case Studies comparing pollen assemblages in soil samples taken from and between consecutive To illustrate how important, and diverse forensic shoeprints within a localized area.The results palynology has become, we have briefly examined indicated that pollen assemblages from soil on a number of actual circumstances where these shoes do not differ significantly from types of techniques have proven useful. In most of assemblages in the prints in soil made by those these cases the palynomorph data were an shoes.This demonstrates that examination of important factor in either solving the case, or they soil samples for pollen from shoes can provide were used to identify and link a suspect to the scene evidence to suggest an association between of a crime. suspects and crime scenes. Y One of the earliest reported cases using

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 43 A Grain of Evidence

Other types of cases in which palynology has been References successfully used other than those discussed above are : 1 Erdtman, G. (1969): ‘Handbook of Palynology’. Munksguard, Copenhagen. O Plane crashes, e.g. the Ruidoso, New Mexico plane crash (Graham, 1997). 2 Faegri, K., Iverson, J. and Krzywinski, K. (1989): ‘Textbook of Pollen Analysis’. 4th data should be treated O To establish the provenance and travel history Edition. John Willey and Sons, New York. carefully before of illicit drugs, e.g. Mildenhall, 1990 & Stanley, application. 1992. 3 Graham, A. (1997): ‘Forensic Polynology and the Ruidoso, New Mexico Plane Crash-The In India, this important O In terrorist cases, e.g. Pereira & Cook, 1979. Pollen Evidence II’. J. Forensic Science, 44, area has not received 391-393 Conclusion much attention.The 4 Horrocks, M., Coulson, S. A. and Walsh K. A. present article Pollen can be used as a very valuable evidence in J. (1999): ‘Forensic Palynology: Variation in highlights the many cases and it is a technique that could be the pollen content of soil on shoes and in applied and developed for use in forensic science. significance of pollens shoesprints in soil’. J. Forensic Science 44, It is probably because of its microscopic size that 119-122. in forensic problems. If pollen is often overlooked as a line of evidence and due attention is given to it needs specialist skills for identification, but it can 5 Horrocks, M., and Walsh K. A. J. (1999): ‘Fine this important aspect, be of great value in determining location and time resolution of pollen patterns in limited space: many cases of of year. In all of the different types of cases looked differentiating a crime scene and alibi scene at above, the main forensic application of pollen seven metres apart’. J. of Forensic Science adulteration of food and 44, 417-420. other eatables such as analysis is in providing associative evidence, i.e., assisting to prove or disprove a link between people honey, milk etc and 6 Mildenhall,D.C.(1988): ‘Deer velvet and and objects with places or with other people. palynology: An example of the case of Forensic cases of rape, murder In India, however, this important area has not Palynology in New Zealand’. Tuatara, 30, 1- and kidnapping etc can received much attention. If due attention is given to 11. be solved easily. this important aspect, many cases of adulteration 7 Mildenhall, D.C. (1990): ‘Forensic Palynology of food and other eatables such as honey, milk, etc in New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and and cases of rape, murder, kidnapping can be Palynology’. 64, 227-234 solved easily. Pollen evidence has also become significant in determining the manner and time of 8 Nair P.K.K.(1960): ‘A modification in the method death, source of origin of illegal drugs and their of pollen preparation’. J. Sci. Industr. Res. 19c; route through which it has probably been 26-27 transported. Although palynology has so far been 9 Pereira, M. and Cook, R.(1979): ‘The role of neglected, it is hoped that sooner or later, forensic the biologist in the investigation of terrorist palynology will be used in several crime solving cases. Technical Note No. 106.’ Information exercises especially in cases of rape, bestiality, Division, HOCRE. murder,illegal drug trafficking etc.when other 10 Stanley, E.A.(1992) : ‘Application of Palynology evidence may not be available. to establish the provenance and travel history Acknowledgements of illicit drugs’. Microscope, 40, 149-152. Author is thankful to Dr. M. P. Goutam, Director, State Forensic Science Laboratory,Raipur for his valuable suggestions.

44± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Management of a Police Welfare Programme: Key Words "Arogya Bhadrata Scheme" Arogya Bhadratha (Health Protection), in Andhra Pradesh - A Study Professional Hazards, Health Problems, Dr. G. Siva Rama Sarma* Mental Tension, Managing Committee, Introduction (a) To relieve mental tension among police officers Super Specialist and men when they have to undergo major Hospitals, Third Part Police duty demands day and night service. There operations. Administrator, will be no fixed hours of duty. Police personnel are more prone to get into serious health problems due (b) To give treatment and undertake operation in Reimbursement, Unit to exigencies of their duties and the connected super specialty hospitals. Officers, Referral and professional hazards. In spite of the of the fact that (c) To pay the money directly to the hospitals Accredited Hospitals, the Government of Andhra Pradesh is doing its where the operation/treatment is done.1 Subscriptions, Identity might to give monetary assistance to the police The scheme has started functioning from 15/1/ Cards. personnel who get into serious health problems, 19992. The membership of this scheme is open to but due to some procedures they are not getting all categories of employees working in theAndhra the assistance in time. And some assistance is also Pradesh Police Department. Without exception, extended from police welfare fund by the Inspector every one in the department should become a General of Police, welfare. Since the expenditure member of the Health Protection Scheme "Arogya involved in attending to the heart problems and Bhadratha". Eachmemberisprovided with identity kidney problems are vey heavy,the assistance given card duly affixing stamp size photograph of the by the government as well as by the department member and his/her family members. has become much insufficient. Moreover, the reimbursement facility (Rs.50000/-) extened by the The scheme is managed by a managing committee Government of Andhra Pradesh is available only if consisting of 11 members including the Chairman the treatment/operation takes place in Government and Vice-Chairman.The Director General and hospitals. Because of these hard realities the Inspector General of Police will be the ex-officio scheme "Arogya Bhadratha" ('Arogya' means Chairman. Inspector General of Police,Welfare and Health, 'Bhadratha' means Protection in Telugu i.e. Sports will be the ex-officio Vice-Chairman and Health Protection) has been designed and is being other members will be nominated by the Chairman. implemented. This scheme is designed to suit all The term of the nominated members is two years ranks in the department. and they continue in office till the Chairman nominates new members in their place. Objectives The Managing Committee appoints a Secretary who * Prof & HoD in Public Administation, SAP Arts, As per the Police Department the scheme has been is responsible for administration of the trust and to Science & Commerce College, designed with a view to achieve the following look after the various aspects of financial Vikarabad 501101, Ranga objectives: management such as keeping accounts of Reddy Dist.,Andhra Pradesh.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 45 Management of a Police Welfare Programme: "Arogya Bhadrata Scheme" in Andhra Pradesh - A Study

subscriptions/reimbursements of money and others Limited, Srinagar Colony, Hyderabad is appointed received, maintaining Bank accounts, making as Third Party Administrator for a period of 3 years investments, releasing payments to the hospitals, w.e.f. 20/10/2006 to ease the work of Arogya etc. Bhadratha. The TPA is entrusted with the work pertaining to service of medical bills on par with Funds NIMS/CGHS Tariff and to suggest on the coverage Abstract The Arogya Bhadratha Trust ordinarily obtain funds of disease enlisted in the circular. Further, the Third from the following sources; Party Administrator has to monitor and evaluate Since Police Personnel new hospitals for considering their empanelment are more prone to get 1 Monthly subscriptions from members. Each under Arogya Bhadratha Scheme. employee is to pay Rs. 250/- per annum into serious health deducted from the pay in two installments of Procedure for obtaining Treatment at problems due to the Rs. 125/- each from the salary drawn in the Network Hospitals and Arrange exigencies of their months of January and July. Payments/Claims/ Reimbursement duties and the 2 Government reimbursement of the individual Member requiring Treatment connected professional member medical expenses. hazards, the Arogya Unit Officer SP/DCP/DIG/IGP/DGP 3 Grant-in-Aid from the Central Welfare Fund of Bhadrata Scheme is Andhra Pradesh Police Department. Issues Referral Letter (3 copies - Hospital,Third designed to take care of Party Administrator, Member) the serious ailments or 4 Donations, Charities and Grants from the State/ Union Government/Local Bodies/ ↓ medical condition of Associations, etc. police personnel Member approaches the Network Hospital through identified super 5. Other miscellaneous revenue (interest on bank ↓ balances). specialty hospitals in Credit Treatment taken at the Network Hospital Andhra Pradesh. The scheme is essentially designed to provide in for approved services/supplies patient/ out patient treatment in serious ailments/ medical conditions identified and notified by the ↓ Board Trust from time to time. The scheme does Member gets discharged availing treatment not envisage referring members to accredited hospitals for general check-up, routine ↓ investigations, diagnostics, tests, treatment of Hospital sends all the specified documents to women ailments, etc. Secretary,Arogya Bhadratha Trust The scheme identifies number of super specialty/ ↓ single specialty hospitals and these are accredited Bill forwarded by Secretary, Arogya Bhadratha for the purpose of extending medical treatment to Trust to TPA the members,employees and their family members. The payment to these hospitals is made as per ↓ agreed tariff, which is normally not more than what Third Party Administrator scrutinizes bills is charged by Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. The scheme authorizes the unit officers ↓ to refer the patients to accredited hospitals. See Transmission of scrutinized bills to Arogya the list of accredited hospitals in Annexure-I. Bhadratha Office Third Party Administrator (TPA) ↓ M/S Expert Health Care Management Services India Re-scrutiny at Arogya Bhadratha Office

46± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Management of a Police Welfare Programme: "Arogya Bhadrata Scheme" in Andhra Pradesh - A Study

↓ member of the scheme or his dependent requires urgent and immediate treatment and authorized Arogya Bhadratha Office releases payments to officer is not available that alternate authorized the respective Hospitals officer has been permitted to sign on behalf of the ↓ unit officer.3 Bills sent to Director, Medical Education for Eligibility The main objective of Certification of amount eligible for the scheme is to relieve reimbursement All categories of employees working in police department on regular basis are eligible to become mental tension among ↓ members. All regular employees who are on police officers and men Bill returned to Arogya Bhadratha by Director of deputation with other departments are also eligible when they have to Medical Education duly certified to become members. Each member is provided undergo major with identity card duly affixing stamp size ↓ operations. photograph of the member and his/her family Bill sent to Accounts Section, Chief Office for members (his/her spouse and their children The membership in this scrutiny and arrange payment restricted to 3 only) attested by their unit officer scheme is open to all and Secretary,Arogya Bhadratha Scheme which will ↓ categories of help him in emergency to obtain treatment at employees working in Reimbursement amounts received by Trust from accredited Hospital. The benefit of the scheme is the Police Department. Accounts Department available to the member and his/her spouse as long as he/she continue in service. This scheme The scheme is The Arogya Bhadratha Scheme authorizes the Unit managed by a Officers to refer the patients to accredited hospitals excludes employed sons and married daughters. Managing Committee as per the laid down norms by the scheme and the The Table I indicates the Arogya Bhadratha activities member accordingly approaches the hospital.The from 1-1-2004 to 27-10-2007. figures given therein headed by the Director member gets discharged after availing required would give clear picture that Arogya Bhadratha General of Police. The treatment from the hospital. The concerned network scheme is very much utilized by the employees of opinions of the Police hospital sends all the specified documents to TPA the Police Department and the figures would also which is considered as a scrutinizing authority. The ventilate the major health problems of police scrutinized bills will be submitted to the Arogya personnel. The scheme has become very popular Bhadratha Office. Finally, Bhadratha office releases in serving the police personnel in Andhra Pradesh payments to the respect hospitals. The Secretary state. of the scheme has also been authorized to claim reimbursement from the Government on behalf of Perception of Police Personnel the employees for the treatment carried out under The main aim of the scheme is to relieve mental the scheme and credit such reimbursement amount tension among police personnel and officers when to the scheme. The employees are required to they have to undergo major operations in super submit an undertaking in the prescribed proforma specialty hospitals and to pay the money directly before taking advantage of the treatment that he to the hospitals for the operation or treatment done. would not file claim for reimbursement. The bills will be presented by the hospitals and these The Unit Officers have been permitted to refer the will be cleared out of Arogya Bhadratha funds. The Police Personnel and their departments, for the Arogya Bhadratha Scheme has listed out serious listed diseases under the Arogya Bhadratha ailments or medical conditions covered under this Scheme. It may be observed that only the unit scheme. officer is authorized to make referral to the A semi-structured questionnaire is used in order to accredited hospitals under the scheme. It is only know how the scheme is being utilized in Andhra under extreme emergent circumstances when the

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 47 Management of a Police Welfare Programme: "Arogya Bhadrata Scheme" in Andhra Pradesh - A Study

Table I :Arogya Bhadratha Activities From 01-01-2007 To 27-10-2007 S. No. Description 1. Total No. of Members 89829 2. Monthly subscription for Rs. 250 pa Personnel have been ABS members taken by administering 3. No. of new members enrolled 5861 a semi-structured questionnaire on the 4. Subscription received per month Rs. 53.89 lakhs functioning of the 5. Reimbursement received from Govt of AP from 2004 to 2007 scheme. Year Amount (in Crores) The data furnished by 01/01/2004 to 31/12/2004 2.47 the department and some of the 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 6.75 respondents reveal that 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2006 7.84 the scheme is being 01/01/2007 to 27/10/2007 9.71 implemented by the A.P. Police Department very Total 26.77 effectively. 6. No.of Patients taken treatment in Network Hospitals and Hospitalization expenditure year wise from 2004 to 2007. Year No. of Patients Amount (in Crores) 01/01/2004 to 31/12/2004 2428.00 6.86 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 2271.00 8.08 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2006 3416.00 12.25 01/01/2007 to 27/10/2007 2245.00 7.21 Grand Total 10360.00 34.40 7. No. of Medical Bills pending for payment to 644.00 Worth of Rs. 2.58 Network Hospitals as on date crores 8. Cash on hand (as on 27/10/07) Rs. 79.22 lakhs (Source : Arogya Bhadratha Office,Welfare Division, DGP Office, Hyderabad.)

Pradesh, covering 100 sample police personnel An analysis of data presented in Table II reveals which include, 80 Constables, 13 Head Constables/ that sample respondents out of 100 members 88 ASIs and 7 Sub Inspectors in Ranga Reddy District. of them have not taken any type of treatment under In this questionnaire a question is included on the this scheme. Twelve percent of the total sample police personnel of the 100 members to respondents have reported that they have availed know that towards which treatment and for which the treatment under this scheme. On the whole, ailment and how many of them have utilized the Arogya Bhadratha is serving the purpose of the financial assistance given from the scheme. police personnel for which it was instituted.

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Table II : Statement showing the distribution of subscription is administered and the opinion of the the sample respondents regarding ailment. sample police personnel is presented in the Table - III. S. No. Types of Ailment No. of sample Police personnel Table - III : Statement showing opinion of sample police personnel regarding 1. Heart problems 4% subscription from members to Arogya 2. Kidney problems 2% Bhadratha Scheme 3. Other operations 5% S.No. Opinion of the No. of sample 4. Other ailments 1% Respondents Police personnel 5. Not availed 88% 1. Adequate 89% Total 100% 2. Inadequate 11% Total 100% Treatment The above analysis reveals that 89 police personnel The treatment under this scheme would be given are of the opinion that the rate of subscription is in referral hospital recognized and referred by the adequate for generating the required fund under this police department. Under this scheme, almost all scheme. The Arogya Bhadratha also gets referral hospitals are in cities only;hence,police Government reimbursement, grant-in-aid from personnel serving in remote place should be Central Welfare Fund of Andhra Pradesh Police allowed to admit themselves in local hospital for Department, donations, charities and grants from first aid treatment.After that,they have to get the state, etc. Hence, the 89 percent police permission from the authorized office for getting personnel feel that it is not necessary to enhance admission and treatment in the earmarked hospital the subscription charges. However 11 members under this scheme. The Police personnel are of the have noted that the premium amount may be opinion that inspite of having an identity card along enhanced to some extent. They are of the opinion with them, they have to get the permission from that this type of enhancement would benefit the the authorized officers for getting themselves number for getting more financial aid for the costly admitted in the referred hospital and to receive the medical treatment under Arogya Bhadratha scheme. treatment. Due to some unavoidable circumstances, if the police personnel can not get The sample police personnel have also noted their permission letter from the authorized officer, they opinion on the problems in Arogya Bhadratha may be permitted by the department by merely scheme. The police personnel have expressed their showing the identity card, and may be given opinion that the listed ailments or medical treatment depending upon the ailment. conditions are not sufficient to the police department as mentioned in the scheme. The Feedback accredited hospitals to Arogya Bhadratha scheme In order to know about the police personnel's are not situated in certain districts. The dependent opinion on services of hospitals a question is asked parents of the police department are not covered and all the 12 respondents who have undergone under the Arogya Bhadratha scheme. The police treatment said that the treatment was good. So it personnel expressed their opinion that by mere may be noted that the services rendered by these showing their identity cards they must be allowed hospitals are to the satisfaction of police personnel. to take treatment. The police personnel must be referred by the unit officers; other wise, it may lead The monthly subscription from the number of police to certain problems for getting timely treatment. personnel forms the major source of income to the scheme. A question regarding the adequacy of the The sample police personnel were requested to

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suggest certain measures for strengthening and for of police personnel. Through indentified super improving the services of Arogya Bhadratha specialty hospitals, the scheme extends medical scheme.The sample police personnel have reported treatment to a number of employees and their family the following measures. members. The membership of this scheme is open to all categories of employees working in the Andhra O More number of hospitals should be accredited Pradesh Police Department. The scheme covers to Arogya Bhadratha scheme in different urban 89829 members in Andhra Pradesh and it is a boon areas. to the Police Personnel in Andhra Pradesh. The data O The list of serious ailments or medical given in the paper reveals that the scheme is being conditions covered under the Arogya implemented by the A.P. Police Department very Bhadratha scheme should be increased effectively. covering some more ailments or medical conditions. References

O The police personnel must get treatment by 1 Profile of "Arogya Bhadratha Scheme", DGP merely showing their identity cards. Office (Welfare Division) Saifabad, Hyderabad. E-mail/web site : arogyabhadratha@rediffmail. O The dependent parents of the members of the com. scheme must also be covered under the Arogya Bhadratha scheme. 2 GO Ms No. 345 Home(Pol-A) dated 27-11- 1998. Conclusion 3 GO Ms No. 65, Health, Medical & Family The Arogya Bhadratha scheme is designed to take Welfare KI Deptt, dated 16/02/2001. care of the serious ailments or medical conditions

50± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 A Noiseless Crime : Sexual Harassment against Women Employees at Private Hospitals Key Words Sexual harassment, Workplace, Women in Tirunelveli City - Employer,Private an Empirical Analysis… hospitals.

