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The Transition from Whale Oil to Petroleum
The transition from whale oil to petroleum Brooks A. Kaiser University of Southern Denmark University of Hawaii, Manoa Main question (many asides possible) • How well does the transition from whale oil to petroleum that occurred in the mid - 19th century fit a deterministic model of dynamic efficiency of natural resource use? – In other words: just how ‘lucky’ was the discovery of petroleum, and what can be said about resource transitions when new resources/technology are uncertain A standard transition between two known resources MUC MUC Illuminating Oils Price and Quantity 6000000 45.00 40.00 5000000 35.00 4000000 30.00 25.00 3000000 Price 20.00 2000000 15.00 10.00 Gal. sperm oil orThous. Gal. Petrol 1000000 5.00 0 0.00 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 Year gallons, sperm oil Crude oil (thous. gall) 2007 prices, sperm oil Prices, crude oil Note: gap in prices because only get about 5-10% kerosene from crude From an exhaustible to a non-renewable resource needing knowledge investment Theoretical Model • An adapted model from Tsur and Zemel (2003, 2005) of resource transitions • Maximize net benefits over time from whale extraction, oil investment, oil extraction, subject to: – Dynamics of whale population – Dynamics of knowledge over new backstop (oil) – Dynamics of non-renewability of backstop – Time of transition between whale oil and oil Conventional Wisdom and Economic History • Contemporary opinion: Whales doomed without petroleum • Daum (1957) revision: substitutes well under development. No direct statement about whale popn’s -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda Et Al
US007727574B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 1, 2010 (54) METHOD OF PRODUCING 5,576,045 A * 1 1/1996 Cain et al. .................. 426,607 WATER-CONTAINING CHOCOLATES 5,589.216 A * 12/1996 Guskey et al. .... ... 426,607 5.599,574. A * 2/1997 Guskey et al. .............. 426/660 (75) Inventors: Toshio Ushioda, Yawara-mura (JP); E6. A S.G. St. - - - - - - -fall. i. k --- OKaWa ca. - - - st Stairs 6,165,540 A * 12/2000 Traitler et al. ..... ... 426,631 y s 6,210,739 B1 * 4/2001 Nalur ............... ... 426,607 O O YO 6,391,356 B1* 5/2002 Willcocks et al. ........... 426/306 (73) Assignee: Fuji Oil Company, Limited, Osaka (JP) 6,537,602 B1* 3/2003 Kawabata et al. ........... 426.283 - 6,737,100 B1 5/2004 Matsui et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 7,186,435 B2 * 3/2007 Beckett et al. .............. 426,631 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 1615 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS EP O791297 A2 8, 1997 (21) Appl. No.: 10/472,525 JP HO6-007086 A 1, 1994 JP H10-075713. A 3, 1998 (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 11, 2002 WO WOOOf 57715 10, 2000 (86). PCT No.: PCT/UPO2/O2267 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Bailey, A. E. 1950. Melting and Solidification of Fats, Interscience S371 (c)(1), Publishers, Inc., New York, p. 160-161.* (2), (4) Date: Sep. 24, 2003 Minifie, B. W. 1970. Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology, 2" edition. -
Official Publication of the American Land Title Association
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN LAND TITLE ASSOCIATION 1876-1976 A Message from the President JANUARY, 1976 With the beginning of each new year, it is incumbent on all of us to evaluate not only our personal achieve ments in our private and business lives but also the achievements of our industry. We can be justly proud of the contributions that the members of the American Land Title Association have made to the real estate in dustry and we should reaffirm our dedication to improving our services for the betterment of the public and the industry. The American Land Title Association seeks to coordinate the efforts of the various state associations and the individual members in promoting public understanding of the value of our services to the public and in the improvement of those services. Many feel that the economic conditions during 1976 will be somewhat better than what we have experi enced in the past few years and we should use this opportunity to increase our activities as an association in those areas which will effectively inform the public and the members of various regulatory bodies of the necessity for and the value of our services. The officers and staff of our Association seek the advice of the membership and, therefore, request and urge that you now plan to attend the Mid-Winter Conference at the Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, on March 21-24, 1976, so that your ideas and wishes can be directly communicated to your officers. On behalf of the officers and staff of the Association, we wish to express our thanks for the helpfulness of the membership and we wish all a very prosperous New Year. -
A New Bedford Voyage!
