DOCSLIB.ORG

The Structure and Classification of the Arthropoda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Structure and Classification of the Arthropoda STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AIITHHOPODA. 523 The Structure and Classification of the Arthropoda. By E. Ray Lankcster, M.A., LX.D., F.R.S., Director of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. With PUe 42. [BY the great kindness of the proprietors of the tenth edi- tion of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' I have received per- mission to reprint in this journal the articles ARTHROPODA and ARACHNIDA, which I contributed to its pages. I have been anxious that morphologists should consider the views which I have put forward in these articles (written now nearly four years ago). At the same time I have observed that they have entirely escaped the notice of two authors who have recently written general essays on the Arthropoda, viz. Dr. A. S. Packard, of Salem, Mass., and Mr. G. H. Carpenter, of Dublin. I have revised both articles only in regard to verbal inaccuracies, excepting where I have definitely stated that new matter is introduced. I hope that in their present form these articles will not fail to come under the notice of s.—E. R. L.] ARTHROPODA is the name of one of the three sub-phyla into which one of the great phyla (or primary branches) of 524 E. EAY LANKBSTER. coeloinoccelous animals—the Appendiculata—is divided, the other two being respectively the Ch^topoda and the Rotifera. The word " Arthropoda" was first used in classification by Siebold and Stannius (' Lehrbuch der vergleich. Auatomie/ Berlin, 1845) as that of a primary division of animals, the others recognised in that treatise being Protozoa, Zoophyta, Vermes, Mollusca, and Vertebrata. The names Oondylopoda and Gnathopoda have been subsequently proposed for the same group. The word refers to the jointing of the chitinised exo-skeleton of the limbs or lateral appendages of the animals included, which are, roughly speaking, the Crustacea, Arach- nida, Hexapoda (so-called "true insects"), Centipedes, and Millipedes. This primary group was set up to indicate the residuum of Cuvier's Articnlata when his class Annelides (the modern Cheefcopoda) was removed from that " embranche- ment." At the same time Siebold and Stannius renovated the group Vermes of• Linuasus, and placed in it the ChEefcopods and the parasitic worms of Cuvier, besides the Rotifers and Turbellarian worms.1 1 As a matter of fact the group Arthropoda itself, thus constituted, was precisely identical in its area with the class Insecta of Linnaeus, the Entoma of Aristotle. But by causes which it is not easy to trace the word "Insect" had become limited since the days of Linnaeus to the Hexapod Pterygote forms, to the exclusion of his Aptera. Lamarck's penetrating genius is chiefly responsible for the shrinkage of the word Insecta, since it was lie who, forty years after Linnseus's death, set up and named the two great classes Crustacea and Araclmida (included by Linnseus under Insecta as the order "Aptera") assigning to them equal rank with the remaining Insecta of Linneeus, for which he proposed the very appropriate class-name " Hexapoda." Lamarck, however, appears not to have insisted on this name Hexapoda, and so the class of Pterygote Hexapods came to retain the group-name Insecta, which is, historically or etymological ly, no more appropriate to them than it is to the classes Crustacea and Araclmida. The tendency to retain the original name of an old and comprehensive group for one of the fragments into which such group becomes divided by the advance of knowledge—instead of keeping the name for its logical use as a comprehensive term, including the new divisions, each duly provided with a new name—is most curiously illustrated in the history of the word Physiology. Cicero says, "Physiologia naturae ratio," and such was the meaning of the name Physiologus, given to a STOUCTGBE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AllTHROPODA. 