Rufus & * Dr. beulah**

Introduction People should be made more aware of this kind of harassment and also be educated on how to avoid The sociologist, criminologist, socially concerned such situations, both on the part of the harasser people, and feminist have been arguing that the and the victim (A Female Student,1995).To the major causes for the prevalence of increasing crime extent that sexual harassment attacks the dignity against women in India are patriarchal social and self-respect of the victim both as an employee structure of our country, women illiteracy, and and as a human being, the law enforcement unemployment. But in reality Indian women’s agencies in the country should develop the education is growing and the women employment sensitivity and appreciation of sexual harassment is also equally growing.It is pointed out by 2005 complaints to be able to readily investigate and (Hemlata) that "out of the total 397 million workers prosecute men and women who exploit the power in India,123.9 million are women.Of these,roughly they hold over their subordinates to their detriment 106 million women work in rural areas. 96% of the (Addy, J. 2001). During the 1980s, militant action women workers are in the unorganized by the "Forum Against Oppression of Women sector.(1999) Sikri has indicated that the workplace (Mumbai)" against the sexual harassment of nurses is emerging as an increasing important site of in public and private hospitals by patients and their sexual harassment encounters. "Sexual harassment male relatives, ward-boys and other hospital staff; at the place of work is incompatible with the dignity of air-hostesses by their colleagues and and honour of a female and needs to be eliminated passengers; of teachers by their colleagues, and there can be no compromise with such principals and management representatives; of PhD *UGC-Doctoral Research violations,"- a Division bench headed by Chief students by their guides and so on and so forth Fellow, Dept. of Criminology Justice of A.S.Anand ruled. The Bench held that received a lukewarm response from the trade and Criminal Justice, any actions or gesture - whether directly or by Manonmaniam Sundaranar unions and adverse publicity in the media (FAOW, University, Tamil Nadu, India. implication - aimed at or with the tendency to 1991). outrage the modesty of a female employee must ** Reader, Dept. of fall under the general concept of sexual harassment. Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Paper presented at the 1st International Conference of Scott Research Forum, held at Scott Christian Sundaranar University,Tamil Sundaranar University,Tamil Nadu, India. College (Autonomous),Nagercoil,Tamil Nadu on 19th April 2008. Nadu, India.

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Human Right exchange for sexual favours (for example giving promotion or other work benefits in return for sex). According to the Protection of Human Right Act, Hostile work environment -less clear, and 1993 "human rights" means the rights relating to undoubtedly more pervasive, is the situation in life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual which sexual harassment simply makes the work guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the place unbearable.It is therefore the responsibility Abstract International Covenants and enforceable by courts of the employers to ensure that their workplaces in India. It is necessary and expedient for employers are free from Sexual harassment. What amounts Sexual harassment of in work places as well as other responsible persons to sexual harassment? working women exists or institutions to observe certain guidelines in order in various forms like to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment of SC Guidelines women as to live with dignity is a human right discrimination, torture, guaranteed by our constitution. According Vishaka guidelines (1997), sexual attempted rape, rape, harassment includes such unwelcome sexually physical contact and The Supreme Court Judgment on sexual determined behaviour (whether directly or by harassment, 14th August 1997, for the first time, implication) as: advances, demand or (Vishaka & others vs State of Rajasthan & others) request for sexual identified sexual harassment as a separate category (a) physical contact and advances favours, sexually of legally prohibitive behaviour. The judgment (b) a demand or request for sexual favours coloured remarks, (Vishaka & Ors V State of Rajasthan & Ors, 1997) (c) sexually coloured remarks showing pornography recognized that women in employment can demand and other unwelcome that employers lay down guidelines and set-up (d) showing pornography committees to deal with allegation of sexual physical, verbal, or (e) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non- harassment. If a woman feels that justice has not verbal conduct of sexual nature. non-verbal conduct of a been accorded to her, she can apply directly to sexual nature.The court. A breach of the judgement will amount to Need of Present Study: Vishaka Judgement issued Indian Penal Code no contempt of court. guidelines for prevention of sexual harassment of the women working at public and private sectors. doubt deals with cases Employers will be forced to deal with sexual Due to the interest of prevention of Sexual harassment in the work place by enforcing harassment at work place, especially in private advantageous codes of conduct. sectors, the present researchers emphasized on Law & Sexual Harassment unorganized sector, here that is private hospitals in Tirunelveli City. In addition to that, Indiaenews online In addition to the Vishaka Judgement guidelines a (2006) noticed, a research study conducted in person or victim of sexual harassment can lodge Kolkata, West Bengal, with 135 in-depth interviews complaint against the perpetrator under the of women employees in two government and two following IPC sections such as, 209 IPC, 354 IPC, private hospitals made known the fact in which 509 IPC. Civil suit can be filed for damages under several doctors and nurses, including senior staff tort laws. Under the Indecent Representation of members, revealed that sexual harassment in Women (Prohibition) Act (1987) if an individual hospitals is quite common (Online reference 1). This harasses another with books, photographs, fact motivated the researchers to conduct this paintings, films, pamphlets, packages, etc. empirical study among the women who were containing "indecent representation of women"; they working in the private hospitals in Tirunelveli City. are liable for a minimum sentence of 2 years. Literature Review Forms of Sexual Harassment: Quid pro quo Simply put, it means 'this for that'. Quid pro quo harassment European industrial relations observatory online occurs if something is given or promised in (2004) revealed a survey on sexual harassment in

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the workplace ever conducted in Greece. In April result of such sexual harassment while 25.17% 2004, the Research Centre for Gender Equality were subjected to unwanted physical contact (Sikri, (KETHI) presented the results of the first nationwide 1999). The following harassments are illustration survey on sexual harassment in the work place in of power imbalance: On October 20, 2004, students Greece. Younger women upto the age of 25 are beat up an anatomy professor from Versova, more frequently victims of sexual harassment at Andheri, for alleged sexual misconduct (The Indian work than older women over 25 (Online reference Express, Mumbai Newsline, 21-10-2004). Sexual of sexual harassment of 2). A study in the US found that 42 percent of harassment by the senior manager of Infosys (Nair, women in Sections women and 15 percent of men had been victims of 2003), the Medha Kotwal petition on Sexual 294, 354 and 509.The harassment in the preceding 24 months (Davidson harassment of a PhD student by her guide at M S Supreme Court and Cooper, 1992). A Sakshi survey throws up University, Vadodara, complaints against a senior judgement on sexual some worrying statistics on sexual harassment. professor at Lucknow University (Times of India, harassment,14thAugust 80% says sexual harassment exists in the 2003). 1997, for the first workplace, 49% has encountered cases of sexual Infochange news online (2005) noticed that Some harassment, 41% has either experienced it or knows time,(Vishaka & Ors vs noteworthy complaints of SHW that came into the women who have faced sexual harassment, 53% State of Rajasthan & national limelight were filed by (Online reference says men and women do not have equal Ors) identified sexual 3): opportunities at work, 53% says women are treated harassment as a unfairly by supervisors, employers, and coworkers, O Rupan Deo Bajaj, an IAS officer in Chandigarh, separate category of 58% has not heard of the SC's 1997 ruling on sexual against 'super cop' K.P.S. Gill. legally prohibitive harassment (also known as Vishaka judgement), O An activist from the All India Democratic behaviour. The sexual 20% says its organization has implemented the Women's Association, against the environment harassment studies and guidelines (Business Today 2002). minister in Dehra Dun. researches are In a unpublished paper Shekhar pointed out majority O An airhostess against her colleague Mahesh increasing in India to of the sexual harassment committed by the victims' Kumar Lala, in Mumbai. co-workers (41%) followed by 34% by the work curb and control this O An IAS Officer in Thiruvananthapuram, against place in chargers such as supervisors, managers legally prohibited the state minister. bosses,and majority of the harassers (47%) in the behaviour. age group of 36-50 yrs old.91% of the incidences Thus the available literature give an ambit of sexual occurred inside the workplace, 59% of the workers harassment at workplace and make us to accept harassed frequently and 41% of the victims of this is an world phenomena, prevalent at all spheres sexual harassment victimized by the way of of workplaces in which women employed. unwelcome physical conduct followed by 25% by showing pornographies. 44% of the victims reaction Methodoloy to the harassment was toleration, none of the victim Sample and Sampling Technique: Universe was informed about their victimization to the police. consisted of the women workers who were working 90% of the women workers accepted that they in the Private Hospitals inTirunelveli City.The witnessed the sexual harassment incidence to any researchers interviewed the respondents not only one of their colleagues. from their workplace, and also from the working According to an All India Survey conducted on women's hostels, hospital nearby bus-stops, behalf of the National Commission for Women,even residential house of the respondents. A sample size a year after the Supreme Court rulimg, 84.97% of of 80 respondents of the women workers who were the respondents were still unaware that such a working in the Private hospitals in Tirunelveli City means existed. Only 11.47% of the respondents was chosen to the present study, and they were were aware that they can seek help. Around 46.58% asked to respond to the queries based on their of the women suffered mental agony at work as a experience only from the last 3 years from this

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interview. Duration of the interview for primary data Operational definitions : (1) The term 'private collection was four months (December,7, March hospitals, meant the privately owned small clinics, 2008). nursing homes, the big scanning centres with expertise medical doctors and the hospital with Non-probability sampling more floors, modern equipments, lift facilities, pharmaceutical shops etc. (2) The term 'women The NGOs are doing Purposive sampling method was adopted for this study to choose the samples. workers' include from the top level woman doctor hard work to create to low level non-medical woman staff whoever legal awareness on it. Research tool: A well-structured interview engaged any work in private hospitals. schedule constructed by the researchers was used But these initiatives and Objectives of the Study: This study attempts: (1) researches generally to elicit the required data pertaining to the present study. to examine the extent and forms of sexual focus on women harassment of women workers at Private hospitals working in the Method of data collection: The primary data was in Tirunelveli City; (2) to create awareness among organized sector like collected from the selected respondents by using women workers in the Private hospitals; (3) to the Interview schedule. government sector, examine the relationship between victim and the economically familiar Data analysis: To analyse the data, the researchers perpetrator; (4) to find out victims reaction to the harassment; (5) to study the reporting behaviour private companies and used the Statistical packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) by which univariate analysis namely, the of the victim and to analyse the reason for refusal factories, and do not frequency analysis, Pearson correlations, ratios and to lodge complaint; (6) to check the respondent focus on the women percentages were calculated with no trouble. awareness of Supreme Court guidelines on working in the unorganized poor work sector. A research Results and Discussions study conducted in Table1 General Profile of the respondents Kolkata, West Bengal, Classification Frequency % with 135 in-depth Age group 18-25 yrs 21 26.25 % 26-35 yrs 32 40.00 % 36-50 yrs 20 25.00 % Above 50 yrs 7 8.75 % Total 80 100.00 % Marital status Unmarried 20 25.00 % Married 56 70.00 % Widow 2 2.50 % Divorced 1 1.25 % Separated 1 1.25 % Total 80 100.00 % Dwelling in Within family 65 81.25 % In relatives house 3 3.75 % In separate house 4 5.00 % Working women's hostel 8 10.00 % Total 80 100.00 %

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Table 2 : Work nature (job designation) and work experience of the Respondents. Classification Frequency % Work nature Doctor 7 8.75 % Nurse 30 37.50 % Lab technician 13 16.25 % interviews of women Pharmacist 6 7.50 % employees in two Sanitary health worker 14 17.50 % government and two Receptionist 10 12.50 % private hospitals Total 80 100.00 % involving several Up to 1 year 20 25.00 % doctors and nurses, Work experience Above 1-3 yrs 36 45.00 % including senior staff Above 3-6 yrs 14 17.50 % members, revealed that Above 6 yrs 10 12.50 % sexual harassment in Total 80 100.00 % hospitals is quite Table 3: Sexual Harassment victimization of Respondents at Workplace common. This fact Classification Frequency % motivated the Victimized Yes 56 70.00 % researchers to conduct this empirical study due to sexual No 24 30.00 % among the women who harassment Total 80 100.00 % were working in the Not applicable 24 30.00 % Private hospitals in Initial sexual Within 1 month 8 10.00 % Tirunelveli City. harassment at Within 2-12 months 35 43.75 % After 1 year 13 16.25 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 24 30.00 % Frequency of One off 11 13.75 % sexual 2-5 times 15 18.75 % harassment 6-10 times 22 27.50 % victimization Innumerable 8 10.00 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 24 30.00 % Job Designation Doctor 3 3.75 % of the Victims of Nurse 26 32.50 % Sexual Lab technician 10 12.50 % Harassment Pharmacist 1 1.25 % Sanitary health worker 10 12.50 % Receptionist 6 7.50 % Total 80 100.00 %

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prevention of sexual harassment at workplace. hospitals were sexually harassed at their Hypothesis: (1) to check whether there is any workplace.The figure is really a hostile one to the significant relationship between the age group of women empowerment.53.75% of the respondents respondents and sexual harassment victimization were sexually harassed within a year from their at workplace. (2) to check whether there is any joining. 16.25% of the respondents were victimized relationship between the sexual harassment only after their 1st year of completion. 27.5% of victimization and the respondent opinion on work the respondents faced sexual harassment efficiency level decrease. victimization 6-10 times, followed by 18.75% respondents faced victimization 2-5 times and 10% Tables 1 and 2 above give a clear profile of the of the respondents faced innumerable endless respondents' age group, marital status, residence harassment incidents. Out of the total respondents, in nature, nature of work they were doing and their the victims were Nurses (32.50%), similar work experience. percentage (12.5%) to lab technician and sanitary From Table 3 above, it is found that 70% of health workers, receptionists (7.50%), 3 doctors (respondents) the women workers in private and 1 pharmacist.

Table 4: Places where Sexual Harassment Victimization Occurred Classification Frequency % Place where Not applicable 24 30.00 % sexual Inside workplace 50 62.50 % harassment Workplace outside 3 3.75 % occurred Both 3 3.75 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 27 33.75 % If inside When in proximity 13 16.25 % workplace, When alone 11 13.75 % specify exact During lunch hours 4 5.00 % nature Evening times 13 16.25 % Can't specify 12 15.00 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 74 92.50 % If outside Telephone/mobile stalking when not in Hospital 5 6.25 % workplace, When unexpected meet at other places 1 1.25 % specify exact Total 80 100.00 % place

Table 4 above shows that 62.50% of the women when the victim was alone (13.75%), Evening times workers at private hospitals faced sexual (16.25%), during lunch hours 4% and 15% harassment victimization within the workplace, victimization can't be specified, i.e., more than one 3.75% faced victimization at outside the work situation inside the work premises. premises. Inside the workplace the harassment Out of total 80 respondents 6.25 % were sexually incidents occurred when the victim was in harassed through mobile phone or telephone, in professional proximity to the perpetrator (16.25), criminological term it is called 'mobile stalking'.

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Table 5 :Age, Marital status and job position of harasser Classification Frequency % Age group of Not applicable 24 30.00 % perpetrators Below 25 yrs 7 8.75 % 26-35 yrs 11 13.75 % 36-50 yrs 28 35.00 % Above 50 yrs 10 12.50 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 24 30.00 % Marital status Unmarried 10 12.50 % of perpetrator Married 36 45.00 % Widower 2 2.50 % Divorced 4 5.00 % Separated 4 5.00 % Total 80 100.00 % Not applicable 24 30.00 % Job position of Doctor 20 25.00 % the Perpetrator Administrative member 16 20.00 % Non-medical Lower level member/colleague 10 12.50 % Patients 6 6.25 % Outsiders 4 5.00 % Total 80 100.00 %

Table 5 above revealed that 35% of the perpetrators of a private hospital in Tirunelveli city committed were in the age group of 36-50 years that is, middle unwanted physical contact against another lower aged men. It is clear from the table that married level female nonmedical staff of the same hospital. persons were the majority (45%) in perpetrator of 6.25% by patients, 5% committed by out patient/ sexual harassment incidents Majority of the sexual visitors. harassment (45%) committed by the person in Table 6 above gives a picture of various forms of authority, position such as doctors and harassment faced by the respondents : Physical administrators. This fact confirmed with a study contact(17.5%), demand or request for sexual 'Sexual Harassment in the Workplace', sponsored favours (16.25%) sexually coloured remarks by the Population Council, explored women's (11.25%) showing pornography (2.5%) unwelcome perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment body language (12.50%).Even though the in the health sector in Kolkata. The 135 in-depth researchers did not investigate the actual form of interviews with women employees were conducted conduct by the perpetrators, the researchers over a period of 11 months.The experiences illustrate the forms like physical conduct hugging, reflected, by and large, power imbalances that made touching, cornering, repeatedly asking for date, younger women and those in subordinate positions unparliamentary words, sexual jokes,showing particularly vulnerable (The Hindu, 2006). 12.50% degrading pictures, dirty looks, dirty gestures, and harassment Committed by lower level non-medical talking on personal sexual remarks etc., staff. During research it was found that a lift operator

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Table 6: Nature of Harassment and Victims Reaction to Harassment Classification Frequency % Nature of Not applicable 24 30.00 % harassment Physical contact/ advances 14 17.50 % committed by Demand /request for sexual favors 13 16.25 % Perpetrators Sexually colored remarks 9 11.25 % Showing pornography 2 2.50 % Unwelcome body languages 10 12.50 % More than one form 8 10.00 % Total 80 100.00% Not applicable 24 30.00% Victims' Resigned the job 2 2.50 % Reaction to Physical resistance 7 8.75 % harassment Tolerated 19 23.75 % Neglected 16 20.00 % Complained 12 15.00 % Total 80 100.00%

Table 7 : Victims' complaint about Sexual Harassment and reasons for not reporting of Harassment Classification Frequency % If Not applicable 68 85.00 % complained, to Administrative Authority/Employer 7 8.75 % whom? Family/Friends 5 6.25 % Police 0 0.00 % Total 80 100.00 Employer Not applicable 73 91.25 % response to Warned 2 2.50 % complaint Compromised 4 5.00 % Dismissed 1 1.25 % Total 80 100.00 % Family Not Applicable 75 93.75 % reaction to Advice to resignation 2 2.50 % complaint Blamed me 3 3.75 % Total 80 100.00 % If noted Not applicable 44 55.00 % complaint, It will affect my marriage 8 10.00 % reason Family members may suspect me 6 7.50 % Exposure is shame 6 7.50 % Not want to lose job 8 10.00 % Not want to approach police/court 5 6.25 % Having no support 3 3.75 % Total 80 100.00 %

