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10 Arthropods and Corpses
Arthropods and Corpses 207 10 Arthropods and Corpses Mark Benecke, PhD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND EARLY CASEWORK WOUND ARTIFACTS AND UNUSUAL FINDINGS EXEMPLARY CASES: NEGLECT OF ELDERLY PERSONS AND CHILDREN COLLECTION OF ARTHROPOD EVIDENCE DNA FORENSIC ENTOMOTOXICOLOGY FURTHER ARTIFACTS CAUSED BY ARTHROPODS REFERENCES SUMMARY The determination of the colonization interval of a corpse (“postmortem interval”) has been the major topic of forensic entomologists since the 19th century. The method is based on the link of developmental stages of arthropods, especially of blowfly larvae, to their age. The major advantage against the standard methods for the determination of the early postmortem interval (by the classical forensic pathological methods such as body temperature, post- mortem lividity and rigidity, and chemical investigations) is that arthropods can represent an accurate measure even in later stages of the postmortem in- terval when the classical forensic pathological methods fail. Apart from esti- mating the colonization interval, there are numerous other ways to use From: Forensic Pathology Reviews, Vol. 2 Edited by: M. Tsokos © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 207 208 Benecke arthropods as forensic evidence. Recently, artifacts produced by arthropods as well as the proof of neglect of elderly persons and children have become a special focus of interest. This chapter deals with the broad range of possible applications of entomology, including case examples and practical guidelines that relate to history, classical applications, DNA typing, blood-spatter arti- facts, estimation of the postmortem interval, cases of neglect, and entomotoxicology. Special reference is given to different arthropod species as an investigative and criminalistic tool. Key Words: Arthropod evidence; forensic science; blowflies; beetles; colonization interval; postmortem interval; neglect of the elderly; neglect of children; decomposition; DNA typing; entomotoxicology. -
Environmental Toxicants in Forensic Entomology
ISSN 2474-8978 TOXICOLOGY AND FORENSIC MEDICINE Open Journal Editorial Environmental Toxicants in Forensic Entomology Bashir M. Rezk, PhD1,2*; Myles S. Masters, BS Student1; Geoffroy E. Sanga Pema, BS Student1,2; Wayne J.G. Hellstrom, MD, FACS2; Asim B. Abdel-Mageed, DVM, PhD2; Suresh C. Sikka, PhD, HCLD2 1Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70126, USA 2Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA *Corresponding author Bashir M. Rezk, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, 6400 Press Drive, New Orleans, LA 70126, USA; Tel. +1(504)284-5405; E-mail: [email protected] Article information Received: December 18th, 2018; Accepted: December 19th, 2018; Published: December 21st, 2018 Cite this article Rezk BM, Masters MS, Pema GES, Hellstrom WJG, Abdel-Mageed AB, Sikka SC. Environmental toxicants in forensic entomology. Toxicol Forensic Med Open J. 2018; 3(1): e1-e2. doi: 10.17140/TFMOJ-3-e008 he fundament of toxicology is the risk-benefit analysis. Cer- and Coleoptera (beetles).4 The first recorded incident in which Ttain chemical exists in the environment that if ingested, even insects were used in a criminal investigation was in 13th century in minute quantities, may alter bodily functions, induce death and China, as described in Sung Tzu's book entitled “The Washing Away interfere with the rate of decomposition of dead bodies. Ancient of Wrongs”.4,5 When a farmer was found murdered in a field with cultures discovered and reported many naturally occurring toxins a sharp weapon, all the suspects were told to place their sickles that have been used in medications, hunting, and wars. -
William Broadhead Professor of History Thesis Supervisor
Vitruvius on Architecture: A Modem Application and Stability Analysis of Classical Structures by Ana S. Escalante Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the Lj Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2013 0 2013 Ana S. Escalante. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created Signature of Author: F , 2 I- - Department of Mechanical Engineering May 28, 2013 Certified by: William Broadhead Professor of History Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Annette Hosoi Professor of Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Officer 1 2 Vitruvius on Architecture: A Modem Application and Stability Analysis of Classical Structures by Ana S. Escalante Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on June 7, 2013 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACT Imperial Rome has left numerous legacies, the most well-known being its literature and monuments. Though many monuments, such as the Pantheon, are well-preserved, in cases where little physical evidence remains, historians can often use literary sources to inform reconstruction efforts. For more technical studies of Roman construction, technical literature is rare and the contemporary awareness of such literature even less known. When Vitruvius wrote De architectura,he did not intend for it to be a manual for instruction but rather a central source of general architectural knowledge. Directly aimed at architects, contractors, and other individuals involved in the design and construction of buildings, De architecturaprovides insight into contemporary technical knowledge. -