525 The result of the knowledge gained in the last quarter of the nineteenth century has been to discredit altogether the group Vermes, thus set up and so largely accepted by German writers even at the present day. We have, in fact, returned very nearly to Cuvier's conception of a great division or branch, which he called Avticnlata, including the Arthropoda and the Chtetopoda (the latter equivalent to the Annelides of Lamarck, a name adopted by Guvier), and differing from it only by the inclusion of the Rotif era. The name Articulata, introduced by Cuvier, has not been retained by subsequent writers. The same, or nearly the same assemblage of animals has beeu called Entomozoariaby DeBlaiuville (1882), ArthrozoabyBurmeister (1843), Entornozoa or Anuellata by Milne-Edwards (1855), and Annulosa byM'Leay (1819), who was followed by Huxley (1856). The character pointed to by all these terms is that of a ring-like segmentation of the body. This, however, is not the character to which we now ascribe the chief weight as evidence of the genetic affinity and monophyletic (uni- ancestral) origin of the Chastopods, Rotifers, and Arthropods. It is the existence in each ring of the body of a pair of hollow lateral appendages or parapodia, moved by intrinsic muscles and penetrated by blood-spaces, which is the leading fact indicating the affinities of these great sub-phyla, and uniting them as blood relations. The pai-apodia (fig. 7) of the marine branchiate worms are the same things genetically as the "legs" of Crustacea and insects (fags. 9 and 10). Hence the term Appendiculata was introduced by Lankester cyclopaedia of wliat was kuown and imagined about earth, sea, sky, birds, beasts, and fishes, which for a thousand years was the authoritative source of information on these matters, and was translated into every European tongue. With the revival of learning, however, first one and then another special study became recognised—anatomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, until at last the great comprehensive term Physiology was bereft of all its once-included subject-matter excepting the study of vital processes pursued by the more learned members of the medical profession. Professional tradition, and an astute perception on iheir part of the omniscience suggested by the terms, have left the medical men in English-speaking lands in undisturbed but illogical possession of the words physiology, physic, and physician. 526 E. RAY LANKESTER. (preface to the English edition of Gegenbaur's ' Comparative Anatomy,' 1878) to indicate the group. The relationships of the Arthropoda thus stated are shown in the subjoined table : f Sub-phylum 1. Rotifera. Phylum APPENDICDLATA^ „ 2. Chsetopoda. I ,, 3. Arthropoda. The Rotifera are characterised by the retention of what appears in Molluscs and Chaatopods as an embryonic organ, the velum or ciliated prasoral girdle, as a locomotor and food-seizing apparatus, and by the reduction of the muscular parapodia to a rudimentary or non-existent condition in all present surviving forms except Pedalion. In many im- portant respects they are degenerate—reduced both in size and elaboration of structure. The Chastopoda are characterised by the possession of horny epidermic chsetas embedded in the integument and moved by muscles. Probably the chaatse preceded the development of parapodia, and by their concentration, and that of the muscular bundles connected with them at the sides of each segment, led directly to the evolution of the parapodia. The parapodia of Chtetopoda are never coated with dense chitin, and are, therefore, never converted into jaws; the primitive "head-lobe" or prostomium persists, and frequently carries eyes and sensory tentacles. Further, in all members of the sub-phylum Chastopoda the relative position of the prostomium, mouth, and peristomium or first ring of the body retains its primitive character. We do not find in Chastopoda that parapodia, belonging to primitively post-oral rings or body-segments (called " somites," as proposed by H. Milne-Edwards), pass in front of the mouth by adaptational shifting of the oral aperture. (See, how- ever, 8.) The Arthropoda might be better called the " Gnathopoda/' since their distinctive character is that one or more pairs of appendages behind the mouth are densely chitinised and turned (fellow to fellow on opposite sides) towards one STBnCTUBB AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARTHROPODA. 527 auother so as to act as jaws. This is facilitated by an important general change in the position of the parapodia; their basal attachments are all more ventral in position than in the Chtetopoda, and tend to approach from the two sides towards the mid-ventral line. Very usually (but not in the Onychophora = Peripatus) all the parapodia are plated with chitin secreted by the epidermis, and divided into a series of joints—giving the " arthropodous" or hinged character. There are other remarkable and distinctive features of structure which hold the Arthropoda together, and render it impossible to conceive of them as having a polyphyletic origin,—that is to say, as having originated separately by two or three distinct lines of descent from lower animals; and, on the contrary, establish the view that they have been deve- loped from a single line of primitive Gnathopods which arose by modification of parapodiate