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Majority of the respondents (43.75%) tolerated and 5 victims informed to their family and friends. Out neglected the sexual harassment victimization due of the 7 complaints from victims, the employer did to social stigma and due to fear of job. 12% of the compromise (4), warned the perpetrator 1, and 1 respondents report the victimization to others, dismissal of perpetrator.There are various reasons 8.75% of the respondents resisted physically such due to which the respondent did not lodge a police as preventing the physical contacts/advances by complaint against perpetrator. The reasons are (out hands and shouting if any need happens 2.5% of of 56 victims of harassment) : It will affect marriage the respondents resigned their jobs from that private (8), fear of family suspicion (6), shame feeling, that hospital and joined in another. is social stigma (6), fear of loosing job (8), not want approach police station steps (5), and having Out of the 12 victims who informed their no support from others (3). victimization, 7 victims informed to administration,

Table 8 : Statements agreed/disagreed by the respondents Classification Frequency % I am aware with Agree 6 7.50 % Vishaka Guide- Disagree 74 92.50 % lines on S. F Total 80 100.00 % I witnessed S.H Agree 70 87.50 % to my Disagree 10 12.50 % colleagues Total 80 100.00% Special law is Agree 75 93.75 % very necessary Disagree 5 6.75 % Total 80 100.00% Complaint Agree 75 93.75 % committee Disagree 5 6.75 % should be formed Total 80 100.00% S.H creates Agree 72 90.00 % hostile work Disagree 8 10.00 % environment Total 80 100.00% S.H affects Agree 72 90.00 % personal safety Disagree 8 10.00 % and security Total 80 100.00% S.H affects Agree 76 95.00 % physical and Disagree 4 5.00 % mental health Total 80 100.00% S.H decreases Agree 50 62.50 the work Disagree 30 37.50 efficiency Total 80 100.00%

* S.H-Sexual Harassment

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Table 8 above shows the various statements that workers. (D) 93.75% of the respondents said that were agreed or disagreed by the respondents. It is the system of complaint committee should be expected by the researchers that all the responses formed and this should be essential mechanism to to the statements might be from the personal them. (E) 90.00 % of the respondents agreed that experience of the harassed respondents (victims) the sexual harassment would create hostile work and from the general observations on their environment to the women at workplace.(F) 95.00% colleague victim. of the respondents agreed that the sexual harassment would affect physical and mental health (A) 92.5% of the respondents had no awareness of the harassed women at workplace. on supreme court guidelines on prevention of sexual harassment, that is, Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan Ratios (1997). (B) 87.5% of the respondents agreed that they had witnessed or aware with sexual 'Sexual harassment at workplace would affect the harassment at workplace to their colleagues. It may personal safety and health of the women workers' be the reason that because of the social stigma, = Agreed : Disagreed = 72 : 8 = 90 % : 10 % = some harassed respondents may project their 9:1 personal victimization to their colleagues. Anyway 'Sexual harassment at workplace would decrease the result 87.5% shows another higher magnitude the work efficiency of the women workers' = of sexual harassment prevalence at private Agreed: Disagreed = 50:30 = 62.5% : 37.5 % = hospitals. (C) 93.75% of the respondents agreed 5:3 that the special law is very essential to curb this 'Sexual harassment creates hostile work evil menace at workplace and they also said the environment at workplace' = Agreed: Disagreed law should applicable to all the unorganized sector = 72 : 8 = 90 % : 10 % = 9 :1. Hypothesis Results: Result 1 Correlation Victims age group S.H. Victimization Victims age group Pearson correlation 1 . 80 .258** .000 80 Sig. (2-tailed) N S.H.Victimization Pearson correlation .258** .000 80 1 . 80 Sig. (2-tailed) N ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) Result 12 Correlation S.H Victimization S.H decreases work efficiency S.H. Victimization Pearson correlation Sig. 1 . 80 .552** .000 80 (2-tailed) N S.H decrease Pearson correlation .552** .000 80 1 . 80 work efficiency Sig. (2-tailed) N ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) The two variables 'age group' of the respondent and harassed mostly in the age group category. It was 'S.H. Victimization' are significantly correlated at 1% found during the research that out of 32 level of significance. Therefore null hypothesis is respondents in this age group 26-35 years were rejected. The researchers observed that the 26-35 victims of sexual harassment. The relationship may years age category respondents was sexually be by the reason of it.

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The two variables 'sexual harassment victimization' The Protection of Women Against Sexual and respondents' opinion on 'work efficiency Harassment at the Workplace Bill 2007, should decrease' are significantly correlated at 1% level. immediately be passed by the government as a law. So, this relationship may be come from the own In any civilised society, it is the fundamental right experience of victims of sexual harassment, that of people to be able to lead their lives with dignity, is, work efficiency may be decreased due to their free from mental or physical torture. To ensure this, victimization. transgressors must pay for their unsolicited sexual advances.At the same time organisations such as Conclusions 'Men Against Violence and Abuse', that conduct gender-sensitisation programmes and self-defence The major aim of the present study is to explore classes to combat sexual harassment at the the facts of sexual harassment of women working workplace must be encouraged (Sadani, 2003). at private hospitals in Tirunelveli City.The researchers found that 70% of the women workers Recommendations including medical and non-medical professionals in the private hospitals were victims of sexual Y A special law should be implemented against harassment.Within 1 year, the majority of sexual harassment at workplace including both respondents in the present study were faced sexual the places of organized (government & public) harassment at workplace. So, with it can be and unorganised private sectors. Stringent understood that the harassers use the fresher or Punishment and prompt redress should be new comers' fear to harass them. In total 56.25% covered. of the respondents faced harassment at more than Y Private hospitals should include the Sexual one time.These figures pointed out the seriousness harassment prevention strategies in the code of endanger to women workers at workplace. of conduct in which the punishment should be The researchers, define sexual harassment at stringent for the perpetrator of sexual private hospitals as Noiseless Crime, because: out harassment. The victim of harassment should of the total 56 victims of harassment, no one came get necessary assistance such as for ward to lodge a police complaint against the psychological,legal assistance from the harasser.The reasons are (out of 56 victims of employer.The victims should be compensated harassment): It will affect marriage (8), fear of for their victimization by the perpetrator and family suspection (6), shame feeling, that is social by the employer. stigma (6), fear of losing job (8), not want to Y Sexual harassment complaint committee approach police station step (5), and having no should be formed in all the private hospitals in support from others (3). The Unreported, tolerated, Tirunelveli city in which an experienced neglected behaviors of the women workers are counsellor should be appointed to provide being the favourable factors to the perpetrators. The emotional support for this kind of sexual social stigmatized attachment of women workers harassment victims. is leading them to tolerate this menace. 80 % of them accepted that they knew or witnessed the Y The N.G.Os should monitor this kind of social sexual harassment incidence to their female evil and can collect the details of sexual colleagues.This figure shows the intensity of the harassment victimization when discussing in sexual harassment at workplace.The women the women's forum and through this, the workers accepted that the sexual harassment at N.G.Os may assist the victim to lodge Police workplace would affect the physical and mental complaint. This will make the women workers state and personal safety and security of them. Due to seek redress without fear. N.G.Os can to non-reporting character of the victim, the sexual evaluate the Sexual harassment victimization harassment crime does not come to the social light. rate in Tirunelveli. Thus they can make aware So this is defined as the "Dark figures of crime" the community about this kind of dark figures and "Noiseless crime". of harassment at workplace.

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Y Police officers from all women police stations 1990', Forum Against Oppression of Women, should attend to the working women forum/ Mumbai. complaints committee meetings, which will 5. Female student (1995), University of Ghana, remove fear to lodge police complaint against Legon.Referred In:'Coming to terms with sexual perpetrators, give confidence on criminal harassment in Ghana Published by the Institute justice system. The police officers may assist of Statistical, Social & Economic Research in resolving the problem through legal steps (ISSER), May 2004. or by meditation depends on intensity. 6. Hemalata (2005), Article Titled "Hazards faced Y Awareness about Supreme Court guidelines by working women in the Era" In the journal of should be spread by the voluntary organization People's Democracy vol. xxx, No.17,April and self help groups. Posters should be stick 23,2005. about guidelines in the public places like ration 7. Nair, Meera (2003), 'The Seamier Side of Office shop, markets, private/ government hospitals, Life --This Women's Day Let's Do Away With bus stops and railway station. Medias such the Groping, Lecherous Advances Made by as T.V and Radio should broadcast awareness Male Colleagues at the Workplace, The Indian about Supreme Court guideline. Express, March 6-12. Y The gender sensitization counselling should be 8. The Hindu, October 20, 2006. given to the male workers of both medical and 9. Sadani, Harish (2003),'Man Against Violence nonmedical staffs at private hospitals which and Abuse--MAVA', Urdhva Mula, Vol. 2, No 2 will make the male colleagues to realize what Shekhar and Rufus(2006) in their unpublished are the problems the women victim have to paper titled "Prevalence of Sexual Harassment face in workplaces, in family, in society, in at Workplace Among Women Workers In Retail criminal justice system after their Shops: A Study In Tirunelveli". Apaker victimization.The gender sensitisation should presented at the All India Conference of KAAS be effective among the male colleagues so as in 2006. to feel a female colleague as a sister/mother perspective and should create a smooth 10. Sikri, Rehana (1999). Women and sexual friendly workplace atmosphere. exploitation-Harassment at work, Kanishha publishers, New Delhi). p.39. Y The government should initiate and sponsors for the research on sexual harassment, 11. Ibid. p.41 workplaces in particular, the unorganized 12. Times News Network (2003),'Disclosures -- sectors. It is recommended that future research What is Sexual Harassment?', The Times of should cover all type that of unorganized India, June 15, 2003 sectors and also add the aim to find out the impacts and symptoms of sexual harassment Online references at workplaces of unorganized sectors. 1 URL:http//www.indiaenews.com health/ 200611 06/27654.htm, retrieved on 19/3/08 References :The article titled "Doctors, Nurses face Sexual 1 Addy, J. (2000). Sexual Harassment, A Myth harassment at workplace",'Health', Nov. 2006. or Reality? The Evening News. Monday,October 2 URL:http://www.eiro.eurofound.ie/2004/07/ 2000, p7. feature/gr0407103f.html , retrieved on 12/1/ 2 Business Today, September 1, 2002, 35. 07. 3 Davidson, M.J. and C.L. Cooper, (1992). 3 URL:http://www.infochangeindia.org/analysis Shattering the Glass Ceiling: The Woman 100.jsp, retrieved on 30-05-2007 the article Manager. London, Paul Chapman Publishing an titled 'A brief history of the battle against Ltd. sexual harassment at the workplace'by Vibhuti 4 FAOW (1991) 'Moving…But Not Quite There - Patel.'Info Change News & Features, November - Evaluation Report of One Decade 1980- 2005'.

62± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 People Friendly Police : Perceptions of Commercial Vehicle Drivers in Key Words Haryana Sincerity, Impartiality, Dr. Sewa Singh Dahiya* and Dr. Ravindra Singh** Informal Appeals, Public Interest, Specialized Agency, Introduction about their rights and the duties of the police, the Hegemony Work Culture, People There are two methods of the police in a democratic Maintenance of law and order, latter is more prone society is maintaining discipline in a society to misuse their protection of life and property Friendly, Democracy, supposed to perform these functions viz., informal powers. In India, which experienced of the law- Cocricive Method, appeals and the use with sincerity and abiding citizens and imperialism during the Controversial impartiality.They of coercive methods. However, no eighteenth/apprehension of the law-breakers/ Perception, should perform their duties without society has nineteenth century, the problem culprits are Commercial Vehicle. been able to maintain any fear and favour and recognized to be the of misuse of police power is should use discipline with the help of either the more main functions of police world over acute. powers conferred to them only of these two The British created police Like any other methods, single-in public interest. handedly. administrative agency, in India with a view to Although the society at large would submit willingly maintain their hegemony and to curb the nationalist to But on this plank the role the code of conduct movement. Thus the police image among the developed of police has ever remained by the common people was that of an instrument of society, there would always controversial. It has oppression and repression. been witnessed be some people who would not It was obligatory to change the police functioning the world-over, that police are more do so. This and work culture as well as their image among the necessitates the use of prone to abuse the powers people after India got independence. However, it conferred coercive methods in any society. to them. could not be done. At the dawn of independence, This is more so in the The responsibility of enforcing we had two formidable challenges: to bring developing countries like India coercive methods development and to reform the administrative remains with where the level of awareness among system. The first generation of political leadership2 some specialized agency, usually the people is low. preferred the first with a result that the problems of Since people are called 'police'1. usually not aware regulatory administration went unattended. By the

1 The word police is derived from a Latin word 'politia' which literally stands for the condition of a 'polis' or state.In the past it was meant a system of governance or administration (police state) but now it indicates an organized body of civil officers engaged in the preservation of law and order, detection of crime and enforcement of laws.The Oxford Dictionary defines the term as a system of official organization whose job is to make people obey the law and to prevent and solve crime. According to the Encyclopedia International, police are agents charged with enforcing the law and maintaining order. The Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia states that "police in modern society is a department of government concerned with public order, providing protection and investigating breeches of law. Police duties include crime detection, apprehension and arrest of criminals, patrolling, riot control, and traffic regulation". 2 The politico-administrative leadership of the first generation in the post independence phase were men of great stature,endowed with vision and committed to pursuing the national interests.They were the men of great quality and possess rich values. For details refer, http://www.asthabharti.org/dia_July04/Prakash. htm. visited on April 10, 2008.

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time we achieved a minimal level of economic Concept growth,3 political zeal and fervour vanished. The second generation of political leadership did not It is because the sincere attempts to live up to the seem to be enthusiastic about reforming the expectations of the general public become the true 9 administration including the police set up.4 Personal test of the modern police. ends surpassed the public interest and the political 'People friendly police' has not been succinctly Abstract leadership started using the police set up to realize defined; not much literature has been produced on their personal ends.5 Though the political leadership this subject either. From whatever has been written, People-friendly police expressed the need and desire to reform/ it can be deduced that people friendly police is in vogue in several restructure the police set up,6 it did very little in behaves with the public in a friendly manner. In developed countries this direction. Though some efforts have been made approaching people friendly police a law abider has and its need is now in this direction,7 successive governments have no fear whatsoever and a law violator has all fears. increasingly realized in exhibited little interest in their implementation. Thus, It is participative in approach and keeps the people some of the developing even today we are treading along the old police at centre stage. It is democratic in nature and has machinery created to suit the purpose of the corroborative approach. It works in a fair and non- countries like India. imperial government. discriminatory manner. It promotes transparency The new Millennium Consequently, even after the passage of six decades in its working. It shows alacrity to the people in has posed several of independence, people often give such statements need by extending prompt help. In a nutshell, people challenges thereby as: "I am afraid of going to police station", "I have friendly police is participative, impartial, prompt, making it obligatory to come to the police station for the first time","I do humanistic, trustworthy and creative and change the existing not want to involve myself in any police innovative. police set up and problem".This depict that the people have a sense Here it needs to be mentioned that in a democratic culture in India. of fear about the police and requires a deep country, the police ought not to be merely a symbol introspection.8 This calls for functional of fear. Of course, they should be a symbol of fear transformation of police and to make it 'people for the law-breakers; but they must also act as friendly'.

3 Self-sufficiency in food grains may be regarded as minimal level of economic development. 4 The fire of idealism which had inspired the first generation of post-independent politicians and civil servants started getting dim. Power became an end in itself, and gradually a symbiotic relationship developed between the politicians on the one hand and the civil servants on the other. For details refer, http://www.asthabharti.org/dia_July 04/Prakash.htm.visited on April 10, 2008. 5 Reporting about the police-polity nexus during Emergency (1975-77), Shah Commission observed: "...the police was used and allowed themselves to be used for purposes some of which were, to say the least, questionable. Some police officers behaved as though they are not accountable at all to any public authority.The decision to arrest and release certain persons were entirely on political considerations which were intended to be favourable to the ruling party. Employing the police to the advantage of any political party is a sure source of subverting the rule of law.The Government must seriously consider the feasibility and the desirability of insulating the police from the politics of the country and employing it scrupulously on duties for which alone it is by law intended." 6 The political masters do realize that the police machinery in India is outdated as well as ruthless. But any effort to improve it will make it less amenable to their dictates.The top civil bureaucracy, which enjoys its supremacy and superiority over the senior-most police personnel, shares its vested interests with the political masters and advises them to keep the police where it is. Senior police leadership is quite restive about the stagnant state of affairs, but conventions and professional ethics make them suffer in silence. For details, refer Sharma, P.D., Police Society and Law, Research Publication, New Delhi, p 30-31. 7 Some of the states appointed commissions/committees to recommend police reforms. Mention may be made of Kerala Police Reorganization Committee, 1959,West Bengal Police Commission, 1960-61, Punjab Police Commission, 1961-62, Delhi Police Commission, 1968,Tamil Nadu Police Commission, 1971 etc.The Janata Party government after being voted to power in 1977 at Union level also appointed National Police Commission. Yet the reports of most of them still await implementation because the political leadership has preferred to cling to the status quo. 8 Mishra,O.P.,Policing in the 21st Century:Areas for Concern,The Indian Police Journal,BPRD,New Delhi,Vol. LIII, January-March., 2006, p. 9. 9 Ibid, pp. 10-11.

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friends of the law-abiding citizens of the country of their respective unions are tabulated and analyzed so that the latter may seek their help without any below: fear. In view of the concept of "peoplefriendly- 1.1 Background police", the latter aspect is more important than the former. Now,the question is whether Indian The general background of the sampled commercial police is people friendly police or not.To this end vehicle drivers is also taken into consideration. The an empirical study of Rohtak Police Range in investigator traces out the background of all the There is a need to Haryana has been undertaken. A representative commercial vehicle drivers. Data regarding the level restructure the police sample of 125 commercial vehicle drivers* of education, age and experience of the respondents on the pattern of (selecting 25 from each district) of Rohtak range have been analyzed in Table 1.1. developed countries was randomly drawn and data were collected from Data presented in the table reveals that 43.2% of where police behaves them with the help of a schedule containing 12 them were educated up to matriculation standard, with the public in a questions.The office bearers of the unions of the 32.8% were not even matriculates while 11.2% friendly manner; it is different commercial vehicles were also respondents were uneducated. The remaining interviewed. All possible observations were drawn not a symbol of terror. 13.60% respondents were educated up to 10+2 Transparency and in the process of data collection and incorporated standards. More than three-fifths (61.6%) of the in the study where required. drivers fall in the age group between 31-40 years. positive behaviour on the part of policemen Analysis of Data Majority of the respondents (56.8%) were having an experience of driving upto twenty years.About should be the sine qua Responses, views and perceptions of the sampled one-fourth of them had an experience up to thirty non of police commercial vehicle drivers and the office bearers years. functioning. Table 1.1 : Background N=125 Indicators Details Uneducated Below Matric Matriculation 10+2 Education 14 (11.2%) 41 (32.8%) 54 (43.2%) 17 (13.60%) Age Below 30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years Above 50 years 23 (18.4%) 77 (61.6%) 21 (16.8%) 4 (3.20%) Experience 0-10 years 11-20 years 21-30 years Above 30 years 19 (15.2%) 71 (56.8%) 29 (23.2%) 6 (4.80%)

* For the present study five categories of commercial drivers viz., the drivers of trucks, four-wheelers (Tata 407), taxi-cars, maxi-cabs and tempo have been taken into consideration.