Larvae Reared on Aluminum Phosphide-Treated Rabbits
Reduced body length and morphological disorders in Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae reared on aluminum phosphide-treated rabbits Saeed El-Ashram ( [email protected] ) Foshan University Noura A. Toto Damanhour University Abeer El Wakil Alexandria University Maria Augustyniak University of Silesia in Katowice Lamia M. El-Samad Alexandria University Research Article Keywords: Entomotoxicology, forensic entomology, Aluminum Phosphide, insect development, Calliphoridae, Chrysomya albiceps Posted Date: April 27th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-421136/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/14 Abstract Assessing the post-mortem interval (PMI) based on the growth and development of insects is a critical task in forensic entomology. The rate of larvae development can be affected by a variety of toxins, including pesticides. Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a low-cost insecticide that has yet to be entomotoxicologically tested, despite the fact that it is frequently the cause of fatal poisoning. In this study, we measured the body length of Chrysomya albiceps larvae reared on the carcasses of rabbits poisoned with AlP and analyzed the morphological changes of the larvae reared on the carcasses of rabbits poisoned with AlP. The concentration of AlP in the body of the larvae was signicantly lower than in rabbit tissues. Insects from the AlP group had a signicantly lower gain in body length. Furthermore, deformities in the larvae were found. Small respiratory spiracles were found, as well as a deformed small posterior end with hypogenesis of the posterior respiratory spiracles. Thus, disturbed growth and development of carrion ies found at a crime scene could indicate pesticide poisoning, such as aluminum phosphide. -
Question of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium Oxalate Is a Widespread Toxin Found in Many Species of Plants
Question Of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium oxalate is a widespread toxin found in many species of plants. What is the needle shaped crystal containing calcium oxalate called and what is the compilation of these structures known as? Answer: The needle shaped plant-based crystals containing calcium oxalate are known as raphides. A compilation of raphides forms the structure known as an idioblast. (Lim CS et al. Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms. 2016 Disease-a-Month 62(3):37-66) Friday, December 2, 2016 Question: Which oral chelating agent has been reported to cause transient increases in plasma ALT activity in some patients as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions? Answer: Orally administered dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been reported to cause transient increases in ALT activity as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions. (Bradberry S et al. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. 2009 Q J Med 102:721-732) Thursday, December 1, 2016 Question: What is Clioquinol and why was it withdrawn from the market during the 1970s? Answer: According to the cited reference, “Between the 1950s and 1970s Clioquinol was used to treat and prevent intestinal parasitic disease [intestinal amebiasis].” “In the early 1970s Clioquinol was withdrawn from the market as an oral agent due to an association with sub-acute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japanese patients. SMON is a syndrome that involves sensory and motor disturbances in the lower limbs as well as visual changes that are due to symmetrical demyelination of the lateral and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord, optic nerve, and peripheral nerves. -
A Mathematician's Lament
A Mathematician’s Lament by Paul Lockhart musician wakes from a terrible nightmare. In his dream he finds himself in a society where A music education has been made mandatory. “We are helping our students become more competitive in an increasingly sound-filled world.” Educators, school systems, and the state are put in charge of this vital project. Studies are commissioned, committees are formed, and decisions are made— all without the advice or participation of a single working musician or composer. Since musicians are known to set down their ideas in the form of sheet music, these curious black dots and lines must constitute the “language of music.” It is imperative that students become fluent in this language if they are to attain any degree of musical competence; indeed, it would be ludicrous to expect a child to sing a song or play an instrument without having a thorough grounding in music notation and theory. Playing and listening to music, let alone composing an original piece, are considered very advanced topics and are generally put off until college, and more often graduate school. As for the primary and secondary schools, their mission is to train students to use this language— to jiggle symbols around according to a fixed set of rules: “Music class is where we take out our staff paper, our teacher puts some notes on the board, and we copy them or transpose them into a different key. We have to make sure to get the clefs and key signatures right, and our teacher is very picky about making sure we fill in our quarter-notes completely. -