annulate worms not very unlike some of the existing ChEetopods. These additional features are the following:—(1) All existing Arthropoda have an ostiate heart and have undergone " phleboedesis," that is to say, the peripheral portions of the blood-vascular system are not fine tubes as they are in the Cheetopoda and as they were in the hypothetical ancestors of Arthropoda, but are swollen so as to obliterate to a large extent the coelom, whilst the separate veins entering the dorsal vessel or heart have coalesced, leaving valvate ostia (see Pig. 1*) by which the blood passes from a pericardial blood-sinus formed by the fused veins into the dorsal vessel or heart (see Lankester's 'Zoology,' part ii, introductory chapter; A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mesosomal Anatomy of Myrmecia Nigrocincta Workers and Evolutionary Transformations in Formicidae (Hymeno- Ptera)
    7719 (1): – 1 2019 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2019. The mesosomal anatomy of Myrmecia nigrocincta workers and evolutionary transformations in Formicidae (Hymeno- ptera) Si-Pei Liu, Adrian Richter, Alexander Stoessel & Rolf Georg Beutel* Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; Si-Pei Liu [[email protected]]; Adrian Richter [[email protected]]; Alexander Stößel [[email protected]]; Rolf Georg Beutel [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted on December 07, 2018. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on May 17, 2019. Published in print on June 03, 2019. Editors in charge: Andy Sombke & Klaus-Dieter Klass. Abstract. The mesosomal skeletomuscular system of workers of Myrmecia nigrocincta was examined. A broad spectrum of methods was used, including micro-computed tomography combined with computer-based 3D reconstruction. An optimized combination of advanced techniques not only accelerates the acquisition of high quality anatomical data, but also facilitates a very detailed documentation and vi- sualization. This includes fne surface details, complex confgurations of sclerites, and also internal soft parts, for instance muscles with their precise insertion sites. Myrmeciinae have arguably retained a number of plesiomorphic mesosomal features, even though recent mo- lecular phylogenies do not place them close to the root of ants. Our mapping analyses based on previous morphological studies and recent phylogenies revealed few mesosomal apomorphies linking formicid subgroups. Only fve apomorphies were retrieved for the family, and interestingly three of them are missing in Myrmeciinae. Nevertheless, it is apparent that profound mesosomal transformations took place in the early evolution of ants, especially in the fightless workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Supra-Familial Taxon Names of the Diplopoda Table 4A
    Milli-PEET, Taxonomy Table 4 Page - 1 - Table 4: Supra-familial taxon names of the Diplopoda Table 4a: List of current supra-familial taxon names in alphabetical order, with their old invalid counterpart and included orders. [Brackets] indicate that the taxon group circumscribed by the old taxon group name is not recognized in Shelley's 2003 classification. Current Name Old Taxon Name Order Brannerioidea in part Trachyzona Verhoeff, 1913 Chordeumatida Callipodida Lysiopetalida Chamberlin, 1943 Callipodida [Cambaloidea+Spirobolida+ Chorizognatha Verhoeff, 1910 Cambaloidea+Spirobolida+ Spirostreptida] Spirostreptida Chelodesmidea Leptodesmidi Brölemann, 1916 Polydesmida Chelodesmidea Sphaeriodesmidea Jeekel, 1971 Polydesmida Chordeumatida Ascospermophora Verhoeff, 1900 Chordeumatida Chordeumatida Craspedosomatida Jeekel, 1971 Chordeumatida Chordeumatidea Craspedsomatoidea Cook, 1895 Chordeumatida Chordeumatoidea Megasacophora Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Craspedosomatoidea Cheiritophora Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Diplomaragnoidea Ancestreumatoidea Golovatch, 1977 Chordeumatida Glomerida Plesiocerata Verhoeff, 1910 Glomerida Hasseoidea Orobainosomidi Brolemann, 1935 Chordeumatida Hasseoidea Protopoda Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Helminthomorpha Proterandria Verhoeff, 1894 all helminthomorph orders Heterochordeumatoidea Oedomopoda Verhoeff, 1929 Chordeumatida Julida Symphyognatha Verhoeff, 1910 Julida Julida Zygocheta Cook, 1895 Julida [Julida+Spirostreptida] Diplocheta Cook, 1895 Julida+Spirostreptida [Julida in part[ Arthrophora Verhoeff,
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Divergence Between Cavernicolous and Marine