1.2 Perceptions of the Drivers O Whether police persons harass the drivers? The research team enquired the commercial vehicle O Whether drivers violate the traffic rules? drivers about their perceptions on certain counts. O Whether drivers try to bribe the police? Data relating to the perceptions of the drivers on O Whether drivers prefer to maintain distance the following seven aspects were collected: from the police? O Whether drivers extend support to the police O Whether drivers become fearful when police in times of need? indicate them to stop? The responses of the drivers are given in Table 1.2. O Whether police persons use indecent language? Table1.2 reveals that more than two-thirds (71.20%)

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of the respondents agreed to the contention that Majority (60.80%) and about one-fifth (18.40%) of they become fearful when police indicate them to the respondents 'agreed'and 'strongly stop on the road. 8.80% respondents felt no agreed'respectively on the issue of unnecessary hesitation at such occasions. harassment by the police persons. The drivers highlighted that even though all their documents Majority of respondents (52.80%) 'agreed' that are in order, police persons confiscate the papers police persons use indecent language with them and they are kept waiting for hours together (Table whereas 16.80% of them 'strongly agreed' to this 1.2). contention (Table 1.2). Table 1.2 : Perceptions of Drivers N=125 Sr Perceptions Strongly Agree Neither agree Disagree Strongly No. Agree nor disagree disagree 1. Drivers become fearful when 0 89 25 11 0 police indicate them to stop (0.00%) (71.20%) (20.00%) (8.80%) (0.00%) 2. Police persons use indecent 21 66 17 11 0 language (16.80%) (52.80%) (13.60%) (8.80%) (0.00%) 3. Police persons harass 23 76 19 7 0 the drivers (18.40%) (60.80%) (15.2%) (5.60%) (0.00%) 4. Drivers violate traffic rules 17 78 9 21 0 (13.60%) (62.40%) (7.2%) (16.80%) (0.00%) 5. Drivers try to bribe the police 9 84 0 24 6 (7.2%) (67.20%) (0.00%) (19.20%) (4.80%) 6. Drivers prefer to maintain 27 69 13 7 9 distance from the police (21.60%) (55.20%) (10.40%) (5.60%) (7.20%) 7. Drivers extend support to 6 41 11 63 4 the police in times of need (4.8%) (32.8%) (8.80%) (50.40%) (3.20%)

More than three-fourths (76.40%) of the police persons, they harass them and waste their respondents agreed that they violate the traffic laws. time unnecessarily, which in financial terms costs Provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act are stated to them more than the bribe they offer (Table 1.2). be too strenuous to be followed in totto thereby In response to this, majority of the respondents leaving enough scope for the police to implicate (55.20%) 'agreed' that they maintain distance from the drivers on the basis of violation of one provision the police, while a little over one-fifth (21.60%) of or the other (Table 1.2). them 'strongly agreed'to it.They elaborated that they The drivers were also enquired whether they prefer would be falsely implicated, if they come in their to bribe the police on being caught due to the contact. 12.80% respondents disagreed with this deficiency of documents. In response to this contention (Table 1.2). question about three-fourths (67.20%) of the respondents answered in affirmative.The drivers The investigators enquired the respondent drivers were further probed as to why they prefer to bribe as to whether they extend support to the police the police instead of facing legal action? Almost all persons in times of need. Majority (50.40%) of the the drivers stated that in case they do not bribe the respondents agreed and accepted that they do not

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extend support to the police.The reasons cited by the site of incident after being reported? The them include: (i) paucity of time, (ii) fear of being responses are given in Table 1.4. falsely implicated, (iii) to escape from Table 1.4 : Responsiveness of the Police harassment.This is more so with the drivers of the heavy vehicles who have to cover long distances. N=125 More than one-third (37.60%) of the respondents, Degree/Level How much time do however, claimed that they extend support to the the police take to reach police in times of need (Table 1.2). after being informed? 1.3 Trustworthiness of Police Numbers Percentage Trust is an outcome of the continuous sincerity on Within 15 Minutes 0 (0.00%) the part of all actors.To win the public trust,the 15-30 Minutes 21 (16.80%) foremost condition for the police is that it must prove itself as a people friendly agency, both by 30 Minutes - 1 Hour 19 (15.20%) words and actions.To a large extent it depends upon 1 Hour - 2 Hours 27 (21.60%) the ability of police within a given jurisdiction to More than 2 Hours 58 (46.40%) understand and deal appropriately with the Table 1.4 reveals that slightly more than one-fifth community's problems. Drivers were enquired (21.60%) of the respondents pointed out that the whom do they prefer to contact first in case of any police take one to two hours in reaching the site of mishap with them on roadside? The responses are mishap. About half (46.40%) of the respondents given in Table 1.3. opined that police take more than two hours. Table 1.3 :Trustworthiness of Police 1.5 Police Behaviour N=125 The investigators sought the views of the drivers Degree/Level Whom do the drivers regarding the behaviour of police. The respondents prefer to contact first in were enquired how the police behave with them on case of any mishap the roadside as well as in the police stations/ on roadside? posts.Their responses are given in Table 1.5. Police 44 (35.20%) Table 1.5 : Police Behaviour Family Member 06 (4.80%) N=125 Owner, if employee 56 (44.80%) Degree/ Level How do the How do the Fellow Driver/s 19 (15.2%) police behave police Others 0 (0.00%) with the behave Table 1.3 reveals that only 35.20% respondents drivers on with the prefer to contact police in case of any mishap on roadside? drivers at the roadside. 44.80% respondents10 pointed out police that they first of all contact the owner of the vehicle. stations/ However, 15.20% and 4.80% respondents posts? expressed their view that they first try to contact Very Courteously 0 (0.00%) 0 (0.00%) their fellow driver and family members respectively. Courteously 9 (7.20%) 4 (3.20%) 1.4 Responsiveness of Police Indifferently 6 (4.80 %) 5 (4.00%) To examine the level of responsiveness of the Discourteously 78 (62.40%) 81 (64.80%) police,the commercial vehicle drivers were also Rudely 32 (25.60%) 35 (28.00%) enquired how much time do the police take to reach

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The picture is replicated in case of police behaviour fear of being falsely implicated. Three fourths of with the drivers in the police stations/posts. About the respondents however accepted that on being two-thirds of the drivers stated that the behaviour caught due to deficiency of documents they prefer of the police persons is discourteous with them in to bribe the police to avoid unnecessarily the police stations/posts. One-fourth of them harassment and wastage of time. Majority of the pointed out that the police persons behaved rudely. drivers do not prefer to contact police in case of any mishap on the roadside. Majority of the drivers It is obvious from Table 1.5 that more than three- claimed that police take more than one hour in fifths (62.40%) of the drivers highlighted that the reaching the site of incident.When enquired about behaviour of police is discourteous on the roadside the behaviour of the police persons, vast majority while more than one-fourth (25.60%) of them of the drivers stated that the police persons do not pointed out that police persons behave rudely. behave properly with them. Observations and suggestions The aforesaid observations clearly present the The main observations of the study are as follows:- actual picture of Rohtak Range Police in particular and the Haryana Police in general. In view of these Vast majority of the respondent drivers were at the observations it can be safely concluded that police most matriculates. More than three-fifths of them in Haryana is quite distant from the concept of fall in the age group between 31-40 years and people-friendly police. More serious and sincere majority of them were having an experience of efforts are required on the part of the government driving up to twenty years. to bring it closer to the different sections of the More than two-thirds of the commercial vehicle society.Following measures may prove significant drivers stated that they became fearful when police in this direction: indicated them to stop. Majority of them claimed 1 The provisions of the MotorVehicles Act are that police persons used indecent language with too strenuous to be followed in totto which them.About four-fifths of the drivers stated that the creates unnecessary botheration not only for police persons harass them unnecessarily. The the drivers but also for the police persons. It drivers highlighted that police persons confiscate needs to be simplified. the papers and they are kept waiting for hours together. Slightly more than three fourths of them 2 Police officials should pay sincere heed to the accepted that the traffic rules are violated by them. complaints of the commercial vehicle drivers However, it was pointed out by both -the police against police persons and they should be dealt persons and the drivers that the provisions of the promptly without any delay. To facilitate easy Motor Vehicles Act are too strenuous to be followed reporting in this context, complaint boxes in totto.Thus, though problem lies with the Motor should be installed at all the national highways Vehicle Act and this creates unnecessary as well as state roads at a distance of about botheration even for the police persons, yet in any 40 km.These boxes should be opened at an case the drivers are harassed. interval of one or two weeks by an officer of DSP rank in the presence of district Public In addition to this, majority of the drivers agreed Relations Officer, the concerned SHO and a that they prefer to maintain distance from police representative of media. It will help in making persons because of a fear of being falsely police more accountable to the drivers implicated. Majority of the drivers agreed and community as a whole. accepted that they do not extend support to the police.Reasons cited for non-cooperation by 3 Methods of investigation need to be majority of the drivers include: complicated court changed.The traditional methods of extracting procedure, unproductive investment of time and the information through torture need to be minimized. The prevailing sense of fear among

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the common people is the direct fallout of the purpose, police as a subject need to be made use of such methods. These methods need to a part of the school curriculum. The students be replaced by psycho-scientific ones like DNA must be made aware about the hardships/ test, Brain Mapping, Narco-Analysis, Lie- problems faced by police, the circumstances Detection etc. as have been used in case of under which police persons have to operate Nithari criminals and Arushi-Hemraj murder and how a common citizen can help the police. case.At the moment these methods are not Documentaries on police persons may be more backed by legal sanctions, but considering the helpful in this regard. convenience and success of these methods (ii) Holding of periodical meetings by the police and inhumanity involved in torture, these with the different sections of the society may methods should be given legal sanctions. prove helpful in generating awareness on the 4 There is a need to generate sufficient part of common citizens about their awareness about the problems faced by the problems.These meetings further provide an police and the circumstances under which it opportunity to the police persons to understand has to operate.This awareness can be and appreciate the fears and problems of the generated in following ways: common citizens. It will lead to overcome the misunderstanding prevailing (i) There is a need to impart information about the police to the school children. For this

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 69 From Desk of Director (BPR&D)

R.C. ARORA

39th All India Police Science Congress performance expected of them under the various statutory and administrative The 39th All India Police Science Congress was instructions. held at Guwahati form 19th to 21st January, 2009.The Congress was inaugurated by Shri Tarun 5 Training of high quality, both at Basic Level as Gogai, the Hon'ble Chief Minister of Assam. It was well as In Service at periodic intervals is attended by about one hundred delegates from the essential to ensure expected quality of State, UT Police, CPOs, eminent notable experts & performance. It will, necessarily, involve other stakeholders. creation of adequate training infrastructure also. The valedictory address was delivered by Shri R.S. 6 This topic needs to be researched deeply. One Mooshahari, H.E. the Governor of Meghalya on of the micro mission of National Police Mission 21.1.09.Among other important deliberations,the may take it up as a project. Congress deliberated on following subjects: Topic No. II/: Separation of Investigation and Law Topic No. 1: Key Performance Indicators for & Order Wings-Impact and Implications. various Posts, Units and Ranks in Police 1. Various Commissions and Committees on 1 . Effectiveness of Police depends Upon some Police Reforms, Honible Supreme Court of well defined Core Areas of Functioning: Free India and 2nd Administrative Reform Registration of Crime, successful Commission and Police Act Drafting Investigation,Traffic Management, Prompt Committee headed by Shri Soli Sorabjee have Police Verification, Bandobast etc. all unanimously and very clearly directed 2 Measurement of performance and separation of Investigation from Law & Order identification of Performance Indices should on very sound logical grounds.Thus, there is be primarily limited to these Core Areas. For full justification for separation of Investigation this purpose it is necessary to lay down norms from Law & Order. for the Core Areas and SOPs developed. 2. Separation of Investigation shall lead to the 3 Performance of Police and Police units is following distinct advantages for all the directly related to the availability of Resources, stakeholders in good quality Policing: both Man and Material, commensurate with i) Specialization in investigation skills. the work load required to be carried out by Police, statutorily and administratively. ii) Prompt registration of cases. 4 Norms for the work to be performed by iii) Improvement of quality in investigation as individual unit/rank must be evolved to assess well as detection of crime. the manpower and material resources iv) Creation of professional capability to requirement in the Police, to ensure tackle latest generation of crimes like

70± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Cyber Crime, Terrorist Crime,Organized 6 To start with some sort of separation should Crime in Counterfeit of Currency and be effected in urban area comprising of 10 Valuable Securities,Money Laundering etc. lakhs population as per direction by the Hon'ble Supreme Court issued in Prakash Singh Vs. Successful investigation as well as Union of India (CWP 310/1996) on 22.9.2006. management of Law & Order requires high quality professional skills which will get 7 This separation also needs to be limited at the honed up with the accretion of experience beginning to heinous crime requiring in respective fields and by dealing with specialized investigation skills, leaving the less diverse situations and crimes. serious crimes with the law and order wing. 3 The availability of resources, both man and 8 The separation/specialization of investigation material, is the basic prerequisite to effect should be at Police Station level with the separation of investigation from law and order. constitution of Crime Cell headed by Inspector/ It is directly proportionate to the quantum of SI supported by adequate staff as per work required to be carried out by the Police requirement under the overall supervision and under both the categories. coordination of SOPs at Police Station level, under one Additional SP at district level and 4 Objective norms should be evolved to work one SP at Range level under the guidance of out realistic resources required to undertake IG/DlG Police. both jobs to the satisfaction of all the stakeholders. It is a indisputable fact that at 9 The coordination between two wings,crime as present there is total mismatch between the well as law and order shall be ensured by the resources available and the quantum of work immediate supervisory officers as noted load required to be carried out with the above. application of existing limited resources. It also The Congress also provided a valuable opportunity needs periodical review to ensure realistic level to get to know about a number of new technology of availability of resources commensurate with products & systems which can be introduced to the jobs required to be performed and the improve its operational efficiency & effectiveness. norms fixed for the same. An exhibition from leading suppliers of security 5 Complete separation of investigation and law related equipments and gadgets was especially and order under the existing circumstances arranged besides some presentation being made characterized by gross inadequacy of by the experts to spell out the various uses of the resources,skills,training infrastructure, equipment/ system covered by the exhibition. operational considerations etc will not be feasible.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 71 From Desk of Director (Special Policing)

S.P. VAID, IPS

Policing has become very complex and challenging imparted to our police force. Keeping these in mind, in Modern times. The information age and its BPR&D is being restructured and modernized to attendant revolution in means of communication, cater to the need of special policing.Among other,a and globalization has transform our social structure, special Policing Directorate has been established leading to many complexities and new challenges. which deal with following aspect of policing: The old socio-political structures and mores & values are fast paving way for new ones. 1. Special Policing Directorate This metamorphosis has factored a paradigm shift This Directorate will have the following divisions: in Policing as well.Moreover,policing being a subject (b)Anti-Human Trafficking Division that touches each and every aspect of our socio- political and economic life, has to be more pro- Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery, active. No longer policing is limited to maintenance whose victims are mainly women and children. It of law and order.The fast changing technology has involves buying and selling of human beings like not only changed the socio-economic profile of commodities and is,therefore,one of the gravest criminals and anti-social elements, it has also form of violations of human rights. It is a crime in revolutionalized the way they operate - fast, tech- which victims suffer repeatedly in silence. Human savvy,having global networks.The policing have to trafficking is an organized crime transcending operate in such changed million. This requires borders and jurisdictions. It is the second largest special policing. criminal industry in the world,and it is the fastest growing.No country today is free from human Moreover, India being multi-linguistic, multi-cultural trafficking.According to UN estimates, nearly 2 and multireligious country with democracy freedom million women and children are abused and and social justice its pillars policing has to take trafficked globally every year, and millions more these factors in account. are trafficked within their home countries. In India, The empowerment of women, backward classes, it is estimated that about 200000 women and tribal peoples, religious and linguistic minorities has children are trafficked every year. added to the responsibility of policing - that is what This division will study, collect, collate and provide called as special policing.As these groups constitute empirical data related to trafficking and forced majority of our population, and they are also most labor,in all its forms.It will develop comprehensive vocal, with many dreams and aspirations, special curricula of training courses and disseminate the policing is required to deal with these groups, same for standardization of training interventions. keeping their sensitivities in mind. It will also provide a platform for exchange of views The policing has to be gender, caste, class and of all stakeholders, including NGOs. religion neutral while handling these groups.The (c) Schedule Caste, Schedule Tribes and Miniority police needs to be sensitized about them. For this, Division thorough training & orientation is required to be

72± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Perhaps the most important message which the appropriate policy requires extensive study and Constitution of India carries is the message of research. This division will undertake the task of protecting the vulnerable sections and safeguarding suggesting a road map for bringing about gender their interests. The 'strong arm' of the law -viz. the equality and empowerment in the police with regard police, has to make a special effort to see that the to recruitment, selection, career profiling and spirit of the Constitution is taken to it's logical assignments for women in the police. It will collect, conclusion. Unfortunately, on this count the police collate and provide empirical data to assist in the department has lagged behind. It has been too formulation of policies related to women. It will also overwhelmed with it's traditional role of crime and undertake training interventions at appropriate levels law & order. In the process we have not been able to sensitize key stakeholders about gender issues to reach out to the scheduled Caste, the Schedule and disseminate the best practices in the field of Tribes and the Minorities.This needs to be swiftly gender-sensitive policing. rectified.The police must come across as their (d) NGO (Non Government Organization) Division friend.This involves a change in mindset,a change in attitude.We need to have a sustained and The NGO sector has grown phenomenally during institutionalized response on the part of the police the last 30 years. There is considerable expertise and to undertake empirical studies to identify areas with NGOs on police-related issues. However, the of concern. police is not making use of it in an institutionalized manner. A police-NGO interface based on (d) Gender Policy Division respect,and transparency is required to enable Gender issues need to be dealt with a great deal of police to use 'soft-power' in dealing with myriad sensitivity. Our society is increasingly demanding problems faced by the police which are beyond this sensitivity and attention. No society can the pale of pure policing. It will enable the police to progress if women are not allowed, or do not reach out to many more tiers of society than just participate in the task of building a liberal, modern victims,suspects and accused.The association with society. . NGOs is likely to enlarge police credibility and public's trust in it's work.This division will identify Gender is a highly complex issue. It is influenced the areas of policing where the co-operation with by region, education, tradition, social structure, NGOs can lead to access new resources and laws, economics, etc. Evolving a suitable and opportunities for the police.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 73 List of Awardees of Gallantry Medals on the occasion of Republic Day 2009 President's Police Medial for Gallantry