Evolution of Forensic Entomotoxicology Entomotoxicology”
TOXICOLOGY AND FORENSIC MEDICINE ISSN 2474-8978 http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/TFMOJ-SE-1-e001 Open Journal Special Edition “Advances in Forensic Evolution of Forensic Entomotoxicology Entomotoxicology” Editorial David R. Wallace, PhD* *Corresponding author Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health David R. Wallace, PhD Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA Professor Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Most individuals first think of insects when they hear the word ‘entomology,’ yet Room E-367, Tulsa entomology is a much broader topic involved with the study of multiple organisms such as mil- OK 74107-1898, USA lipedes, centipedes, arachnids and other insects as well as crustaceans (collectively referred to Tel. +1-918-561-1407 Fax: +1-918-561-5729 as arthropods). The forensic application is how these organisms can be used in legal investiga- E-mail: [email protected] tions. Most often, forensic entomology deals with feeding insects which aid in determining the time of death, but there is more information that can be collected from the action of insects on dead and decaying flesh. Subsets of the forensic entomology field can be subdivided into three Special Edition 1 subsets: urban, stored product and medico-legal.1 The beginnings of forensic entomology can Article Ref. #: 1000TFMOJSE1e001 be traced back to the 1200’s in China, with Sung Tzu as the ‘first’ forensic entomologist. Other notable forensic entomologists have been Francesco Redi (1600’s), Bergert d’Arbois (1800’s) Article History and Hermann Reinhard (late 1800’s). Key advancements in forensic entomology have only Received: September 7th, 2017 happened over the last 150 years. -
Preliminary Observations on the Effects of Hydrocortisone
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Preliminary observations on the effects of hydrocortisone and sodium methohexital on development of Sarcophaga (Curranea) tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and implications for estimating post mortem interval E. Musvasva, K. A. Williams, W. J. Muller and M. H. Villet Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Centre for Aquatic Toxicology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Abstract Larvae of Sarcophaga (Curranea) tibialis (S. tibialis) were reared at constant temperature on chicken liver treated with a steroid or a barbiturate at concentrations that would be lethal, half-lethal and twice-lethal doses for humans. Trends to greater mortality at higher drug concentrations were not statistically significant. Larvae exposed to either drug took significantly longer to reach pupation compared to those in the control, while larvae exposed to sodium methohexital passed through pupation significantly faster than those in the control. No systematic relationship was found between drug concentration and development time of larvae or pupae. The total developmental period from hatching to eclosion did not differ between treatments, implying that estimates of post mortem intervals- (PMI) based on the emergence of adult flies will not be affected by the involvement of these drugs in a case. On the other hand, anomalous pupation spans may indicate the presence of barbiturates. These findings are compared with patterns found in another fly fed other contaminants. Keywords: Sarcophaga tibialis; Larvae; Post mortem intervals; Development 1. Introduction Too often, drug-related deaths are not discovered for days, especially if the victim lives alone, and ensuing decomposition and loss of body fluids can complicate forensic investigations. -
An Introduction to the Mandelbrot Set
An introduction to the Mandelbrot set Bastian Fredriksson January 2015 1 Purpose and content The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to the very useful subject of fractals. We will focus on the Mandelbrot set and the related Julia sets. I will show some ways of visualising these sets and how to make a program that renders them. Finally, I will explain a key exchange algorithm based on what we have learnt. 2 Introduction The Mandelbrot set and the Julia sets are sets of points in the complex plane. Julia sets were first studied by the French mathematicians Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia in the early 20th century. However, at this point in time there were no computers, and this made it practically impossible to study the structure of the set more closely, since large amount of computational power was needed. Their discoveries was left in the dark until 1961, when a Jewish-Polish math- ematician named Benoit Mandelbrot began his research at IBM. His task was to reduce the white noise that disturbed the transmission on telephony lines [3]. It seemed like the noise came in bursts, sometimes there were a lot of distur- bance, and sometimes there was no disturbance at all. Also, if you examined a period of time with a lot of noise-problems, you could still find periods without noise [4]. Could it be possible to come up with a model that explains when there is noise or not? Mandelbrot took a quite radical approach to the problem at hand, and chose to visualise the data. -
The Concept of Entomotoxicology Is Now Being Reviewed Vaibhav Gawade * Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr
BOOK CHAPTER - OPEN ACCESS International Journal Of Medicine And Healthcare Reports Contents lists available at bostonsciencepublishing.us International Journal Of Medicine And Healthcare Reports The Concept of Entomotoxicology is Now Being Reviewed Vaibhav Gawade * Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Up until now, the term “entomotoxicology” it was only to be used for medical and legal sciences. Received 26 June 2021 However, entomotoxicology, in general, has a much broader scope and field of entomotoxicology Revised 03 July 2021 is the only one of its affiliates. On the basis of the literature and a broader definition of the term, Accepted 22 July 2021 is presented. Today, there are two main areas of entomotoxicology: 1) Forensic entomotoxicology, Available online 31 July 2021 the use of insects as evidence of the presence of xenobiotics in the fusion of the tissues during the investigation, and (2) Environment entomotoxicology, the use of insects as bio-indicators of pollution Keywords: in the environment, in non-criminal situations. Although forensic entomotoxicology is a relatively new Forensic Entomotoxicology field of research in the field of the environment entomotoxicology began as early as the 1920’s. The Environment Entomotoxicology article provides an overview of the activities in the field of entomotoxicology is the last of 6 years, Xenobiotics with many new areas of interest. This article aims to review entomotoxicology, which should lead to a greater awareness of collaboration and interdisciplinarity in between in related scientific fields. © 2021, . Gawade.V.S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited 1. -
Does Mathematical Beauty Pose Problems for Naturalism?1
Does Mathematical Beauty Pose Problems for Naturalism?1 Russell W. Howell Professor of Mathematics Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA [email protected] Numerous events occurred in 1960 whose eects could hardly have been predicted at the time: several African Americans staged a sit-in at a Greensboro lunch counter, the Soviet Union shot down Gary Powers while he was ying a U2 spy plane, the US FDA approved the use of the rst oral contraceptive, AT&T led with the Federal Communications Commission for permission to launch an experimental communications satellite, and four Presidential debates between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon aired on national television. Less well known was the publication of a paper by the physicist Eugene Wigner. Ap- pearing in Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, a journal certainly not widely read by the general public, it bore the mysterious title The Unreasonable Eectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences. (Wigner, 1960) Like our cultural examples of the 1960's, it has had eects beyond what most people would have imagined. Our purpose here is to tease out some strains of an important question that has emerged from Wigner's work. Wigner begins with a story about two friends who were discussing their jobs. One of them, a statistician, was working on population trends. He mentioned a paper he had produced, which contained the Gaussian distribution equation near the beginning. The statistician attempted to explain the meaning it, as well as other mathematical symbols. His friend was a bit perplexed, and was not quite sure whether the statistician was pulling his leg. -
2•0•1•5 Chronicle
2015_Chronicle_cover_ballistics_purple.pdf 1 4/9/2015 8:38:45 AM 2•0•1•5 C PRISM M at John Jay Y CM MY CY Undergraduate Research CMY K CHRONICLE Program for Research Initiatives in Science and Math choose your future engage challenge yourself investigate opportunity determination persistence network rewarding stimulating build connections question examine inquire 2015 Chronicle.indd 1 5/7/2015 9:37:32 AM President Jeremy Travis Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs Jane Bowers PRISM Director Anthony Carpi PRISM Co-Directors Lawrence Kobilinsky and Nathan Lents PRISM Research Coordinator Edgardo Sanabria-Valentín PRISM Outreach Coordinator Frances Jiménez PRISM Resource Coordinator Ron Pilette Science Grants Manager Eric Dillalogue Other Editorial Staff Oscar Cifuentes Heather Falconer Stephanie Marino Patricia Samperi About the Cover: Image credit: A stylized version of images depicting the formation of, first radial (sunburst pattern) and then tangential (circular pattern), fractures in glass after a projectile is shot through the pane. These images were obtained as part of a PRISM-sponsored research project by PRISM student Glen Mahon and his mentor Dr. Peter Diaczuk. Glen Mahon’s pioneering discovery proves what had previously been widely theorized in the field but never documented - that radial fractures appear before tangential fractures when a pellet or bullet penetrates glass. Using images from a high-speed camera purchased with PRISM funding, Mahon documented the specific patterns created when glass breaks mechanically due to an applied force. The images illustrate how radial fractures first spread out from where the force was applied and then tangential fractures occur in a circular pattern around the impact area.