    The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda - Evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology GONZALO GIRIBET', STEFAN RICHTER2, GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE3 & WARD C. WHEELER4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary- Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ' Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitdtJena, Instituifiir Spezielte Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Jena, Germany 3Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The monophyly of Crustacea, relationships of crustaceans to other arthropods, and internal phylogeny of Crustacea are appraised via parsimony analysis in a total evidence frame­ work. Data include sequences from three nuclear ribosomal genes, four nuclear coding genes, and two mitochondrial genes, together with 352 characters from external morphol­ ogy, internal anatomy, development, and mitochondrial gene order. Subjecting the com­ bined data set to 20 different parameter sets for variable gap and transversion costs, crusta­ ceans group with hexapods in Tetraconata across nearly all explored parameter space, and are members of a monophyletic Mandibulata across much of the parameter space. Crustacea is non-monophyletic at low indel costs, but monophyly is favored at higher indel costs, at which morphology exerts a greater influence. The most stable higher-level crusta­ cean groupings are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Branchiura + Pentastomida, and an ostracod-cirripede group. For combined data, the Thoracopoda and Maxillopoda concepts are unsupported, and Entomostraca is only retrieved under parameter sets of low congruence. Most of the current disagreement over deep divisions in Arthropoda (e.g., Mandibulata versus Paradoxopoda or Cormogonida versus Chelicerata) can be viewed as uncertainty regarding the position of the root in the arthropod cladogram rather than as fundamental topological disagreement as supported in earlier studies (e.g., Schizoramia versus Mandibulata or Atelocerata versus Tetraconata).
    [Show full text]
  • Adec Preview Generated PDF File
    A new spider wasp from Western Australia, with a description of the first known male of the genus Eremocllrglls (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) 1 2 1 L. Krogmann • , M.C. Day' and A.D. Austin I f\ustralian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australi,l. 'State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein I, Stuttgart. D-70191 Germany (present address). Email: [email protected] 'National Museum Cardiff, Cathays Park, Cardiff, C1'I0 3NI', Wales, United Kingdom. Abstract - En'lllocllrglls lil/l/ilCi sI'. novo is described from Western Australia. The female of this new species is brachypterous, a unique feature within Ercl/lOClIrglls Haupt and rare within the Australian pompilid fauna. The fullv­ winged male is the first recorded for the genus. The diversity of ErCI/IOCllrgll" its distribution and brachyptery among the Pompilidae are discussed. INTRODUCTION female and the first male of the genus. At the same The Australian pompilid fauna is particularly time, we present an overview of the diversity and diverse (Austin et al. 2004) and displays a distribution of the genus, and discuss the occurrence high level of endemism. However, although of brachyptery within the Australian Pompilidae. the first Pompilidae for the continent were described by Fabricius in 1775, the group is TERMINOLOGY AND METHODS generally poorly known for Australia, and Terms for morphological structures follow Day it is likely that significantly less than half (1988) and Coulet and Huber (1993). Specimens the fauna has been described. Further, the were borrowed from and/or are deposited in the group is taxonomically difficult because of the following collections (acronyms used throughout morphological conservatism among numerous the text): Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia genera, in addition to the often extreme sexual (AM); Australian National Insect Collection, dimorphism and complex mimicry associations CSIRO, Canberra, Australia (ANIC); California seen in many species (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TRUE ARMY ANTS of the INDO-AUSTRALIAN AREA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)