Maharashtra Railway Protection Force 16. Abdul Qayoom Deputy 1. Bhaskar Dattatray Kadam 15. Jillu Baddu Yadav Head Superintendent of Police Police Sub Inspector Constable PolIce Medal For 17. Ashwani Kumar Sharma Sub 2. Hemant Anant Bawdhankar Gallantry Inspector Assistant Police Inspector Assam 18. Imtiyaz Hussain Mir 3. Sanjay Yashvant Govilkar 1. Ashim Swargiary Additional Additional Superintendent of Assistant Police Inspector Superintendent of Police Police 4. Late Prakash More Police 2. Deepak Choudhury Additional 19. Wasim Qadri Deputy Sub Inspector Superintendent of Police Superintendent of Police (Posthumously) 3. Manabendra Dev Ray 20. Sheetal Charak Sub Inspector 5. Late Bapu Rao S. Durgude Additional Superintendent of 21. Sham Lal Follower Police Sub Inspector Police 22. Attar Samad Sub Inspector (Posthumously) 4. Rajib Saikia Sub Inspector 23. Fayaz Ahmad Constable 6. Late Balvant C. Bhosle 5. Madhab Kachari Lance Naik Assistant Police Sub 24. Rafiq Ahmad Constable Inspector (Posthumously) 6. Rajen Saikia Constable Jammu & Kashmir 7. Late Vijay M. Khandekar 7. Raju Hazarika Constable 25. Gh. Mustafa Constable PolIce Constable 8. Shyamal Prasad Saikia 26. H.K.Lohia Deputy Inspector (Posthumously) Superintendent Of Police General 8. Late Jaiwant H. Patil Police 9. Sanjib Kumar Saikia Deputy 27. Gh. Mohammad Sergeant Constable (Posthumously) Superintendent of Police Constable 9. Late Yogesh Patil Police 10. Rudreswar Pegu Constable 28. Mushtaq Ahmed Constable Constable (Posthumously) Chhatisgarh Jharkhand 10. Late Rahul Subhash Shinde 11. Ratan Lal Dangi 29. Ajit Peter Dungdung Sub Police Constable Superintendent of Police (Posthumously) Divisional Police Officer 12. K L NaNd Inspector 11. Sadanand Vasant Datte 30. K K Ray Sub Inspector Additional Commissioner of Gujarat Police 13. Bhavesh P Rojiya Police Sub 31. Ashok Muralidhar Shelke 12. Arun Dada Jadhav Naik Inspector Head Constable NCT of Delhi Haryana 32. Sunil Sahadev Sohani Police 13. Sanjeev Kumar Yadav 14. Late. Umer Mohd Constable Assistant Commissioner of (Posthumously) Constable 33. Vijay Mahadevrao Avhad Police Jammu & Kashmir Police Naik 14. Mohan Chand Sharma 15. Zahoor Ahmad Inspector (1st 34. Vikram Tanaji Nikam Head Inspector (1st Bar To PPMG) Bar To Pmg) Constable

74± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 35. Shivaji Kashinath Kolhe Head 61. H. Guneshwar Singh 82. Indra Jit Singh Teotia Deputy Constable Rifleman Superintendent of Police (2nd 36. Sarjerao Jijaba Pawar 62. K. Sashikumar ShaRma Bar To Pmg) Assistant Sub Inspector Rifleman 83. Tej BaHadur Singh Sub 37. Sanjay ANant Patil Police Nagaland Inspector Constable 63. S. Kumtsu Yimchunger THC Railway Protection Force Maharashtra NCT of Delhi 84. Chandra Bhan Singh 38. Chandrakant Ganpat Kamble 64. Sanjeev Kumar Yadav Constable Police Constable Driver Assistant Commissioner of Assam Rifles Police (2nd Bar To Pmg) 39. Mangesh Anant Naik Police 85. Udal Singh Rifleman Naik Orissa 86. Mutum Arjun Meitei Rifleman 40. Santosh Pandurang 65. Himanshu Kumar Lal 87. Vijay Kumar Rifleman Chendvankar Police Naik Superintendent Of Police 41. Chandrakant Sadashiv 66. Sarat Chandra Mishra Assam Rifles Chavan Head Constable Reserve Inspector 88. Late Indrajit Ramchiary 42. Ramesh Shripati Mane Police 67. Jarif Ahamad Khan Deputy Rifleman (Posthumously) Constable Subedar 89. Prabhat Singh Jamal 43. Isaque Bagwan Assistant 68. Arun Kumar Panda Lance Rifleman Commissioner Of Police Naik Central Reserve Police Force 44. Vinayak Bajirao Vetel 69. Sibshankar Nayak Constable 90. Alok Kumar Srivastava Assistant Police Inspector Tripura Deputy Commandant 45. Yogendra Chandrakant Pache 70. Deepak Kumar Additional 91. Rajesh Kumar Yadav Sub Police Sub Inspector Superintendent of Police Inspector 46. Mahendra Vinayak Zarekar 71. Dilip Debbarma Sub 92. Ajay Kumar Bag Constable Police Constable Divisional Police Officer 93. Pawan Kumar Constable 47. Sandeep Suresh Talekar 72. Shyamal Debbarma Sub 94. Ram Charitra Commandant Police Constable Inspector 95. Surender Kumar Sub 48. Sachin Deu Rane Police Uttar Pradesh Inspector Constable 73. Gurbachan Lal Inspector 96. R.P.ShUkla Head Constable 49. Mangesh Mahadeo Chavan General 97. Jai Bhagwan Sub Inspector Police Constable 74. Satyendra Veer Singh 50. Amit Arun Tiwari Police Superintendent of Police (2nd 98. A.P.Maheshwari Inspector Constable Bar To Pmg) General 51. Samadhan Shankar More 75. Vijay Kumar Rana Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Police Constable (1st Bar To Pmg) 99. Naresh Pal Constable Manipur Uttar Pradesh 100. Ajay Bhan Singh Constable 52. M. Premkumar Singh Head 76. Surendra Singh Sub 101. Sanjeev Sharma Second-In- Constable Inspector Command 53. P Lokendro Singh Constable 77. Ram Badan Singh Deputy 102. Vikram Singh Bisht Deputy 54. S. Robindro Singh Constable Superintendent of Police (1st Commandant Bar To Pmg) 55. Y. Kishorchand Meitei 103. Sanjiv Kumar Constable 78. Brij Mohan Pal Sub Inspector Inspector 104. P R Mishra Assistant 56. Md.Tajuddin Khan Rifleman 79. Dharmendra Singh Yadav Sub Commandant Inspector 57. T. Haridas Singh Rifleman 105. Chandra Ballabh Sub 80. Awadh Narayan Chaudhry 58. Md. Doulat Khan Rifleman Inspector Head Constable 59. M. Sanjit Sharma Jemadar 106. Raman Goud Constable 81. Ashok Kumar Tripathi 60. Md. Shoukat Ali Head Additional Superintendent of 107. Pradeep Kumar Roy Constable Police Constable

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 75 President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service Republic Day-2009

Andhra Pradesh 10. Shri Laxmi Narain Rao, 20. Shri M.G.Nagendra 1 Shri Nanduri Sambasiva Rao, Assistant ComMissioner of Kumar,Deputy Superintendent Commissioner of Police, Police, Special Cell, New of Police, Intelligence Visakhapatnam,Andhra Delhi, N.C.T. of Delhi , Karnataka Pradesh. Goa Kerala 2 Dr. Mannam Malakondiah, 11. Shri Kishan Kumar, Inspector 21. Shri T P Senkumar, Inspector Inspector General of Police, Gujarat General of Police & Chairman Police Transport 12. Shri Rakesh Asthana, and MD Ksrtc, Organisation, Petlaburj, Commissioner of Police, Thiruvananathapuram, Kerala Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Vadodara City, Gujarat 22. Shri S. Gopinath, Deputy Inspector General of Police, 3 Shri Kattherisetty 13. Shri Ranjitsinh B. Rana, Intelligence, SB Satyanarayana Rao, Deputy Deputy Superintendent of CID,Thiruvananthapuram, Inspector General of Police, Police, Sarkhej Kerala CID, Hyderabad,Andhra Division,, Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Haryana 23. Shri Sanjay Chaudhary, 14. Shri Lekh Raj, Sub-Inspector, 4 Shri Palli Rama Rao, Inspector General of Police/ SVB Panchkula, Haryana Additional Deputy Director , Sports & Youth Commissioner of Police, Himachal Pradesh Welfare, Bhopal, Madhya (Crimes) Visakhapatnam, 15. Shri Roshan Lal Vashisht, Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Deputy Superintendent of 24. Shri Sukhraj Singh, Inspector Arunachal Pradesh Police, Shimla, Himachal General of Police, PHQ 5. Shri Deepak Kumar Mishra, Pradesh Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Inspector General of Police, Jammu and Kashmir Maharashtra Itanagar,Arunachal Pradesh 16. Shri RAm Lubhaya, Inspector 25. Shri Subodh Kumar Jaiswal, Assam General Of Police, Personnel./ AdditionAl Commissioner of Training, Jammu and 6. Shri Rajendra Kumar, Police, Special Bureau, Kashmir Inspector General of Police, Mumbai, Maharashtra A.P Hq, Ulubari, Jharkhand 26. Shri Shivaji Dagdu Patil, Guwahati,Assam 17. Shri Naresh Prasad Singh, Assistant Sub Inspector, Deputy Inspector General, Kopari P.S Thane City, Chhattisgarh South Chhotanagpur Range, Maharashtra 7. Shri Rewati Charan Patel, Ranchi, Jharkhand Orissa Inspector General of Karnataka 27. Shri Lingaraj Parida, Police,Ajk, Phq, Raipur, 18. Shri Prem Shankar Meena, Superintendent of Police, Chhattisgarh Inspector General of Police & Police Motor Transport, NCT of Delhi Executive Director,Karnataka Cuttack, Orissa 8. Shri Amulya Kumar Patnaik, State Police Housing 28. Shri Anil Kumar Bal, Deputy Joint Commissioner of Corporation, Bangalore, Commandant, OSAP 6th Bn. Police, New Delhi, N.C.T. of Karnataka Cuttack, Orissa Delhi 19. Shri Malagaveli Narayan Punjab 9. Shri Ajay Kashyap, Joint Reddi, Inspector General of 29. Shri Rajinder Pal Singh Brar, Commissioner of Police, New Police, Cod, Carlton House, Deputy Inspector General Of Delhi, N.C.T. of Delhi Bangalore., Karnataka Police, Chandigarh, Punjab

76± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Rajasthan 42. Shri Pulickel Joseph 57. Shri Avinash Mohananey, 30. Shri Kapil Garg, Inspector Sebastian, Deputy Inspector Joint Director, Ministry of General of Police, Anti General, Prov. Dte. Hq, Cgo Home Affairs Corruption Bureau, Jaipur, Complex,, New Delhi., BSF 58. Shri P S Purohit, Joint Rajasthan 43. Mrs. Susana Thomas, Deputy Director, Ministry of Home Affairs Sikkim Inspector General (Med), Composite Hospital, 59. Shri Sukhdev SingH 31. Shri Bhim Kumar Jalandhar Cantt. Punjab., BSF Sidhu,Joint Director,Ministry Roka,Deputy Inspector Central Bureau of Investigation of Home Affairs General of Police, R/Lines 60. Shri M Hari Sena Verma, Phq, Sikkim 44. Shri Rajni Kant Mishra, Joint Director ( Eow-Ii), Delhi, CBI Joint Director, Ministry of Tamil Nadu 45. Shri Hitesh Chandra Awasthi, Home Affairs 32. Shri K Rajendran, Additional Joint Director ( Achq), Delhi, 61. Shri Prem Nath Angurala, Director General of Police, CBI Assistant Director, Ministry of Home Affairs Member,Tnusrb, 46. Shri Raju Rangarajan, Chennai,Tamil Nadu Superintendent of Police, Su 62. Shri Manjit Singh Lochab, 33. Shri K Radhakrishnan, Chennai, CBI Deputy Central Intelligence Officer, Ministry of Home Additional Director General of 47. Shri Radhakant Choubey, Affairs Police, Civil Supplies CID, Superintendent of Police, CBI Chennai, Tamil Nadu Academy, Ghaziabad, CBI Indo-Tibetan Border Police 63. Shri R. S. Pathania, Deputy Uttar Pradesh Central Industrial Security Force Inspector General, Nw (F) 34. Shri Anand Lal Banerjee, 48. Shri K T Maheshkar, Deputy Chandigarh, ITBP Inspector General of Police, Commandant, Nisa 64. Shri Inder Singh Negi, Deputy Cb Cid, Lucknow, Uttar Hyderabad, CISF Pradesh Inspector General, Shq 49. Shri Ishaque Sharif, Assistant Bhubaneshwar, ITBP 35. Shri Gurdarshan Commandant, CISF Hqrs, 65. Shri R. C. Baijwan, Deputy Singh,Inspector General of CISF Inspector General, SHQ, Police, Meerut Zone, Meerut, Central Reserve Police Force Jammu, ITBP Uttar Pradesh 50. Shri Subesh Kumar Singh, Sashastra Seema Bal 36. ShRi Ved Pal Singh Inspector General of Police/ 66. Shri Rup Singh,Area Verma,Deputy Superintendent Pers, Fhqrs, New Delhi, CRPF Organiser,Fhqrs,New Delhi, of Police, Pac Hq Lucknow, 51. Shri Muthu Paul Nathanael, SSB Uttar Pradesh Deputy Inspector General/ Special Protection Group West Bengal Ops, Srinagar, C/O 56 Apo, 67. Shri Anup Kumar Singh, 37. Shri Amar Kant CRPF Inspector General of Police, Sarkar,Inspector General of 52. Shri Baljeet Kumar Sharma, New Delhi, SPG Police, Railways,West Bengal Deputy Inspector General of 68. Shri Kumar Rajesh Chandra, Police, Ctc, MudKhed, 38. Shri Subir Kumar Chatterjee, Inspector General of Police, Nanded, CRPF Inspector, I/C Titagarh New Delhi, Spg Ps,West Bengal 53. Shri T A Abdul Steel Authority of India Limited Hakeem,Deputy Inspector Andaman and Nicobar Islands 69. Shri Venugopal K Nair, Chief General of Police, RTC Vigilance Officer, Ispat 39. Shri Kashmir Singh Pabla, Peringome, Kannur, Kerala, Bhawan, CGO Complex, Deputy Superintendent of CRPF Lodhi Road, New Delhi, Steel Police, Port Blair,Andaman 54. Shri Khajan Singh, Authority Of India Limited and Nicobar Islands Commandant, 87 Bn Crpf, R Ministry of Railways K Puram,New Delhi, CRPF Border Security Force 70. Shri Chandra Shekhar Ray, 40. Shri Chilumuri Venkata Ministry of Home Affairs Deputy Inspector General, Muralidhar, Inspector 55. Smt Neelamani N Raju,Joint Rpsf, Railway Board, M/O General, Ftr, Hq Sb, Kolkata, Director,New Delhi, Ministry Railways Bsf of Home Affairs 71. Shri Harananda-, Chief 41. Shri Rajinder Mani, DEputy 56. Shri Arvinda Kumar, Joint Security Commissioner, Ncr/ Inspector General, Hq, CGO Director, Ministry of Home Hq / Allahabad, M/O Complex, New Delhi, Bsf Affairs Railways.

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 77 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

Andhra Pradesh 12. Shri Ummadisetti 24. Shri Khargeswar Baglari, 1 Shri K.V. Rajendranath Reddy, Sreekrishnudu, Inspector of Constable (Driver) Apro(Hq), Commissioner of Police, Police, Anti Corruption Ulubari, Guwahati,Assam Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Bureau, CIU, Hyderabad, Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh 2 Shri P Sitharama Anjaneyulu, 25. Shri T J Longkumer, Deputy Deputy Inspector General of 13. Shri Mohd Zainuddin, Inspector General of Police, Police (Intelligence), Assistant Reserve Sub Stf/Caf, Bastar, Chhattisgarh Inspector, Sar/Cpl,Andhra Hyderabad, 26. Shri Goverdhan Singh Darro, Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Commandant, 2nd Bn. Sakri 1 Shri Balla Balakrishna, Supdt 14. Shri Lingam Chandra Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh of Police, West Godavari Sekharam,Assistant Reserve 27. Shri Akbar Ram Korram, District, Eluru,Andhra Sub Inspector,14th (Ir) Bn Superintendent of Police, Pradesh Apsp,Anantpur,Andhra District Jaspur, Chhattisgarh Pradesh 2 Shri Doule Laxman Rao 28. Shri Shyam Bihari Pandey, ,Additional Superintendent of 15. Shri Kalle Chinnaiah, Sub Head Constable, 10 Bn. Caf Police,AP Police Academy, Inspector of Police, Sarguja, Chhattisgarh Hyderabad, Intelligence, Hyderabad 29. Shri Aghanu Ram, Constable, Andhra Pradesh Region,Andhra Pradesh 3rd Bn CAF, Raipur, 5. Shri Kuppili Ramakrishna 16. Shri Sunkari Surya Prabhakar Chhattisgarh Rao, Additional Rao,Sub Inspector of Police, 30. Shri Choudhary Shiv Narayan Superintendent of Police, CID, Intelligence, Vizianagaram, Singh,Sub-Inspector (M), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Andhra Pradesh Scrb, CID, Phq, Raipur, Pradesh 17. Shri Erukulla Bharathudu, Sub Chhattisgarh 6. Shri Valupali Ramakrishnaiah, Inspector of Police, Assistant Commissioner of Intelligence, Hyderabad NCT of Delhi Police, Banjara Hills Div. Region,Andhra Pradesh 31. Shri Sudhir Singh Yadav, Joint Hyderabad City, Andhra 18. Shri Vasamsetti Naryana Rao, Commissioner of Police, New Pradesh Sub Inspector of Police, Zonal Delhi, Delhi 7. Shri Patnala Venkata Radha Intelligence officer 32. Shri Bir Singh, Assistant Krishna, Deputy Kakinada,Andhra Pradesh Commissioner of Police, Superintendent of Police, , 19. Shri Mohd Khaja Miya, Head North Ea St District, Delhi, Anti-Curruption Bureau, Constable, D.A.R. Delhi Range 1, Hyderabad,Andhra Khamam,Andhra Pradesh 33. Shri K N Haridas, Assistant Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Commissioner of Police, Phq, 8. Shri Boddu Chitti , Delhi 20. Shri Tashi Lama, Deputy Babu,Deputy Superintendent Inspector General of Police, 34. Smt. Kamla Devi of Police, Greyhounds, Phq Itanagar,Arunachal Meena,Women Inspector Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh Pradesh (Now Acp), Security Unit, 9. Shri Munagala New Delhi, Delhi 21. Shri Robin Hibu, Deputy Venkateshwara Rao, 35. Shri Satya Dev Singh Inspector General of Police, Assistant Commissioner of Ahlawat, Inspector, Security Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Police, Asifnagar Division Vinay Marg, Delhi Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh Assam 36. Shri Vikram Kumar 10. Shri Nimmala Venkata 22. Dr R Prasad Meena,Deputy Chowdhary, Inspector/Steno, Sambaiah, Police,,Security Inspector General (Cid), Crime Women Cell, Wing,Andhra Pradesh Ulubari, Guwahati,Assam Nanakpura, Delhi 11. Shri Jinka Pedda Yerikalaiah, 23. Shri Padmeswar Bora, 37. Shri Biram Singh, Sub Circle Anantpur-District, Assistant Sub-Inspector, Apro Inspector, Security Vinay Andhra Pradesh Ulubari, Guwahati,Assam Marg, Delhi

78± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 38. Shri Krishan Chander, Sub Haryana 70. Shri Prem Raj Shom, Deputy Inspector, Traffic, Delhi 53. Shri Alok Kumar Mittal, Superintendent of Police, Stc 39. Mrs. Sarita Bhardwaj, Woman Haryana Talwara, Jammu And Kashmir Assistant Sub-Inspector, Igi 54. Shri Raj Kumar, Sub- 71. Shri Vijay Mohan Airport, Delhi Inspector, Svb/ Panchkula, Sadhu,Deputy Superintendent 40. Shri Sarabjit Haryana of Police, State Vigilance Singh,Assistant.Sub 55. Shri Kailash Chander, Sub- Org., Jammu and Kashmir Inspector,Crime & Railways, Inspector, 2nd Bn. Hap, 72. Shri Mohmad Ashraf, Deputy Delhi Madhuban, Haryana Superintendent of Police, 41. Shri Shiv Kumar, Head 56. Shri Lakhwinder Kumar, Sub- Police Headquarters, Jammu Constable, Special Cell, Delhi Inspector, Cid, Haryana and Kashmir 57. Shri Bhim Sain, Sub- 42. Shri Satbir Singh, Head 73. Shri Mehraj-Ud-Din , Inspector Inspector, Hq/Newal, Constable, Crime & Railways, Pso To Dr. Farooq Abdullah, HaryanA Delhi Ssg, Jammu And Kashmir 58. Shri Parmod Chand, Goa Assistant Sub-Inspector, Scb, 74. Shri Sansar Chand, Sub 43. Shri Omprakash R Kudtarkar, Panchkula, Haryana Inspector, Cid, Ci , Jammu Commandant, Phq, Panaji, 59. Shri Ram Kumar, Assistant and Kashmir Goa Sub-Inspector, O/O Ipg/ 75. Shri Abdul Aziz Teli, Sub Gujarat Ambala Range, Haryana Inspector, So(GazeTted) Phq, 44. Shri Joshi Nalinkumar 60. Shri Nirmal Singh, Assistant Jammu And Kashmir Somalal , Staff officer/ Sub-Inspector, P.S. Sadar 76. Shri Madan Lal,Assistant Sub Deputy Superintendent of Yamunanagar, Haryana Inspector,Pcr Jammu, Police, Dg&Igp Gs, 61. Shri Vinod Kumar,Head Jammu And Kashmir Gandhinagar, Gujarat Constable,Svb/ Panchkula, 45. Shri Kanaiyalal Samalabhai Haryana Himachal Pradesh 77. Shri Abdul Gani Parry, Head Savani,Police Inspector, 62. Shri Krishan Gopal Constable, Pcr Srinagar, Ahmedabad City, Gujarat Kapoor,Deputy Jammu And Kashmir 46. Shri Natvarsinh Sonsinh Superintendent of Police, Una Jharkhand Chavada, Unarmed Sub- District, Himachal Pradesh 78. Shri Ravi Kant Dhan, Inspector, Scr, Dg&Igp, G S 63. Shri Hari Nand, Inspector, Superintendent of Police, Gandhinagar, Gujarat Cid, Shimla, Himachal Latehar, Jharkhand Pradesh 47. Shri Laljibhai Bhanjibhai 79. Shri Shambhu Thakur, 64. Shri Chaman Lal,Sub- Bhorania, Police Sub- Commandant,10th Mahilla Inspector,Ps Sadar BiLaspur, Inspector Wireless, O/O The Bn., Gumla Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh Commissioner, Jharkhand Communication, Jammu and Kashmir 80. Shri Hemant Toppo, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 65. Shri Pankaj Saxena, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Superintendent of Police, 48. Shri Kishorbhai Arjanbhai Jamtara, Jharkhand Visani, Unarmed Assistant CID Jammu Zone, Jammu 81. Shri Shrawan Kumar, Sub-Inspector, Cid Crime, And Kashmir Inspector , Spl Branch, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 66. Shri Gulzar Singh Slathia, Deputy Inspector General of Dhurwa, Ranchi, Jharkhand 49. Shri Balushankar Jivram Police, Security, Jammu And Pathak, Assistant Sub- 82. Shri Sanjay Kumar Rana, Kashmir Inspector, Lcb District,Amreli, SuB-Inspector, Police Training Gujarat 67. Shri Amjad Parvej Mirza, College, Hazaribag, Commandant, Auxilary Police Jharkhand 50. Shri Shivarambhai Ambubhai 1st Battalion, Jammu And Desai, Asstt Sub 83. Shri Lalan Prasad, Sub- Kashmir Inspector, Spl Branch, Inspector,Vigilance Branch, 68. Shri Bhupinder Singh, Senior Gandhinagar, Gujarat Ranchi, Jharkhand Superintendent of Police 84. Shri Satendra Ojha, Assistant 51. Shri Rameshkumar (Technical), Security Angadsingh Bhadoria, Head Sub-Inspector, Addl Dg Headquarters, Jammu And office, Cid, Jharkhand Constable (Unarmed),Special Kashmir Branch, Ahmadabad City, 69. Shri Fayaz Hussain Nengroo, 85. Shri Sribhagwan Gujarat Deputy Superintendent of Singh,Havildar ,Jamshedpur 52. Shri Rajendrabhai Rambhai Police, Headquarters Dpf, Jharkhand (Unarmed), Railway Police Pulwama, Jammu and 86. Shri Etwa Oraon, Constable, Station, Ahmadabad, Gujarat Kashmir Latehar, Jharkhand

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 79 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

Karnataka 101. Shri Narayana Shetty, Head 118. Shri Sudhir 87. Dr Suresh Kunhi Mohamed, Constable, Viii Bn. Ksrp Laad,Superintendent of National Consultant, National Shimoga, Karnataka Police,Bhopal, Madhya Aids Control Organisation, 102. Shri Shamu Dundappa Hegre, Pradesh Ministry of Health & Family Head Constable, Dar 119. Shri Kunj Behari Sharma, Welfare., Karnataka Belgaum, Karnataka Kerala Assistant Inspector General, 88. Shri M Abdulla Saleem, 103. Shri P. Radhakrishnan, Deputy Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Director (S&V), KsrTc, Superintendent of 120. Shri Manoj Sharma, Assistant Bangalore, Karnataka Police,Thrissur, Inspector General, Bhopal, 89. Shri K.S. Ramacharan Reddy, Kerala Madhya Pradesh Deputy Inspector General of 104. Shri T James, Superintendent 121. Shri Ram Niwas Yadav, Sub Police, Iim Bangalore, of Police, Kollam, Kerala Inspector, Bhopal, Madhya Karnataka 105. Shri P.H. Ashraf Hamsa, Pradesh 122. Shri Vijay Kumar Barche, 90. Shri K Ramachandra Rao, Superintendent of Police Head Constable, Ujjain Deputy Inspector General of Rural, Cbcid, Sig-Ii, Division, Madhya Pradesh Police & Principal, Police Ernakulam, Kerala Training College, Naganahalli, 106. Shri K. Kunhaman Nair, 123. Shri Saket KumaR Shukla, Gulbarga, Karnataka Assistant Commandant, , Ar, Inspector ( Min.), Bhopal, Kasargod, Kerala Madhya Pradesh 91. Smt Malini Krishnamoorthy, 107. Shri S. Ramesh Babu, 124. Shri Rajendra Kumar Jain, Deputy Inspector General of Assistant Commissioner of Subedar /M, Bhopal, Madhya Police, Economic offences, Police, Norcotic Cell , Pradesh Cod, Bangalore, Karnataka Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala 125. Shri Satya Narayan Gupta, 92. Shri K.P. Bheemaiah, 108. Shri U Abdul Karim, Deputy Subedar Bhopal, Madhya Superintendent of Police, Superintendent of Pradesh office of Dgp, Cod, Carlton Police,Thaliparamba, Kannur, 126. Smt. Bharti Guru, Subedar , House, Bangalore, Karnataka Kerala Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 93. Shri Krishnaraddy Devaraddy 109. Shri T Gopala Krishna 127. Shri Milind Sathe, Assistant MalligawaD, Superintendent Pillai,Deputy Superintendent Sub Inspector/M, Bhopal, of Police, Apts, Yelahanka, of Police, Cbcid, Sig-Iii, Madhya Pradesh Bangalore, Karnataka Kozhikode, Kerala Maharashtra 94. Shri Muthanna Aiyappa 110. Shri M. Madhu , Deputy 128. Shri Ankush G.Dhanvijay,Igp/ Biddatanda, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Controller of Legal Metrology Commissinoer of Police, DCrb,Alappuzha, Kerala Food Civil Supplies &, Intelligence, Bangalore, 111. Shri P.K Madhu ,Deputy Consumber Protection Karnataka Superintendent of Police, Department. Mumbai, 95. Shri B. Lokesh, Assistant Kottayam, Kerala Maharashtra Commissioner of Police, 112. Shri V. Rajendran, Head 129. Smt Archana Tyagi, Traffic Adugodi, Sub-Division, Constable Driver , Phq, Additional Commissioner of Bangalore, City, Karnataka Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Police, Mumbai City, 96. Shri Thimmaiah Dasappa, Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Assistant Commissioner of 113. Shri Meghraj Asudani, 130. Shri Ranjit Pandurang Police, City Armed Reserve Inspector General of Police, Abinkar, Deputy North, Bangalore, Karnataka Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Superintendent of Police, 97. Shri B.K. Nanje Gowda, 114. Shri V Madhukumar Railways , Maharashtra Deputy Superintendent of Babu, Deputy Inspector 131. Shri Pradeep Vasudeorao Police, Intelligence Shimoga, General of Police, Jabalpur, Bobade, Police Inspector, Pts Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Nagpur, Maharashtra 98. Shri Raju Venkategowda, 115. Shri Yogesh Mudgal, Deputy 132. Shri Umesh Shrinivas Sub-Inspector, office of Igp, Inspector General of Police, Deshpande, Police Inspector Fc Bangalore, Karnataka Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh (Wireless) , Konkan Range Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 99. Shri K.N. Murthy, Head 116. Shri Prem Singh Bisht, Constable, Intelligence Superintendent of Police, 133. Shri Dinesh Musaddilal Bangalore, Karnataka Lokayukta, Indore, Madhya Agrawal, Police Inspector, Ats Pradesh Mumbai, Maharashtra 100. Shri Suresh Kumar Srinivasa 117. Shri Rajeshwar Prasad Singh, 134. Shri Khanderao Anandrao Murthy, Head Constable, Superintendent of Police, Patil, Police Inspector, Sb (I) Intelligence Bangalore, Lokayukta, Gwalior, Madhya Cid Mumbai City, Karnataka Pradesh Maharashtra

80± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

135. Shri Nagesh Shivdas 149. Shri Pandit Uttam Bhavsar, 165. Shri Inter Chambugong Lohar,Senior Police Inspector, Assistant Sub Inspector, Pcr, Marak, Sub Inspector, East Pantanagar Police Station, Jalgaon, Maharashtra Garo Hills, Meghalaya Mumbai, Maharashtra 150. Shri Chandrakant Dashrath Mizoram 136. Shri Khushalchand Govindlal Kharat, Assistant Sub 166. Shri V. Lalthakima, Baheti, Police Inspector, Inspector, Ghatkopar Police Commandant, 1st Bn, Map, Special Branch, Aurangabad Station, Mumbai City, Mizoram City, Maharashtra Maharashtra 167. Shri R K Daniela,Deputy 137. Shri Vilas Vyaghreshwar 151. Shri Amrut Bhimrao Kolekar, Superintendent of Police, Joshi, Police Inspector,Vp Assistant Sub Inspector Dsb,Aizawl, Mizoram Road Police Station, Mumbai (Driver), M.T Osmanabad, Orissa City, Maharashtra Maharashtra 168. Shri Susant Kumar 138. Shri Ravindra Khanderao 152. Shri Sainath Vithal Sadavarte, Nath,Additional Doiphode, Police Inspector, Assistant Sub Inspector, Commissioner of Police, Mra Marg Police Station Nasik City, Maharashtra Cuttack, Orissa Mumbai City, Maharashtra 153. Shri Shripat Narayan Patil, 169. Shri R P Rao Koche, Deputy Assistant Sub Inspector, Cb 139. Shri Nivrutti Tukaram Kadam, Inspector General of Police, Cid Mumbai City, Southern Range Behrampur, Police Inspector, Ats Mumabi Maharashtra City, Maharashtra Orissa 154. Shri Sahebrao Bhonaji 170. Shri Vinyatosh Mishra, 140. Shri Ramchandra Shivaji Tilkar,Head Constable, Loni Deputy Inspector General of Jadhav, PoLice Inspector, Police Station, Ahmednagar, Police, Fire Service And Anti-Dacoity Cell, Mumbai Maharashtra City, Maharashtra Home Guards, Cuttack, 155. Shri Ranba Dhondiba Patil, Orissa 141. Shri Suhas Madhukar Head Constable, Mhb Police 171. Shri Kanhu Charan Nadgauda, Police Inspector, Stn, Mumbai City, Mohapatra, Inspector, Special Bund Garden P.Stn, Pune City, Maharashtra Branch, Baripada, Orissa Maharashtra 156. Shri Janba Bhavakana Patil, 142. Shri Vijay Kumar Vasantrao Head COnstable, Ats 172. Shri Surendra Majhi, Palsule,Police Inspector, Mumbai, Maharashtra Inspector, Cid, Cb, Cuttack.`, Orissa Deccan Police Station Pune 157. Shri Anil Pandurang City, Maharashtra Sulgaonkar, Head Constable ( 173. Shri Binod Kumar Das,Reserve Inspector of 143. Shri Sayyed Amin Sayyed , Driver ), Control Room, Police, Berhampur Reserve Reserved Police Sub Kolhapur, Maharashtra office, Orissa Inspector, Police Head 158. Shri Kishor Channappa Quarter, Nanded, Landge, Head Constable, Dcb 174. Shri Lambodar Mahanta, Maharashtra Cid Mumbai, Maharashtra Assistant Sub-Inspector, 159. Shri Sirajuddin Nijamuddin Sambalpur Vigilance 144. Shri Sidram Ramchandra Division,Orissa Tad,Police Sub Inspector, Kazi, Head Constable, Mt 175. Shri Devanand Security Branch, Solapur Solapur Rural, Maharashtra Laria,Sepoy,Osap 4th Rural, Maharashtra 160. Shri Rajendra Yashwant Sawant, Head Constable Bn.Rourkela, Orissa 145. Shri Bhagwan Dadu Hande, Punjab Armed Assistant Sub (Driver), Police Headquarters, 176. Shri Jitendra Kumar INspector, Srpf Gr-1, Pune, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Jain,Deputy Inspector Maharashtra Manipur 161. Shri Asem Shyamcharan General, Faridkot Range, 146. Shri Chandrakant Dashrath Singh, Inspector, Cid (Sb), Punjab Mane, Assistant Sub Manipur 177. Smt.Gurpreet Kaur Deo, Inspector (Driver), Mt Solapur 162. Shri Deputy Inspector General, Rural, Maharashtra Md.Ghiyasuddin,Jemadar,7th Chandigarh, Punjab 147. Shri Arjun Nanu Thite, Indian Reserve Bn, Imphal, 178. Shri Ishwar Singh, Deputy Armed Assistant Sub Manipur Inspector General, Ludhiana, Inspector, Srpf Gr -X., 163. Shri Aribam Gopeshor Punjab Solapur, Maharashtra Sharma, Assistant Sub- 179. Shri Surjit Singh, 148. Shri Walhu Sayaji Patole, Inspector, Imphal West Superintendent of Police, Assistant Sub Inspector, District, Manipur Amritsar, Punjab Kotwali Police 164. Shri Koijam Muhindro 180. Shri Sarwan Singh, Stn,Ahmednagar, Singh, Havildar, 2 Irb, Imphal, Superintendent of Police, Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Ferozepur, Punjab

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 81 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