Funding in Part by: ECHO - Education through Cultural and Historical Organizations The Jessie B. DuPont Fund A New Bedford Voyage! 18 Johnny Cake Hill Education Department New Bedford 508 997-0046, ext. 123 Massachusetts 02740-6398 fax 508 997-0018 new bedford whaling museum education department www.whalingmuseum.org To the teacher: This booklet is designed to take you and your students on a voyage back to a time when people thought whaling was a necessity and when the whaling port of New Bedford was known worldwide. I: Introduction page 3 How were whale products used? What were the advantages of whale oil? How did whaling get started in America? A view of the port of New Bedford II: Preparing for the Voyage page 7 How was the whaling voyage organized? Important papers III: You’re on Your Way page 10 Meet the crew Where’s your space? Captain’s rules A day at sea A 24-hour schedule Time off Food for thought from the galley of a whaleship How do you catch a whale? Letters home Your voice and vision Where in the world? IV: The End of the Voyage page 28 How much did you earn? Modern whaling and conservation issues V: Whaling Terms page 30 VI: Learning More page 32 NEW BEDFORD WHALING MUSEUM Editor ECHO Special Projects Illustrations - Patricia Altschuller - Judy Chatfield - Gordon Grant Research Copy Editor Graphic Designer - Stuart Frank, Michael Dyer, - Clara Stites - John Cox - MediumStudio Laura Pereira, William Wyatt Special thanks to Katherine Gaudet and Viola Taylor, teachers at Friends Academy, North Dartmouth, MA, and to Judy Giusti, teacher at New Bedford Public Schools, for their contributions to this publication. -
Modern Whaling
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816-1906 Volume Author/Editor: Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, and Karin Gleiter Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-13789-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/davi97-1 Publication Date: January 1997 Chapter Title: Modern Whaling Chapter Author: Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, Karin Gleiter Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8288 Chapter pages in book: (p. 498 - 512) 13 Modern Whaling The last three decades of the nineteenth century were a period of decline for American whaling.' The market for oil was weak because of the advance of petroleum production, and only the demand for bone kept right whalers and bowhead whalers afloat. It was against this background that the Norwegian whaling industry emerged and grew to formidable size. Oddly enough, the Norwegians were not after bone-the whales they hunted, although baleens, yielded bone of very poor quality. They were after oil, and oil of an inferior sort. How was it that the Norwegians could prosper, selling inferior oil in a declining market? The answer is that their costs were exceedingly low. The whales they hunted existed in profusion along the northern (Finnmark) coast of Norway and could be caught with a relatively modest commitment of man and vessel time. The area from which the hunters came was poor. Labor was cheap; it also happened to be experienced in maritime pursuits, particularly in the sealing industry and in hunting small whales-the bottlenose whale and the white whale (narwhal). -
Zallen Gsas.Harvard 0084L 11460.Pdf (8.379Mb)
American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Zallen, Jeremy Benjamin. 2014. American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12274111 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 A dissertation presented by Jeremy Benjamin Zallen to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2014 ©2014—Jeremy Benjamin Zallen All rights reserved. American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 Abstract This dissertation examines the social history of Atlantic and American free and unfree labor by focusing on the production and consumption of the means of light from the colonial period to the end of the nineteenth century. Drawing from archives across the country, I reconstruct the ground-level experiences and struggles of the living (and dying) bringers of lights—those American lucifers—and the worlds they made in the process. I begin by arguing that colonial American deep-sea whaling voyages triggered an Atlantic street lighting revolution radiating from London, while a New England run candles-for-slave(ry) trade helped illuminate and circulate processes caught up in colonial transatlantic sugar slavery. -
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1992,131 LEATHER, DRESSING COMPOSITION Emi Sajak, Dresden, Germany No Drawing
Patented Feb. 19, 1935 1992,131 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1992,131 LEATHER, DRESSING COMPOSITION Emi Sajak, Dresden, Germany No Drawing. Application September 25, 1930, Serial No. 484,466. In Germany August 31, 1929 8 Claims. (C. 149-6) This invention relates to a leather-dressing oils. They are extremely stable. They contain composition, applicable to both ordinary or oak very little free fatty acid, and they have almost tanned and chrome tanned leathers, for example no tendency to "gum' on exposure. They are for leather wearing apparel, upholstery leather, capable of dissolving large quantities of solid 5 footwear, and other forms in which leather is Waxes, and such a solution is extremely well employed, the object of the present invention adapted for preserving leather and for render being to render the leather soft, pliable, tough ing it soft, pliable and waterproof. Such a solu and -Waterproof. tion is also particularly suitable, especially for By “liquid wax' as used herein are meant cer footwear and other wearing apparel, owing to its 0. tain substances, neither oils nor fats which have low heat conductivity. O certain physical and chemical properties. These If castor oil is added to such a solution, the substances, so far as now known are the So called further advantage is obtained that the proper 'sperm oil' and the “bottle-nosed whale oil' the ties favourable to the preservation of leather, use of oil in these terms being a misnomer. These Viz. durability, low acid content and water re 5 two in smell, taste and color reactions resemble pellent action are retained. -
Week 2 History of Whaling in Bermuda Whalers Were Crucial to the Development of the First Settlements in the New World, Including Bermuda
Cetacean Month Week 2 History of whaling in Bermuda Whalers were crucial to the development of the first settlements in the New World, including Bermuda. Colonies were dependent on whaling for survival. Humpback whales were said to have kept settlers awake at night with their playful behaviour on South Shore. Whaling in Bermuda began as early as 1616. By the 1800’s it was a strong part of the economy. Whale baleen and blubber were used for everything. Baleen was said to be “the plastic of the 1800’s”. Whale oil was used to power lights and manufacture goods, such as soap, rope and textiles. Whale blubber was cut into large sheets and cooked down to make the oil. Whale blubber is the fatty tissue of a whale that allows it to withstand freezing cold water temperatures. Activity to try at home - Make your own blubber glove Research question: How do Humpbacks and other mammals survive in freezing cold water? For this activity you will need, 2 ziplock bags, a bowl of ice water, shortening (Crisco) and duct tape. Fill one ziplock with the shortening place the other ziplock inside and tape the openings together so that you can put your hand in the second ziplock without touching the shortening. Place one hand in the ice water and see how long you can leave it in before it becomes too cold. With the other hand, place it in the ziplock bag, making sure the shortening is around your hand and place it into the bowl. What do you notice about the temperature? Can you keep your hand in longer? Draw a Humpback whale! You will need sidewalk chalk, a measuring tape and a printout of the whale images attached on Page 2. -
The Whaling Order
I The Whaling Order The more I dive into this matter of whaling, and push my researches up to the very spring-head of it, so much the more am I impressed with its greatness and antiquity; and especially when I find so many great demi-gods and heroes, proph- ets of all sorts, who one way or another have shed distinction upon it. But even stripped of these supernatural surmisings, there was enough in the earthly make and incontestable character of the monster to strike the imagination with unwonted power. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (1851, chapters 82 and 41) 2 An International Political Economy of Modern Whaling Whaling is an ancient craft that has been traced back to 15,000 B.C. (Stoett 1997). Yet, in a sense, modern whaling was born against all odds: after the discovery of mineral oil in Pennsylvania in 1859, whale oil was progressively replaced in its most important uses, lighting and lubrication. Despite this ostensible substitution, the next hundred years saw an unprecedented expansion of whaling and the emergence of the large-scale, industrial whaling properly known as the ‘‘modern whaling industry’’ (Tonnessen and Johnsen 1982), able to hold its place among the staples of the industrialization process well into the 1960s. How can the endurance of whaling in modern societies be explained? Before answering this question, the chapter begins by mapping out the various forms of whaling, according to the different ways of utilizing the parts of the whale, so as to introduce the reader to practices that have largely fallen into oblivion today. -
Fats and Oils,Their Adaptability and Uses
April 1938 April 1938 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 17 Fats and Oils: Their Adaptability and Uses By Charles E. Lund, Fats and Oils Specialist, Foodstuffs Division A tropical palm tree, an Antarctic whale, and a fats and oils averaged 1,825 million pounds per year in Texas steer appear quite unrelated, yet, in the soap the period 1931-35, increased to 2,337 million pounds kettle, palm oil, whale oil, and inedible tallow make up in 1936, and reached the record of 2,828 million pounds the principal ingredients of the slow-lathering group. in 1937. The heavy imports in 1937 were due in con- Philippine coconut oil, African palm-kernel oil, and siderable measure to the drought in 1936 and to the Brazilian babassu oil also appear to be equally dis- constantly mounting domestic consumption which rose- sociated, but these oils are important quick-lathering to over 9 billion pounds in 1936, and reached 9,300 oils in the soap industry. million pounds in 1937. Imports have been substan- Other fats and oils from all parts of the world find tially reduced in recent months, following the record their way into myriad uses and into hundreds of prod- production of cottonseed in 1937 (nearly 18 billion ucts. Cottonseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, and tallow pounds), and the second heaviest soybean crop on are the leading elements in the preparation of com- record (approximately 2% billion pounds). pounds and shortenings, yet they come from diverse The demand for fats and oils was reduced in the latter regions. Chinese tung oil, which has a peculiar advan- part of 1937, because of a slackening in business ac- tage as a fast-drying, water-resistant element in the tivity. -
Peoples of the World Ready for Christmas Millions of Persons Around Pilgrims
Becoming Sunny- THEDAILY FINAL Becoming sunny late today. Fair, quite cold tonight. Red Bank, Freehold Long Branch EDITION Cloudy, cold tomorrow. I 7 (Beo Detail!. Paie 2) Monmouth County's Home Newspaper for 92 Years VOL. S3, NO. 126 RED BANK, N. J., WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 24, 1969 28 PAGES 10 CENTS ••••in ••••iiimiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiBniuiiniHiiiiiii Peoples of the World Ready for Christmas Millions of persons around pilgrims. One estimate said er than last year, but many The Vietnam Moratorium the world made last-minute more than 1,000 troops and attributed the increase to Committee took note of the preparations today to cele- police were on duty in the higher prices brought on by holiday theme of peace and brate Christmas. town. inflation rather than addition- scheduled a series of Christ- Although the message of In Vietnam, the allied com- al volume. mas Eve vigils. The observ- the birth of Jesus Christ is mands and the Viet Cong ob- Hundreds of thousands ance in New York includes "Peace on Earth," the wars served cease-fires. Fighting flocked to airports, railroad a candlelight procession to the world had with it last had been at a low level for stations and bus terminals, Central Park with Mayor year remained in Vietnam several weeks, and after the heading home to see rela- John V. Lindsay and other and Nigeria. The Mideast sit- truce began it dropped off tives and families or taking political leaders scheduled to uation remained unsettled. even more. vacations. participate. Three loud explosions rat- Radio Hanoi began broad- Among the travelers will In Europe, the festive sea- tled windows today in Beth- casting recorded messages be President Nixon, his wife son was sneezy with flu but lehem, the birthplace of from American prisoners of and daughter Tricia, who are in full swiTi": French fisher- Christ. -
Cosmopolitan Chronicle 48.Indd
politan Chro Cosmo nicle VOL. II, No. 22 San Diego, Alta California, February 6, 2009 Price: Free whales for their prized fat, bone, period that kerosene lighting Lighting and baleen. Camphene, in turn, was the most common lighting produced from what appeared to be technology used at this time. Gregg Giacopuzzi inexhaustible supplies of corn and Interpreter pine trees in Northern California. Challenge San Diego Coast District Burning fuels which produce a low viscosity, fl ow ready up a wick California State Parks and thus creating a clean white fl ame. Delaware North have the unique History of 19th Century The fi xtures themselves were the challenge to rehabilitate and Lighting fi rst truly adjustable lighting device restore this original 19th century and produced a brilliance from six building into a fully functional ighting technology to eight candles. These new types 21st century hotel and eating changed in many ways of fuels worked for a short time but establishment. As partners in during the 19th century. the rise in cost of whale oil and the this endeavor, we hope to create L Homes and businesses a building that will personify the fact that camphene exploded when were much darker and ambient fi xtures were dropped led to new “look, feel, and ambiance” of a light was utilized to its fullest innovations. period appropriate setting. A key extent. Doors and windows were Kerosene, also called coal oil, element to this setting is lighting. left open and people worked by is an oil distillate consisting of a We look to install period lighting natural light from sun up to sun mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily in the majority of the areas where set.