    Pacific Insects 6 (3) : 427483 November 10, 1964 THE TRUE ARMY ANTS OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN AREA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae) By Edward O. Wilson BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. Abstract: All of the known Indo-Australian species of Dorylinae, 4 in Dorylus and 34 in Aenictus, are included in this revision. Eight of the Aenictus species are described as new: artipus, chapmani, doryloides, exilis, huonicus, nganduensis, philiporum and schneirlai. Phylo­ genetic and numerical analyses resulted in the discarding of two extant subgenera of Aenictus (Typhlatta and Paraenictus) and the loose clustering of the species into 5 informal " groups" within the unified genus Aenictus. A consistency test for phylogenetic characters is discussed. The African and Indo-Australian doryline species are compared, and available information in the biology of the Indo-Australian species is summarized. The " true " army ants are defined here as equivalent to the subfamily Dorylinae. Not included are species of Ponerinae which have developed legionary behavior independently (see Wilson, E. O., 1958, Evolution 12: 24-31) or the subfamily Leptanillinae, which is very distinct and may be independent in origin. The Dorylinae are not as well developed in the Indo-Australian area as in Africa and the New World tropics. Dorylus itself, which includes the famous driver ants, is centered in Africa and sends only four species into tropical Asia. Of these, the most widespread reaches only to Java and the Celebes. Aenictus, on the other hand, is at least as strongly developed in tropical Asia and New Guinea as it is in Africa, with 34 species being known from the former regions and only about 15 from Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Akes an Ant an Ant? Are Insects, and Insects Are Arth Ropods: Invertebrates (Animals With­
    ~ . r. workers will begin to produce eggs if the queen dies. Because ~ eggs are unfertilized, they usually develop into males (see the discus­ : ~ iaplodiploidy and the evolution of eusociality later in this chapter). =- cases, however, workers can produce new queens either from un­ ze eggs (parthenogenetically) or after mating with a male ant. -;c. ant colony will continue to grow in size and add workers, but at -: :;oint it becomes mature and will begin sexual reproduction by pro· . ~ -irgin queens and males. Many specie s produce males and repro­ 0 _ " females just before the nuptial flight . Others produce males and ---: : ._ tive fem ales that stay in the nest for a long time before the nuptial :- ~. Our largest carpenter ant, Camponotus herculeanus, produces males _ . -:= 'n queens in late summer. They are groomed and fed by workers :;' 0 it the fall and winter before they emerge from the colonies for their ;;. ights in the spring. Fin ally, some species, including Monomoriurn : .:5 and Myrmica rubra, have large colonies with multiple que ens that .~ ..ew colonies asexually by fragmenting the original colony. However, _ --' e polygynous (literally, many queens) and polydomous (literally, uses, referring to their many nests) ants eventually go through a -">O=- r' sexual reproduction in which males and new queens are produced. ~ :- . ant colony thus functions as a highly social, organ ized "super­ _ _ " 1." The queens and mo st workers are safely hidden below ground : : ~ - ed within the interstices of rotting wood. But for the ant workers ~ '_i S ' go out and forage for food for the colony,'life above ground is - =- .
    [Show full text]
  • Annexure I Fauna & Flora Assessment.Pdf
    Fauna and Flora Baseline Study for the De Wittekrans Project Mpumalanga, South Africa Prepared for GCS (Pty) Ltd. By Resource Management Services (REMS) P.O. Box 2228, Highlands North, 2037, South Africa [email protected] www.remans.co.za December 2008 I REMS December 2008 Fauna and Flora Assessment De Wittekrans Executive Summary Mashala Resources (Pty) Ltd is planning to develop a coal mine south of the town of Hendrina in the Mpumalanga province on a series of farms collectively known as the De Wittekrans project. In compliance with current legislation, they have embarked on the process to acquire environmental authorisation from the relevant authorities for their proposed mining activities. GCS (Pty) Ltd. commissioned Resource Management Services (REMS) to conduct a Faunal and Floral Assessment of the area to identify the potential direct and indirect impacts of future mining, to recommend management measures to minimise or prevent these impacts on these ecosystems and to highlight potential areas of conservation importance. This is the wet season survey which was done in the November 2008. The study area is located within the highveld grasslands of the Msukaligwa Local Municipality in the Gert Sibande District Municipality in Mpumalanga Province on the farms Tweefontein 203 IS (RE of Portion 1); De Wittekrans 218 IS (RE of Portion 1 and Portion 2, Portions 7, 11, 10 and 5); Groblershoek 191 IS; Groblershoop 192 IS; and Israel 207 IS. Within this region, precipitation occurs mainly in the summer months of October to March with the peak of the rainy season occurring from November to January.