181. Shri Gurdeep Singh, Deputy 198. Shri Bhagwan Dadu Vishnoi, 214. Shri Sudhakar -, Inspector , Superintendent of Police, Cid Head Constable, Police Head Quarters, Chennai,Tamil Unit Hoshiarpur, Punjab Training School, Jodhpur, Nadu 182. Shri Balkar Singh,Deputy Rajasthan 215. Shri Jeevanandham -, Superintendent of Police, 199. Shri Mahaveer Prasad Inspector , City-Iii, Chennai, Sadar Amritsar, Punjab Yadav,Head Constable,Police Tamil Nadu 183. Shri Lekh Raj, Deputy Lines, Jaipur CIty, Rajasthan 216. Shri Ashokan -,Inspector, Superintendent of Police, 7th 200. Shri Shanker Lal Khatik, Head Spl,Inves,C Ell,Chennai, Tamil Bn Pap, Jalandhar, Punjab Constable, Anti Corruption Nadu 184. Shri Malkiat Singh, Inspector, Bureau, Pali, Rajasthan Control Room Pap, Jalandhar, 201. Shri Rameshwar Dayal Tripura Punjab Kumhar, Head Constable, Asp 217. Shri Smarajit Kanungoe, 185. Shri Avtar Singh, Inspector, office Bharatpur City., Superintendent of Police 5th Irb, Amritsar, Punjab Rajasthan (Security).,West 186. Shri Sandeep Sood, Sub 202. Shri Hanuman Singh Rajput, Tripura,Tripura Inspector, Security Wing, Head Constable, Crime 218. Shri SUbodh Chandra Das, Chandigarh, Punjab Branch, Jaipur Rural, Additional Superintendent of 187. Shri Sukhbir Singh, Assistant Rajasthan Police, South Tripura, Sub-Inspector, Vigilance 203. Shri Ashok Kumar Khandal, Udaipur, Tripura Bureau, Range, Ludhiana, Head Constable, Cid (Ssb) , 219. Shri Sanjoy Biswas, Punjab Jaipur, Rajasthan Inspector, East Agartala Ps, 188. Shri Onkar Singh,Assistant 204. Shri Ashok Kumar Vishnoi, Tripura,Tripura Sub InspecTor,Amritsar, Constable, Anti-Corruption Uttar Pradesh Punjab Bureau, Barmer, Rajasthan 220. Shri Harish Chander 189. Shri Ashok Kumar, Assistant Sikkim Sub Inspector, State Kashyap, Inspector General 205. Shri Tshering Tamang, Sub Narcotics Cell,Amritsar, of Police, Gorakhpur Zone, Inspector, Reserve Lines, Uttar Pradesh Punjab Sikkim Tamil Nadu 190. Shri Kulwant Singh, Head 221. Shri Bishwajit Mahapatra, 206. Shri V.A. Ravikumar, Constable, 5th Irb, Amritsar, Inspector General of Police, Assistant Inspector General, Punjab Railways Lucknow, Uttar Administration, office of Dgp, Rajasthan Pradesh Chennai, Tamil Nadu 191. Shri A Ponnuchamy, Deputy 222. Shri Anand Kumar, Deputy 207. Shri Karuppiah Thondiraj, Inspector General of Police , Inspector General of Police, Deputy Commissioner of (Spl Crime & Eco. offence) Saharanpur Range, Police, Crime And Traffic, CID (Cb) Jaipur, Rajasthan Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Coimbatore City, Tamil Nadu 192. Shri Karnal Bahadur Singh 223. Shri Anand Swaroop, Deputy Kapoor,Superintendent of 208. Shri P. Kesavan, Inspector General OF Police, Police, District Dausa, , Commandant, , Tsp Iv Security , Lucknow, Uttar Rajasthan Battalion, Kovaipudur,Tamil Pradesh Nadu 193. Shri Prem Prakash 224. Shri Sushil Kumar 209. Shri Kandasamy Rangarajan, Tak,Additional Superintendent Singh,Deputy Inspector Additional Superintendent of of Police, CID (Cb) Range General of Police, Jhansi Police, Crime, Theni District, Cell, Kota, Rajasthan Range Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu 194. Shri Kishan Pal Singh, 225. Shri Sanjay Singhal, Deputy Inspector of Police, Cid (SSB) 210. Shri Thirunavukkarasu , Deputy Superintendent of Inspector General of Police, , Jaipur, Rajasthan Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 195. Shri Harishanker Mishra, Sub Police,Vigilance & Anti- 226. Shri Hari Ram Sharma, Inspector of Police, Cm Corruption, Chennai, Tamil Senior Superintendent of Vigilance, Jodhpur City, Nadu Police, Kanpur Nagar, Rajasthan 211. Shri Selvarajan -, Inspector , Uttar Pradesh 196. Shri Karan Singh Jodha, Sub V&Ac Coimbatore, Tamil Inspector of Police, CID Nadu 227. Shri Kashi Nath Singh, (Ssb), Jaipur, Rajasthan 212. Shri Panneerselvam - Superintendent of Police, 197. Shri Ravindra Kumar ,Inspector ,V&Ac,Cuddalore, Railways Lucknow, Uttar Williams, Assistant Sub Tamil Nadu Pradesh Inspector (Operator),Police 213. Shri Kuppusamy -,Inspector 228. Shri Prakash Tripathi, Tele Comn Hq,Jaipur, ,Viluppuram,Chennai, Tamil Superintendent of Police, Rajasthan Nadu Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh

82± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

229. Shri Jitendra Pratap Singh, 245. Shri Sada Shiv, Constable, 262. Shri Swapan Kumar Superintendent of Police, District Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Bhattacharjee, Sub Inspector, Mahamaya Nagar, 246. Shri Ram Bahadur Singh, Po&Ps-Tamluk, District. Uttar Pradesh Sub-Inspector, District Purba Medinipur, 230. Shri Ram Swaroop, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Superintendent of Police, 247. Shri Ram Kumar Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Sharma, Sub-Inspector(V/S), 263. Shri Swapan Kumar Roy, Pradesh Distt. Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh Assistant Sub-Inspector 231. Shri Satya Prakash Yadav, 248. Shri Om Prakash (Armed Branch), South 24 Deputy Superintendent of Singh, Sub-Inspector, District Parganas,West Bengal Police, Pts Moradabad, Uttar Unnao, Uttar Pradesh 264. Shri Jogender Singh,Armed Pradesh 249. Shri Sripal Singh Tomar, Sub- Reserve Assistant Sub- 232. Shri Ashok Kumar, Additional Inspector, Distt. Pilibhit, Uttar Inspector, Ptc, Superintendent of Police, Hq Pradesh BarraCkpore,West Bengal Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 250. Shri Kamla Singh Yadav, 265. Shri Tapan Majumder, 233. Shri Mata Prasad Bhaskar, Sub-Inspector, Distt. Constable, Int. Branch, Deputy Superintendent of Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh Kolkata,West Bengal Police, Liu, Kanpur, Uttar 251. Shri Jitendra Pratap Singh, Pradesh 266. Shri Ajit Kumar Das, Inspector, Uppcl Lucknow, Constable, Nagrakata Police 234. Shri Mrigendra Singh, Uttar Pradesh Additional Superintendent of Station, Jalpaiguri,West 252. Shri Jamir Ahamad Khan, Police, Central Reserve, Bengal Constable, 32 Bn. Pac, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh 267. Shri Prodyut Kumar Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 235. Shri Ashok Kumar, Additional Sinha, Police Driver, Mt 253. Shri Devendra Kumar, Superintendent of Police, 41 Section, Malda , Po- Inspector , District Bn. Pac, Ghaziabad, Uttar Mokdumpur, Distt-Malda, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh Pradesh West Bengal Uttrakhand 236. Shri Dalbir Singh 268. Shri Manik Roy, Constable, 254. Shri Satish Kumar Shukla, Yadav,Additional Dap, Cbr, District. Cooch Superintendent of Police, Superintendent of Police, Behar,West Bengal Phq, 12 Subhash Road, Pichhra Varg Kalyan Nigam, 269. Shri Dasarathi Konar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Dehradun., Uttrakhand 255. Shri Madan Singh Farshwan, Assistant Sub Inspector, Int. 237. Shri Prem Chandra Singh, Branch, Kolkata, West Bengal Head Constable, 12 Bn. Pac Deputy Superintendent of Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh Police, Pithoragarh., 270. Shri Anil Baran 238. Shri Satya Ram Yadav, Uttrakhand Hazari,Assistant Sub Inspector, Eow, Lucknow, 256. Shri Dinesh Chandra Singh Inspector,Sap, 2nd Bn, Uttar Pradesh Rawat, Deputy Barrackpore, North 24 239. Shri Vinod Kumar Srivastava, Superintendent of Police, Pgs,West Bengal Sub-Inspector (M) / Steno, Haridwar, Uttrakhand 271. Shri Nityananda Gupta, District Fatehpur, Uttar 257. Shri Diwan Ram Tamta, Constable (Ab), Dap,Malda, Pradesh Company Commander, 31 Mokdumpur District 240. Shri Syed Israr Husain, Sub- Bn. Pac Rudrapur, Uttrakhand Malda,West Bengal Inspector(M), I.G. Zone, West Bengal 272. Shri Gobinda Kumar office, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 258. Shri Sanjay Singh, Deputy Mukherjee, Assistant Sub 241. Shri Mahesh Chandra Singh, Inspector of General, Inspector, Sealdah Grp,West Constable, District Kannauj, (Training), Ptc, Barrackpore Bengal ,West Bengal Uttar Pradesh 273. Shri Bikash Moy Hazra, 242. Shri Satish Kumar, Sub- 259. Shri Sunil KuMar Dey, Constable, Head Quarters, Inspector (M), Cb, Cid, Hqrs, Assistant Commissioner of Purulia,West Bengal Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Police, Phq Kolkata ,West 243. Shri Jagdish Tomar, Sub- Bengal 274. Shri Swapan Kumar Saha, Inspector, District 260. Shri Swapan Kumar Nandi, Constable, Vigilance Gautambudh Nagar, Uttar Inspector, Int. Branch, Commission, Bikash Bhavan, Pradesh Kolkata,West Bengal Salt Lake Kolkata, West Bengal 244. Shri Kiran Pal Singh, Sub- 261. Shri Passang Sherpa, Sub Inspector, Dr. Bhim Rao Inspector, Sap, 10th Bn, 275. Smt. Mingma Chiten Bhutia, Ambedkar Police Academy Dabgram, Jalpaiguri, West Lady Constable, Reserve Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh Bengal office Darjeeling,West Bengal

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 83 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Border Security Force 305. Dr. Hira Lal Raskaran, Chief 276. Shri Chitta Ranjan Garu, 291. Shri Siddhart Medical officer (Sg) / Inspector, Port Blair, Chattopadhyaya, Deputy Commandant (Med.),Fhq Andaman And Nicobar Inspector General, Shq, Hospital-Ii,Tigri Camp, New Islands Chandigarh Shilliguri, Radhabari, P.O. Delhi, BSF 277. Shri Suresh Kumar, Head Bhuktidangapara, Jalpaiguri, 306. Shri Lehna Singh Dahiya, Constable,Vip/Security, BSF Squadron Commander, Hq Chandigarh 292. Shri Abhai Swaroop Verma, Nsg, Mehram Nagar, Palam, New Delhi, BSF Assam Rifles Deputy Inspector General, Stc, Jodhpur Mandore Road, 307. Shri Romesh Chand Jasrotia, 278. Shri Balakrishnan Pm, Rajasthan, BSF Second-In-Command, Shq, Stenographer Grade-I, Adg Gurdaspur, Punjab., BSF 293. Shri Rajiv Kumar Hajela, Sectt., Hq Dgar, 308. Shri Mohammed Kadir Shillong,Assam Rifles Deputy Inspector General, Hq, Comn. Dte. Cgo Qureshi, Second-In- 279. Shri Thomas George, Asstt. Complex, New Delhi., BSF Command/ Ee (Civil), Cgo Comdt, Hq Igar(N) C/O 99 Complex, New Delhi, BSF Apo,Assam Rifles 294. Shri Asaf Ally, Deputy 309. Shri K Vikhuto Swu, Second- Inspector General, Stc, 280. Shri Kedar Ram, Subedar , In-Command, 111 Bn. C/O Udhampur, Po-Roun, Dhar Kadamtala, District Imphal 99 Apo, BSF Road, J&K, BSF East, Manipur,Assam Rifles 310. Shri Ravindra Chandra 281. Shri Bhupal Ram, Subedar , 295. Shri Pankaj Goomer, Deputy Padalia, Deputy 14 Assam Rifles, C/O 99 Inspector General, Fhq, New Commandant, Stc, Apo,Assam Rifles Delhi, BSF Udhampur, Po- Roun, 282. Shri Sukumaran K P, Naib 296. Shri Narendra Nath Dhar Udhampur., BSF Subedar Nursing Assistant, Dubey, Commandant, 311. Shri Dhan Singh, Deputy Chandel (Manipur) 20 Assam Siw,Tigri Camp, New Delhi., Commandant, 23 Bn, Rifles C/O 99 Apo, Assam BSF Panjipara, Uttar Dinajpur, Rifles 297. Shri Kailash Lal Sah, North Bengal., BSF 283. Shri Hira Singh, Subedar , Commandant, 61 Bn., 312. Shri Rajinder Kumar Moreh ( Manipur) 24 Assam Kasiamangal, P.O- Sharma,Deputy Rifles C/O 99 Apo,Assam Teliamura,Tripura , BSF Commandant, 52 Bn, Rifles 298. Shri Om Shankar Jha, Sunderbani, C/O 56 Apo, Bsf 313. Shri Surendra Singh 284. Shri Dhirendra Singh Negi, Commandant , Training Chaudhary, Deputy Deputy Commandant, 25 Directorate Hq, Cgo Complex Commandant, 183 Bn. Po- Assam Rifles C/O ,New Delhi., BSF Narayanpur, District 99apo,Assam Rifles 299. Shri Ajit Sudevan, Commandant, 113 Bn , P.O. Malda,West Bengal, Bsf 285. Shri Surjit Singh, Naib 314. Shri Mahabir Singh, Deputy Subedar, 25 Assam Rifles C/ Talligura, District. Cooch, Behar,West Bengal, BSF Commandant, 85 Bn. O 99apo,Assam Rifles Pokhran, District Jaisalmer 300. Shri Rajeev Sinha, 286. Shri Mahesh Singh Yadav, Raj., Bsf Commandant , Hq, Prov. Second-In-Command, 25 315. Shri Kulwant Singh Assam Rifles C/O Directorate. Cgo, Complex, New Delhi., BSF RaWat,Deputy Commandant, 99apo,Assam Rifles 70 Bn. Gokulnagar, Po- 287. Shri Tarsem Chand, 301. Shri Manoj Kumar Yadav, Harishnagar,Tripura West, Subedar , 26 Assam Rifles, Commandant, 171 Bn., Tripura., BSF Kohima,Assam Rifles Singhpura, C/O 56 Apo, BSF 316. Shri Ramendra Nath Roy, 288. Shri Khushal Singh 302. Shri R. Muthukrishnan, Deputy Commandant, 70 Bn. Sahu,Subedar, 32 Assam Commandant, 109 Bn. P,O- Gokulnagar, Po- Harish Rifles C/O 99 Apo, Assam Modhopur, Teh. Pathankote, Nagar,West Tripura, BSF Rifles Gurdaspur, Punjab., BSF 317. Shri Mandalaparambil 289. Shri Narayan Singh 303. Shri Amar Kumar Aravindakshan, Assistant Sharma,Subedar Ekka, Commandant, 31 Bn. Commandant, Hq Am Ftr, ,Naginimora, (Nagaland) 37 Mawpat, Po- Dumpling, Distt. Shillong, Poumpling, District Assam Firles C/O 99apo, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, East Garo Hills., Meghalaya., Assam Rifles BSF BSF 290. Shri Triloki Nath Tewari, Naib 304. Shri Chuni Lal Belwa, 318. Shri Bhagirath Singh, Subedar, Signal Unit, Commandant, 81 Bn Bsf, C/O Inspector, 12 Bn. , C/O 56 Shillong, Assam Rifles 56 Apo, BSF Apo, BSF

84± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

319. Shri Abhey Singh 335. Shri Rajiv Singh, Deputy 358. Shri Subramanium Yadav,Inspector,64 Bn.C/O 56 Inspector General of Police, Radhakrishnan, Sub Apo, Bsf Delhi, Cbi Inspector, Nisa Hyderabad, 320. Shri Kehar Ram, Inspector, 336. Shri Ram Nath Azad, Cisf 09 Bn. Po & District BarmAr, Assistant Director, Delhi, Cbi 359. Shri Mohinder Singh Somata, Rajasthan, BSF 337. Shri Ravinder Head Constable, Rtc 321. Shri Jagnnath Singh Parwal, Singh,Additional Barwaha, Cisf Inspector, 84 Bn, Po-Sam Superintendent of Police,Ac- 360. Shri Abdul Khaleel Ahmed, Road, District Jaisalmer Iii Delhi, Cbi Head Constable, Cisf Unit Rajasthan, BSF 338. Shri Ashok Babu,Deputy Bsp(B), Cisf 322. Shri Ganga Singh, Inspector , SuperinteNdent of Police, 361. Shri A Gurusamy, Head 43 Bn., P.O- Mandot, District Ghaziabad, Cbi Constable, Epl Ennore, Cisf Ferozpur, Punjab, BSF 339. Shri Shajahan Mohammed, 362. Shri Rewa Ram Sahu, Head 323. Shri Bharat Sharma, Inspector,Trivendrum, Cbi Constable, Dae Kalpakkam, Inspector, 100 Bn, Dabla, 340. Shri Uday Keshav More, Cisf Barmer Road, District Inspector, Mumbai, Cbi Central Reserve Police Force Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, BSF 341. Shri Mohan Singh Rawat, 363. Dr. Ashok Nath Jha, Deputy 324. Shri Balbir Singh, Inspector Sub Inspector, Delhi, Cbi Inspector General/Medical, (Tech), 96 Bn. Po- Arunachal, 342. Shri Vijay Pal Singh, Sub Composite Hospital, Group District Cachar,Assam, BSF Inspector, Delhi, Cbi Centre, Ajmer, Crpf 325. Shri Mohd. Basheer Elavankal 343. Shri K Sasidharan Nair, 364. Dr. Sunahari Lal Nimesh, Mytheen, Inspector (Min), Assistant Sub Inspector, Deputy Inspector General/ Siw,Tigri Camp, New Delhi, Cochin, Cbi Medical, Gc, Campus, BSF 344. Shri Bhairav Dutt Kandwal, Nagpur, Maharashtra, CRPF 326. Shri Manbar Singh RaWat, Head Constable, Ghaziabad, 365. Shri Rajendra Prasad Pandey, Sub-Inspector, Shq Cbi Deputy Inspector General , Panisagar,Tripura (North), Central Industrial Security Force Gp Centre, Durgapur-(Wb), BSF 345. Shri Jaijeet Singh,Deputy Crpf 327. Shri Jaswant Singh, Sub- Inspector General,North Hqrs, 366. Shri Kuldeep Dhar,Deputy Inspector, 108 Bn. New Delhi, CISF Inspector General ,Gc, Baishnavnagar, Po- 346. Shri Taranjit SingH Kohli, Gurgaon, Haryana, Crpf Roshanbang, District Deputy Commandant, Unit 367. Shri Mahendra Pal Singh Murshidabad, (W.B), BSF Nfl, Nangal, Cisf Negi, Deputy Inspector 328. Shri Kumuda Bandhaba 347. Shri V Karunakaran, Assistant General , Ne Sec. Shillong, Dash, Sub-Inspector, Nishat, Commandant (Jao), Crpf C/O 56 Apo, BSF Ap(E&Ne) Hqr, Kolkata, Cisf 368. Shri Bhupat Singh Chauhan, 329. Shri Jai Prakash Singh, Sub- Deputy Inspector General , 348. Shri Sarat Kumar Sahoo, Inspector, 90 Bn Gp Centre, Rampur, Crpf Inspector ( Min.), Hqrs, Cisf Roshanbagh, Distt- 369. Shri Sanjay Kaushik, Deputy 349. Shri R C Sabharwal, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Inspector General , Gc Ranga Inspector ( Steno), Gp Hqrs BSF Reddy, Jai Jawaharnagar,Ap, Mumbai, Cisf 330. Shri C Sabu, Sub-Inspector, Crpf 350. Shri Pushkar Singh Rawat, 88 Bn, Koirengi, Po- 370. Shri Sunil Singh, Deputy Inspector, Rtc Arakkonam, Mantripukhri, District Imphal, Inspector General , Gp Centre Cisf Manipur, BSF Nagpur, Crpf 351. Shri Sunil Kumar, Inspector, 331. Shri Mohd. Naseem, Head 371. Shri Ranjeet Datta, Deputy Rtc Barwaha, Cisf Constable, 36 Bn. Po-Kalyani, Inspector General , Gp Centre Distt.- Nadia,WesT Bengal, 352. Shri George Thomas, Pune, Crpf Inspector, Krtc , Mundali, Cisf BSF 372. Shri Arun Kumar, Deputy 332. Shri Nanak Chand, Safai 353. Shri Om Shankar, Inspector, Inspector General , Gp Centre Karamchari, 58bn., Kalakot, Csi Airport, Mumbai, Cisf Gandhinagar, Crpf C/O 56 Apo, BSF 354. Shri Mugudeswaran SHankar, 373. Shri Dwijendra Singh Central Bureau Of Investigation Inspector, Bangalore, Cisf Bhandari, Second-In- 333. Shri Praveer Ranjan, Deputy 355. Shri Harish Singh Karmyal, Command, 131 Bn, Patna, Inspector General of Police, Inspector, Ongc Nazira, Cisf Bihar, Crpf Delhi, Cbi 356. Shri S P Rana, Inspector, 374. Shri Brijesh Pratap SingH, 334. Ms Sonali Mishra, Deputy Kknpp Kudankulam, Cisf Second-In-Command, 30 Bn, Inspector General of 357. Shri R D S Negi, Inspector, Bijapur, New Jail Complex, Police,Acr Mumbai, Cbi 1st Bn, Barwaha, Cisf Chhatisgarh, Crpf

