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THE CITY WATER RESILIENCE APPROACH CITY CHARACTERISATION REPORT GREATER MANCHESTER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS On behalf of the study team, I would like to thank The 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rockefeller Foundation and The Resilience Shift for supporting this project. 6 BACKGROUND The CWRA is a joint effort developed in collaboration 10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY with our project partners, the Stockholm International 12 UNDERSTANDING GREATER MANCHESTER’S WATER SYSTEM Water Institute (SIWI), along with city partners in Amman, Cape Town, Greater Miami and the Beaches, Mexico City, 16 ENGAGEMENT WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS Kingston upon Hull, Greater Manchester, Rotterdam and 18 Stakeholder Commentary Thessaloniki, and with contributions from 100 Resilient Cities and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 24 Key Programmes Development (OECD). 26 CHARACTERISING RESILIENCE This project would not have been possible without the 28 Critical Interdependencies valued guidance and support of the CWRA Steering 31 Shocks and Stresses Group. Our thanks to the following: Fred Boltz (Resolute 36 Key Factors of Resilience Development Solutions), Casey Brown & Sarah Freeman (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), Katrin Bruebach 44 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & Andrew Salkin (100 Resilient Cities), Jo da Silva (Arup), Nancy Kete & Juliet Mian (The Resilience Shift), Diego 46 REFERENCES Rodriguez & Maria Angelica Sotomayor (World Bank). MARK FLETCHER Arup Global Water Leader April 2019 The CWRA project team includes Pilar Avello (SIWI), George Beane (Arup), Kieran Birtill (Arup), James Bristow (Arup), Alexa Bruce (Arup / The Resilience Shift), Louise Ellis (Arup / The Resilience Shift), Sophie Fisher (Arup), Mark Fletcher (Arup), Caroline Karmann (Arup), Richard Gine (SIWI), Alejandro Jiménez (SIWI), James Leten (SIWI), Kathryn Pharr (Venturi Innovation), Oriana Romano (OECD), Iñigo Ruiz-Apilánez (Arup / The Resilience Shift), Panchali Saikia (SIWI), Martin Shouler (Arup) and Paul Simkins (Arup). 4 CITY WATER RESILIENCE APPROACH 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Risk management: The 2015 Boxing Day floods Economic and Socio-cultural asset: In addition highlighted the interdependencies between to indirect economic savings discussed above, water and other urban systems, with that event the Greater Manchester water system as a direct The City Water Resilience Approach (CWRA) CHARACTERISING RESILIENCE resulting in £11.5million in infrastructure economic asset is exemplified by the strategic use helps cities plan and implement actions to build damage and 31,200 properties left without of waterfront settings to create sites of business resilient urban water systems. A critical first Basic service provision: Two thirds of water power. and leisure. This includes ‘The Quays’ at Salford step in this process is understanding the factors from United Utilities—Greater Manchester’s There is a strong relationship between flooding and Trafford and development of the River Roch that contribute to, or detract from local water water supplier—comes from upland surface and urban planning and development control. in Rochdale. Elsewhere, there are plans to expand resilience. water reservoirs in the Lake District, the Strategic plans such as the Greater Manchester the volume of shipping along the Manchester Pennines and North Wales. The Haweswater Spatial Framework include detailed flood Ship Canal. This report details research undertaken in Reservoir and aqueduct provides principle supply risk analysis. The importance of building on Greater Manchester with the aim of Lastly, the Greater Manchester Water System to the city region and in 2018 United Utilities brownfield land and maintaining green space for holds great cultural significance. This includes the undertook a significant multi-stakeholder drainage has been stressed in various strategic 1. Defining the city water basin including rich history of the Manchester Ship Canal, ‘The natural basin(s), the urban water system resilience consultation on a Haweswater documents. maintenance strategy. The current United Quays’ and Roman heritage of the Castlefield and its governance structure, and the area. interdependencies with other systems; and Utilities business plan submitted to OFWAT for The value of Sustainable Urban Drainage approval includes major investment to refurbish Systems (SUDs) and Green Infrastructure (GI) Considering all these aspects, appropriate 2. Identifying the factors contributing to the the aqueduct tunnels over the periods 2020- came through very strongly across the literature balance can only be achieved through water resilience of the city water system, and those 2025 and 2025-2030. This is viewed as the best as a key approach to Greater Manchester resilient urban planning with integrated and increasing its vulnerability. value solution in order to build longer-term water Flood Risk Management, with stakeholder inclusive multi-stakeholder collaboration, where supply resilience locally. consultations also recognising this, and each of these water resilience functions is This research was undertaken through a detailed encouraging further investment. acknowledged, promoted and protected. review of grey and academic literature and Other potable water actions include a 55km bi- consultation with key Greater Manchester water Environmental Protection: Agriculture and directional large diameter trunk main linking the Beyond coordinated and integrated planning, stakeholders. rural land management is behind most reasons Greater Manchester water supply with Liverpool other key themes and qualities which emerged for water bodies not achieving good ecological and north Wales. This was completed in 2012, across water resilience functions included: Five key functions were identified for the water status regionally. This is followed by water building diversity into local supply. resilience of Greater Manchester and these industry, urban and transport, domestic, and • The robust management of critical assets functions form the structure of the report. Haweswater also operates within an Integrated industry as key categories. and services. Resource Zone where other supply sources (e.g. The Environment Agency (EA) conducts testing • Inclusive community organisation and Ullswater and Windermere) provide support by throughout the Northwest and over 1000 engagement. 1. Basic service provision - To provide water, offsetting abstraction and reducing the demand measures have been identified to address water wastewater and other essential services. on this reservoir. • Robust monitoring and mapping of physical quality failures against the EU Water Framework and natural water assets for effective 2. Risk management - To protect people, assets Reducing leakage is a priority and while United Directive. The EA is working with GMCA management. and systems from water-related hazards. councils to restore local rivers to their natural Utilities have halved daily leakage since 1992, • Robust independent water regulation. work is ongoing to further reduce the 457 million state, including the renaturalisation of the River 3. Environment - To support local environment litres currently lost per day. This is crucial, with Medlock, as well as developing priority habitat • Flexible, integrated natural exposure and biodiversity. the region coming close to implementing drought in Greater Manchester districts, and protecting interventions. emergency measures in the summer of 2018. sites of scientific interest. 4. Economic (Asset) - To facilitate the Within this last theme, SUDs and related activity movement of people and goods and have the potential to create benefits across all The role of independent regulators such Beyond flood prevention, SUDS and other green provision of other commercial value. five water functions. as OFWAT and the DWI are crucial for the infrastructure hold significant environmental 5. Socio-cultural (assets) – Reflecting and affordability and quality of water supply to value. In Manchester, it is estimated that the adding to local culture, history and heritage. Greater Manchester residents, as is the presence physical activity supported by parks may be of inclusive consultation processes. responsible for cost savings (avoided health care spending) of between £6-10 million per year. 6 CITY WATER RESILIENCE APPROACH 1 BACKGROUND The City Water Resilience Approach (CWRA) helps cities plan and implement actions to build resilient urban water systems. A critical first step in this process is understanding the factors that contribute to or detract from local water resilience. MediaCityUK Footbridge, Manchester 8 CITY WATER RESILIENCE APPROACH 9 BACKGROUND POPULATION AND Greater Manchester’s unemployment rate of Maintenance boats in Dukinfield, 4.5% is higher than the national rate of 4.2% Greater Manchester c. 1950 (credit: Jack Lane collection) ECONOMY (nomis, 2018). Looking at the wider region, around 80% of Greater Manchester is a city region in the the Northwest is rural and primarily used North West of England encompassing the ten for agricultural purposes (CaBA, 2015). metropolitan boroughs of Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Consequently, the relationship between the Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, North West river basin and farming is significant, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. As of with water bodies acting as a source of irrigation 2018, Greater Manchester has a population of but also a recipient of agricultural pollution. approximately 2.8 million residents, making it the third most populated metropolitan
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