    [Show full text]
  • Millipedes and Centipedes? Millipedes and Centipedes Are Both Arthropods in the Subphylum Myriapoda Meaning Many Legs
    A Teacher’s Resource Guide to Millipedes & Centipedes Compiled by Eric Gordon What are millipedes and centipedes? Millipedes and centipedes are both arthropods in the subphylum Myriapoda meaning many legs. Although related to insects or “bugs”, they are not actually insects, which generally have six legs. How can you tell the difference between millipedes and centipedes? Millipedes have two legs per body segment and are typically have a body shaped like a cylinder or rod. Centipedes have one leg per body segment and their bodies are often flat. Do millipedes really have a thousand legs? No. Millipedes do not have a thousand legs nor do all centipedes have a hundred legs despite their names. Most millipedes have from 40-400 legs with the maximum number of legs reaching 750. No centipede has exactly 100 legs (50 pairs) since centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Most centipedes have from 30- 50 legs with one order of centipedes (Geophilomorpha) always having much more legs reaching up to 350 legs. Why do millipedes and centipedes have so many legs? Millipedes and centipedes are metameric animals, meaning that their body is divided into segments most of which are completely identical. Metamerization is an important phenomenon in evolution and even humans have a remnant of former metamerization in the repeating spinal discs of our backbone. Insects are thought to have evolved from metameric animals after specializing body segments for specific functions such as the head for sensation and the thorax for locomotion. Millipedes and centipedes may be evolutionary relatives to the ancestor of insects and crustaceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity of Populations of a Southern African Millipede, Bicoxidens Flavicollis (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
    Genetic diversity of populations of a Southern African millipede, Bicoxidens flavicollis (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae) by Yevette Gounden 212502571 Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Genetics) School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville campus November 2018 As the candidate’s supervisor I have/have not approved this thesis/dissertation for submission. Signed: _____________ Name: _____________ Date: _____________ ABSTRACT The African millipede genus Bicoxidens is endemic to Southern Africa, inhabiting a variety of regions ranging from woodlands to forests. Nine species are known within the genus but Bicoxidens flavicollis is the most dominant and wide spread species found across Zimbabwe. Bicoxidens flavicollis individuals have been found to express phenotypic variation in several morphological traits. The most commonly observed body colours are brown and black. In the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe body colour ranges from orange- yellow to black, individuals from North East of Harare have a green-black appearance and a range in size (75–110 mm). There is disparity in body size which has been noted with individuals ranging from medium to large and displaying variation in the number of body rings. Although much morphological variation has been observed within this species, characterization based on gonopod morphology alone cannot distinguish or define variation between phenotypically distinct individuals. Morphological classification has been found to be too inclusive and hiding significant genetic variation. Taxa must be re-assessed with the implementation of DNA molecular methods to identify the variation between individuals. This study aimed to detect genetic divergence of B. flavicollis due to isolation by distance of populations across Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 626: 1–43A new (2016) species of Illacme Cook and Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.626.9681 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida) Paul E. Marek1, Jean K. Krejca2, William A. Shear3 1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Price Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 2 Zara Environmental LLC, 1707 W FM 1626, Manchaca, Texas, USA 3 Hampden-Sydney College, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, USA Corresponding author: Paul E. Marek ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. Mesibov | Received 25 July 2016 | Accepted 19 September 2016 | Published 20 October 2016 http://zoobank.org/36E16503-BC2B-4D92-982E-FC2088094C93 Citation: Marek PE, Krejca JK, Shear WA (2016) A new species of Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928 from Sequoia National Park, California, with a world catalog of the Siphonorhinidae (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida). ZooKeys 626: 1–43. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.626.9681 Abstract Members of the family Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895 are thread-like eyeless millipedes that possess an astounding number of legs, including one individual with 750. Due to their cryptic lifestyle, rarity in natural history collections, and sporadic study over the last century, the family has an unclear phylogenetic placement, and intrafamilial relationships remain unknown. Here we report the discovery of a second spe- cies of Illacme, a millipede genus notable for possessing the greatest number of legs of any known animal on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Millipedes and Centipedes of Chiapas Amber
    14 4 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Check List 14 (4): 637–646 https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.637 The millipedes and centipedes of Chiapas amber Francisco Riquelme1, Miguel Hernández-Patricio2 1 Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular. Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Jicarero C.P. 62909, Morelos, Mexico. 2 Subcoordinación de Inventarios Bióticos, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Tlalpan C.P. 14010, Mexico City, Mexico. Corresponding author: Francisco Riquelme, [email protected] Abstract An inventory of fossil millipedes (class Diplopoda) and centipedes (class Chilopoda) from Miocene Chiapas amber, Mexico, is presented, with the inclusion of new records. For Diplopoda, 34 members are enumerated, for which 31 are described as new fossil records of the orders Siphonophorida Newport, 1844, Spirobolida Bollman, 1893, Polydesmida Leach, 1895, Stemmiulida Pocock, 1894, and the superorder Juliformia Attems, 1926. For Chilopoda 8 fossils are listed, for which 3 are new records of the order Geophilomorpha Pocock, 1895 and 2 are of the order Scolopendromorpha Pocock, 1895. Key words Miocene, Mexico, Diplopoda, Chilopoda. Academic editor: Peter Dekker | Received 14 May 2018 | Accepted 26 July 2018 | Published 10 August 2018 Citation: Riquelme F, Hernández-Patricio F (2018) The millipedes and centipedes of Chiapas amber. Check List 14 (4): 637–646. https://doi. org/10.15560/14.4.637 Introduction Diplopoda fossil record worldwide (Edgecombe 2015). Two other centipedes have been reported in Ross et al. The extant species of millipedes and centipedes distributed (2016). Other records of millipedes have been mentioned across Mexico have been studied since the initial reports in the literature but are questionable because of a lack of Brand (1839) and Persbosc (1839).
    [Show full text]
  • Ordinal-Level Phylogenomics of the Arthropod Class
    Ordinal-Level Phylogenomics of the Arthropod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes) Based on an Analysis of 221 Nuclear Protein-Coding Loci Generated Using Next- Generation Sequence Analyses Michael S. Brewer1,2*, Jason E. Bond3 1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America Abstract Background: The ancient and diverse, yet understudied arthropod class Diplopoda, the millipedes, has a muddled taxonomic history. Despite having a cosmopolitan distribution and a number of unique and interesting characteristics, the group has received relatively little attention; interest in millipede systematics is low compared to taxa of comparable diversity. The existing classification of the group comprises 16 orders. Past attempts to reconstruct millipede phylogenies have suffered from a paucity of characters and included too few taxa to confidently resolve relationships and make formal nomenclatural changes. Herein, we reconstruct an ordinal-level phylogeny for the class Diplopoda using the largest character set ever assembled for the group. Methods: Transcriptomic sequences were obtained from exemplar taxa representing much of the diversity of millipede orders using second-generation (i.e., next-generation or high-throughput) sequencing. These data were subject to rigorous orthology selection and phylogenetic dataset optimization and then used to reconstruct phylogenies employing Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood optimality criteria. Ancestral reconstructions of sperm transfer appendage development (gonopods), presence of lateral defense secretion pores (ozopores), and presence of spinnerets were considered.
    [Show full text]