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 85 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

375. Shri Satender Kumar, 394. Shri Jodh Singh, Sub 412. Shri Govind Ram,Water Second-In-Command, 50 Bn, Inspector, 186 Bn, Lohit Carrier, 27 Bn, Nungba, Gc, Sindri, Dhanbad, District,Arunachal PradEsh, Manipur, Crpf Jharkhand, Crpf Crpf Ministry of Home Affairs 376. Shri Subhash Chandra Singh 395. Shri Parmatma Bharti, Sub 413. Shri Arvind Kumar, Deputy Rawat, Second-In-Command, Inspector, 165 Bn, West Director, Hqrs, New Delhi, 23 Bn, Karan Nagar, Srinagar, Midnapor, Wb, Crpf Ministry of Home Affairs Crpf 396. Shri Pitambar Dutt, Sub 414. Shri Vijay Kumar Bir, 377. Shri Satya Narayan Singh Inspector, 187 Bn, Bijaur, Meena, Second-In- Assistant Director, Kosovo, Lucknow, Up, Crpf Un Mission, Ministry of Home Command, 112 Bn, 397. Shri Bakhshish Singh, Sub Awantipura, Pulwama, J&K, Affairs Inspector, 5 Signal Bn, 415. Shri DInesh Shankar Mishra, Crpf Chandigarh, Crpf 378. Shri Hardayal Singh, Deputy Assistant Director, Hqrs New 398. Shri Ram Niwas, Sub Comdt, 100 Bn, Raf, Vastral, Delhi, Ministry of Home Inspector, 98 Bn , Bawana, Ahmedabad, Crpf Affairs New Delhi, Crpf 379. Shri Ahmadullah Ansari, 416. Shri Anil Kumar Negi, Dcio, Deputy Comdt, 181 Bn, 399. Shri Kailash Nath Ministry of Home Affairs Radar Station, J&K, Crpf Choubey,Sub Inspector, 3 417. Shri Timir Bhaskar Shah, 380. ShRi Balkishan -, Asstt. Signal Bn, Crpf Dcio, Hqrs, New Delhi, Comdt, 126 Bn, Bawana, 400. Shri Gopal Krishan, Sub Ministry of Home Affairs Delhi, Crpf Inspector, 5 Signal Bn , 418. Shri Ashok Kumar Singh 381. Shri Sukhram Siyag, Asstt. Chandigarh, Crpf Teotia, Dcio, Ghaziabad, Comdt, 111bn, Hallomajra, 401. Shri Gulab Chand, Sub Ministry of Home Affairs Chandigarh, Crpf Inspector/Mt, 81 Bn, 419. Shri Ajay Kumar Rai, Dcio, 382. Shri N P N Nair,Section Ambikapur, Surguja, Bhopal, Ministry of Home officer, Fhqrs, New Delhi, Crpf ChhatisgArh, Crpf Affairs 383. Shri Ratnala Nageshwara 402. Shri Gopal Upadhyay, Sub 420. Shri Nallur Srinivasaraghavan Rao, Sm/Ps, Fhqrs, New Inspector/Ro, 3 Signal Bn, Uppili,Section officer, Hqrs, Delhi, Crpf Kolkata, Crpf New Delhi, Ministry of Home 384. Shri Mela Ram, Sm/Gd, Gc 403. Shri Sita Ram Bhagat, Sub Affairs Jalandhar, Crpf Inspector, 2 Bn, Sukma, 421. Shri Kulwant Singh Gill, Acio- 385. Shri Amar Nath, Inspector, 61 Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, I/G, ChandigArh, Ministry of Bn, C/O 56 Apo, Crpf Crpf Home Affairs 386. Shri Girdhari Lal,Sm/ 404. Shri Bishamber Das,Sub 422. Shri Dinesh Chander Joshi, Gd,Group Centre-I,Ajmer, Inspector, 163 Bn,Gulshan Acio-I/G, Hqrs, New Delhi, Crpf Nagar, Srinagar, Crpf Ministry of Home Affairs 387. Shri Brajbihari Singh, 405. Shri Ibtombi Singh, Head 423. Shri Shrirang Balwant Joshi, Inspector, 3 Signal Bn, , Crpf Constable, 27 Bn, Nungba, Acio-I/G, Bangalore, Ministry 388. Shri Lal KishoreSingh, Sub Manipur, Crpf of Home Affairs Inspector, 188 Bn 406. Shri Abdul Quam Khan, Head 424. Shri Sunil Sharma,Acio-I/G, Rajnandgon, Chhattisgarh, Constable, 27 Bn, Nungba, Lucknow, Ministry of Home Crpf Manipur, Crpf Affairs 389. Shri Kedar Nath Yadav, Sub 407. Shri Ram Lakhan Rawat, 425. Shri Harpal Singh, Acio-I/G, Inspector, 111bn, Hallomajra, Head Constable, Rtc, Avadi, Hqrs New Delhi, Ministry of Chandigarh, Crpf Chennai, Crpf Home Affairs 390. Shri Mahavir Prasad, Sub 408. Shri A Srinivasan, Head Inspector, Gc, Khatkhati Distt. 426. Smt. Neeta Mishra, Acio-I/G, Constable, 42 Bn, Barkas, Karbi Anglong,Assam, Crpf Hqrs New Delhi, Ministry of HYderabad, Crpf 391. Shri Abdul Karim, Sub Home Affairs Inspector, 160 Bn, C/O 56 409. Shri Ram Avtar Pandey, Head 427. Shri Pradip Kumar Sarkar, Apo, Crpf Constable/Dvr, 21 Bn, C/O 56 Acio-I/G, Jalpaiguri, Ministry 392. Shri Kesavan Prabhakaran, Apo, Srinagar, Crpf of Home Affairs Sub Inspector, 24 Bn 410. Shri Dinesh Prasad, Washer 428. Shri Girish ChandRa Kandpal, Yatriniwas, District Anantnag, Man, Rtc, Avadi, Chennai, Acio-Ii/G, Hqrs, New Delhi, J&K, Crpf Crpf Ministry of Home Affairs 393. Shri Sajjan Singh, Sub 411. Shri Mangla Prasad Mohriya, 429. Shri Prakash Chand Inspector, 121bn, Kathua, Water Carrier, Gc Nayagaon, Kaundinya, Jio-I/G, Shimla, J&K, Crpf Gwalior, Crpf Ministry of Home Affairs

86± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

430. Shri Pushker Nath 448. Shri Dilbag Singh, ConStable/ 464. Shri V Pandiyan, Sub- Marhatta, Jio-I/G, Srinagar, Ord, 5th Bn, Lakhimpur, Inspector , Hyderabad, Svp, Ministry of Home Affairs Kheri, Ssb N.P.A 431. Shri Donald Paul Sawian,Jio- 449. Shri Braja Benu Shome, 465. Shri Sidhu Tiu, Head I/G,Shillong,Ministry of Home Asstt.Director,Fhqrs,New Constable(Adi), Hyderabad, Affairs Delhi, Ssb Svp N.P.A 432. Shri Fateh Chand Saxena, 450. Shri Bimal Kumar Mishra, Ministry of Civil Aviation Udc, Hqrs, New Delhi, Sub Inspector, 30th Bn, 466. Shri Ajit Kumar Sarkar, Ministry of Home Affairs Cooch Bihar, Ssb RegionaL Deputy Indo-Tibetan Border Police 451. Shri Surjit Lal Rayat,Section Commissioner of Security 433. Shri Ahmad Jamal officer,Fhq N .Delhi, Ssb Rasul,Deputy Inspector (Ca), Kolkata, West Bengal, 452. Shri Manoj Kumar Shah, M/O Civil Aviation General, Shq Jammu, Itbp Head Constable, 3rd Bn 434. Shri Sharad Pratap Singh, Almora, Ssb Ministry of Railways Commandant, 2Nd Bn, Kullu, Special Protection Group 467. Shri Sunial Kumar Sinha, Hp, Itbp 453. Shri Jitendra Kumar, Deputy Dy.Csc, O/O Dig Cum Csc/ 435. Shri Rajesh Kumar Joshi, Inspector General, Hqr, New Rpf/Swr Gadag Road, Hubli, Assistant Commandant, 8th Delhi, Spg Karnataka, M/O Railways Bn, Gaucher, Chamoli, Itbp 454. Shri Ashutosh Kumar Sinha, 468. Shri Udai Raj Singh, 436. Shri Ashok Kumar Yadav, Deputy Inspector General, Assistant Security Assistant Commandant, 35th Hqr, New Delhi, Spg Commissioner, Nwr/Hq, M/O Bn , Kullu, Itbp 455. Shri Dhirendra Singh Sindhu, Railways 437. Shri Matwar Singh Negi, Assistant Inspector General , 469. Shri Murari Madhav Patrikar, Inspector, Fhq, New Delhi, Hqr, New Delhi, Spg Assistant Security Itbp 456. Shri Sawinder Sangwan, Commissioner, Konkan 438. Smt. Veena Dobhal, Security officer-I, Hqr, New Railway, Cbd Belapur, Sec-Ii, Inspector/Edn, Cro, New Delhi, Spg Navi Mumbai, M/O Railways Delhi, Itbp 457. Shri Narendra Deo 470. Shri Rosario Aloysius 439. Shri Kundan Singh, Sub Upadhyaya, Security officer- Premkumar,Inspector,Crime Inspector/Mt, Tpt Bn, I(Wt), Hqr, New Delhi, Spg Intelligence Branch, Moore Chandigarh, Itbp Bureau of Police Research and Market ComplEx, Chennai, M/ 440. Shri Om Prakash, Head Development O Railways Constable, Spt Bn , Karera, 458. Shri Tamal Basu, Principal, 471. Shri H. Srinivasa Rao, Itbp Cdts, Kolkata, Bpr & D Inspector, Kazipet Post Sc. National Security Guard Directorate of Coordination Police Divn/ Scr, M/O Railways 441. Shri Sanjay Singh Gehlot, Wireless 472. Shri M A Abraham, Assistant Group Commander, 13 Srg, Sub-Inspector, Dog Squad, ManesAr, Gurgaon (Haryana), 459. Shri Subhash Chander Secrly, Bilaspur, M/O Nsg Bakshi, Cipher Assistant, Railways 442. Shri Satish Chandra Budakoti, Hqrs , Dcpw Group Commander, 12 Srg, Narcotic Control Bureau 473. Shri Bharat Singh Meena, Manesar, Gurgaon 460. Shri A. P Siddiqui, Deputy Inspector, Dahanu Road (Haryana)., Nsg Director, Mha, West Block-I, Distt.Thane, M/O Railways Sashastra Seema Bal R.K. Puram, New Delhi, 474. Shri Keshav Dev Sharma, 443. Shri Aditya Misra,Deputy N.C.B Sipf, Damoh, O/Post, M/O Inspector General,Fhqrs, New National Crime Record Bureau Railways Delhi, Ssb 461. Shri Krishnaswamy Shekhar, 475. Shri Sekhawat Ali, Jr, Rpf 444. Shri Deep Chandra Patni, Junior Staff officer, East Academy,Talkatoraroad, Commandant, 3rd Bn Almora, Block-7 R K Puram, N Delhi, Lucknow, M/O Railways Ssb Ncrb 476. Shri S. Paneer Selvam, 445. Shri Ajit Kumar Bhardwaj, National Human Right Assistant Sub-Inspector, 5 Bn Second-In-Command, 8th Bn Commission Rpsf/Tpj, M/O Railways Malhipur, Ssb 462. Shri Om Prakash Vyas, 477. Shri SanaTan Ram Dakout, 446. Shri Ram Chandra Manori, Deputy Supdt. of Police, Inv. Sub-Inspector, Nf Railway, Hq Jt.Area Organiser, Fhq, N . Div. New Delhi, N.H.R.C, Svp Maligaon, Guwahati, M/O Delhi, Ssb N.P.A Railways 447. Shri Chatter Singh, Assistant 463. Shri G H P Raju, Deputy 478. Shri Ram Kumar Sharma, Commandant, 40th Bn Director, Shivarampally, Inspector, Jbp Post, Jbp Div., Chhatisgarh, Ssb Hyderabad, Svp N.P.A M/O Railways

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 87 Correctional Medals on The Occasion of Republic Day, 2009

President’s Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service Shri Golak Bihari Mohanty, Superintendent, Biju Patnaik Open Air Ashram, Jamujhari, Orissa. Correctional Service Medal for Meritorious Service

S.N. Name of the Prison Personnel 1. Shri K.L. Sreenivasa Rao, Deputy Superintendent of Jails, district Jail Mahaboobnagar,Andhra Pradesh. 2. Shri P. Janardhana Reddy, Deputy Superintendent of Jails, Central Prison Cherlapalli,Andhra Pradesh. 3. Shri James Bara, Jail Superintendent, District Jail Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. 4. Shri Baldev Raj Kakkar, Superintendent, District Jail, Dharmsala, Himachal Pradesh. 5. Shri Shankaranand N. Hullur,Assistant Superintendent, Central Prison Bellary, Karnataka. 6. Shri D.M. Muddegowda, Head Warder, District Prison Ramnagar, Karnataka. 7. Shri E.V. Haridasan,Assistant Jailor, Grade-I, Open Prison, Cheemeni, Kerala. 8. Shri Medem Aier, Superintendent, District Jail, Mokakchung, Nagaland. 9. Shri Sanatan Swain, Regional Probation officer, Berhampur, Orissa. 10. Shri Trilochan Naik,Warder, Baripada Circle Jail, Orissa. 11. Shri N. Kamaraj, Assistant Jailor, Sub-jail Sankari,Tamil Nadu 12. Shri M.Thangaraj, Chief Head Warder, Sub Jail Perambalur,Tamil Nadu

88± The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009 Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2009

Notes for Contributors

Editorial objectives saved in floppy/CD in MS-Word may be sent in The journal covers articles of general police interest addition. Contributions are advised to be very brief as well as research papers based on empirical data in introducing the subject and devote most of the pertaining to police work. Authentic stories of paper to the main theme. Authors should take care criminal case successfully worked out with the help to ensure accuracy of the data and references. of scientific aids and techniques are also published. Quotes should be cited accurately from the original Only original manuscripts are accepted for source, should not be edited and should refer to publication. Articles submitted to the journal should the page numbers of the original publication. be original contribution and should not be under Capitalzation should be kept to the minimum and consideration by any other publication at the same should be consistent. British spellings should be time. A certificate to this effect should invariably used rather than American. The typed script may accompany the article. please be carefully scrutinized for typing errors Areas covered include: before dispatch. A brief autobiographical note of the authors should also be supplied including full Crime, criminology, forensic, science, forensic name, designation, postal address and e-mail medicine, police organization, law & order, cyber address, if any. Figures, charts and diagrams, crime, computer crime, organized crime, white should be kept to a minimum and good quality collar crime, organized crime, white collar crime, originals must be provided. At the end of the article crime against women, juvenile delinquency, human a reference list and a short bibliography would resource development, police reforms, enhance acceptability of the contribution. The organizational restructuring, performance appraisal, contribution can also be e-mailed to the Editor in social defence, correction/ prison administration, addition to being sent by post. police housing, police training, human rights, insurgency, intelligence, corruption, terrorism etc. Copyright Review process Authors submitting articles for publication must warrant that the work is not infringement of any Every article received for publication is subject to existing copyright and will indemnify the publisher the following review procedures: against any breach of such warranty. Papers and 1. It is first reviewed by the editor for general contributions published in the journal become the suitability for publication. legal copyright of the publisher unless otherwise 2. If it is found suitable, it undergoes a review agreed. process by a member of our Board of Referees. 3. Based on the recommendations of the Submission should be sent to: reviewers, the Editorial Board decides whether The Editor, to accept the particular article as it is, or seek The Indian Police Journal, revision, or reject. BPR&D, MHA, Manuscripts requirement Block No. 11, 3rd 4th Floor, The manuscripts should be submitted in duplicate CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, in double line spacing with wide margins. Articles New Delhi-110003. INDIA should ordinarily be between 2000 and 4000 words e-mail: dgbprd&yahoo.co.in in length. Title of the article should be precise. [email protected] Authors should also supply an Abstract of Tel.: 091-11-24365007 100-150 words with keywords. A copy of the article Fax: 091-11-24362425, 24369825

The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVI-No. 1, January-March, 2009± 89 R. No. xxx/xx

Published By: The Bureau of Police Research & Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi and Printed at xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxx