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Anna Larson Phd Thesis the State of Democratisation in Afghanistan.Pdf The State of Democratisation in Afghanistan: An examination of the state-citizen relationship in a fragile context Anna Lucy Larson PhD University of York Post-war Recovery Studies July 2013 Abstract Since the 1990s, democratisation has been upheld by international institutions, donor governments and development agencies as a means to achieve stability and development in post-conflict contexts. Conceived of as a way in which to make ‘fragile states’ less ‘fragile’, through encouraging greater interaction between individual citizens and the state structure, democratisation has been integral to post-conflict statebuilding programmes. To date, however, little evidence has emerged to indicate whether or not these programmes have actually facilitated any change in the relationship between ruler and ruled. Contemporary attempts to conceptualise, measure and practice democratisation commonly focus on the nature of the state-citizen relationship, and in doing so tend to portray the concepts of ‘the state’ and ‘the citizen’ as constant (or ideally constant) across contexts. In conflict-affected fragile states such as Afghanistan, however, standard conceptions of what the state should be or what role it should play, in the predominant Weberian legal-rational sense, are difficult to apply – primarily because these states have not emerged historically as did western European states. Expecting fragile states to fit the Weberian model, or produce a liberal brand of the state-citizen relationship, thus seems untenable. This thesis explores whether democratisation might occur in spaces other than that of this seemingly fundamental relationship. Using Charles Tilly’s 2007 framework as a basis for enquiry, the research examines the case of Afghanistan through compiling an historical narrative of ruler-ruled relationships and through analysing a new data set of local perspectives on the state collected from three provinces. The study concludes that alterations to this framework are needed if the nuances of change in the ruler-ruled relationship are to be captured adequately. Developing an alternative, the Comprehensive Democratisation Indicators (CDI) approach, the researcher argues that employing centre-community and state- citizen constructs in parallel provides a much more holistic picture of political change in contexts where the liberal institutions of ‘state’ and ‘citizen’ have not taken hold. List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 7 Author’s declaration ......................................................................................................... 8 PREAMBLE: A THESIS IN BRIEF ................................................................................ 9 General overview: Identifying the research problem .............................................. 9 Theoretical approach ................................................................................................ 13 Central thesis ............................................................................................................. 15 Contribution of the thesis ......................................................................................... 16 Study structure: How the thesis progresses ............................................................ 19 CHAPTER 1: DEMOCRATISATION, THE STATE AND THE CITIZEN: TRANSITION, SOVEREIGNTY, FRAGILITY ........................................................... 23 1.1 Theoretical concepts of democracy and democratisation ................................ 23 1.1.1 Democracy and liberal democracy ................................................................. 23 1.1.2 Democratisation and the recent focus on the state-citizen relationship ......... 29 1.1.3 Theories of how democratisation occurs and the conditions it requires ........ 37 1.2 Democratisation and the state ............................................................................ 41 1.2.1 Democratisation theorists’ definitions and perspectives of the state ............. 41 1.2.2 The state in the international system and the ‘sovereignty paradox’ ............. 46 1.3 Fragile states ........................................................................................................ 50 1.3.1 Defining state fragility .................................................................................... 51 1.3.2 Fragility and conflict ...................................................................................... 53 1.4 Summary and conclusions .................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 2: DEMOCRATISATION: MEASUREMENT, PRACTICE AND THE AFGHAN CASE ............................................................................................................ 62 2.1 Existing models to measure democratisation ................................................... 62 2.1.1 The Polity model/Freedom House .................................................................. 64 2.1.2 Vanhanen ........................................................................................................ 73 2.1.3 Tilly ................................................................................................................. 76 2.1.4 Section summary ............................................................................................. 84 2.2 The practice of internationally-promoted democratisation and statebuilding in fragile contexts ...................................................................................................... 85 2.2.1 Why is democratisation in fragile states actively encouraged by external actors? ..................................................................................................................... 85 2.2.2 The practice of democracy promotion: differing approaches ........................ 88 1 2.2.3 Assumptions underlying the practice, and critiques of the practice, of democracy promotion ............................................................................................... 92 2.2.4 Section summary ............................................................................................. 98 2.3 Summary of literature on democratisation in Afghanistan .............................98 2.4 A gap in the literature: problems to be addressed .........................................104 2.5 Research questions ............................................................................................106 2.6 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................107 CHAPTER 3: FRAMING THE THESIS ....................................................................109 3.1 Theoretical methodology: A justification of the research design ..................109 3.1.1 Summary of findings on available models of democratisation discussed in the literature review ..................................................................................................... 109 3.1.2 Discussion of chosen methodological framework: Charles Tilly ................. 111 3.1.3 Application of Tilly ........................................................................................ 116 3.1.4 Choosing a single case study and justification of Afghanistan as the case .. 117 3.2 Formulation of argument and hypotheses ......................................................120 3.3 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................128 CHAPTER 4: FIELD METHODS: DESIGNING RESEARCH IN AFGHANISTAN .......................................................................................................................................129 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................129 4.2 Conducting fieldwork in conflict-affected areas .............................................129 4.3 Designing the field methodology ......................................................................131 4.3.1 Identifying the primary data needed ............................................................. 131 4.3.2 Data collection methods ................................................................................ 133 4.3.3 Provincial descriptions ................................................................................. 140 4.3.4 Choosing districts within provinces .............................................................. 149 4.3.5 Reflections and limitations ............................................................................ 151 4.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................152 CHAPTER 5: POLITICAL CHANGE IN AFGHANISTAN: AN HISTORICAL NARRATIVE ...............................................................................................................153 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................153 5.2 Afghanistan: an historical narrative ................................................................154 5.2.1 Introduction and justification of 1839 as a critical juncture ........................ 154 5.2.2 Summary of pre-1839
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