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Historical News Rock 1898 Year-IN-Review: National News United States Former Senator Trans Blanche K. Bruce Mississippi Annexes The Dies from Diabetes Expositions Hawaii Islands! By Joshua Cunningham World’s Fair By Ikea McGriff The United States officially took Held! ownership of the Hawaiian Islands on July 7. The islands are an important for By Kieara Hunter-Tabb both economic and naval reasons. Held in Omaha, Nebraska starting in The United States had an early interest June 1st there was a World’s Fair. in Hawaii that began in 1820. New This World’s Fair is to show the England missionaries tried in to spread development of the whole West. This their faith. However, a foreign policy World’s Fair started at the Mississippi goal was to keep European powers out River to the Pacific Ocean. of Hawaii. Held in North Omaha, over a 180- The sugar trade acquired true American acre tract stretched, this expo had 21 foothold in Hawaii. The United States classical buildings that had modern government however, provided products from all over in the world. generous terms to Hawaii sugar The Indian Congress was also held. growers and after the Civil War, profits More than 2.6 million people came to began to swell. view the 4,062 exhibits there during The turning point in the United States the four month period of the Exposition. and Hawaiian relationship happened in Former U.S. Senator Blanche K. Bruce died in Washington D.C. on March 17, 1898 of diabetes. He was a former slave. 1890. Congress approved the McKinley Late in 1895 the decision was made tariff, which raised import rates on Bruce’s father, Pettis Perkinson, was a plantation owner and had a to hold the exposition by a small foreign sugar. Most of the sugar relationship with a slave, Polly Bruce, who was Bruce’s mother. group from Omaha led by the banker growers in Hawaii were white Gurdon Wattles. Blanche K, Bruce was a slave in his early days. He ran away from his Americans, and they knew if Hawaii master in 1864. He opened up a school for black children in 1870. President William McKinley and was going to be annexed the tariff William Jennings Bryan, in addition to problem would naturally disappear. The Mississippi Senate selected him for segregated arms committe. others, attended at the invitation of During the attempted annexing in In 1850 moved to Missouri after becoming a printer's apprentice. The Wattles. Union Army rejected his application to fight in the Civil War. After that January, 1893, the planters staged an Bruce taught and went to school at Oberlin College in Ohio for two years. Known as the stronger contender uprising to overthrow the queen. Since towards the middle of the year was they had no leader, marines stormed After two years of school, Bruce went to work as a steamboat porter on Miller Park. Both sites ended up the island and raised the United States the Mississippi River. In 1864 Bruce moved to Hannibal, Missouri where he made a school for blacks. During the Reconstruction, Bruce became a losing in North Omaha. flag in Honolulu. wealthy landowner in the Mississippi Delta. President William McKinley gave a In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani of the He later was elected to county positions, including tax collector and speech on President’s day. The Hawaiian Islands attempted to supervisor of education, He also edited a local newspaper. In February speech took place October 12. introduce a new constitution, which 1874, would place the government of the Bruce was elected by the state legislature to the Senate as a Republican. Islands much more completely in her He became the second black person to serve in the upper house of the power than it had previously been. Congress. Liliuokalani’s attempt failed. On February 14, 1879 Bruce presided over the U.S. Senate. Liliuokalani was forced to abdicate, and the foreigners in Honolulu set up a provisional government with a view to negotiating for annexation with the United States. Arkansas Bar President Harrison sent an annexation Association Formed treaty to the Senate, but President Cleveland, on his coming into power, By Joshua Cunningham withdrew it. As early as 1837 they were trying to organize association The Queen was forced to abdicate, and for lawyers in Arkansas but it was not until 1898 that the matter was left for Washington Arkansas State Bar Was organized its first president was politicians to settle. President Cleveland U.M. Rose. withdrew the annexation treaty from They also had 36 different committees. the Senate and ordered an investigation into potential wrongdoings. Cleveland The Arkansas State Bar publishes the quarterly Arkansas aimed to restore Liliuokalani to her Lawyer Magazine. But the Arkansas Bar Association does throne, but American public sentiment not control lawyer licenses. That is a function of the strongly favored annexation. Arkansas Board of Law Examiners. President McKinley, in 1897, sent in a second treaty, which was passed by Congress in July 1898, and the sovereignty was transferred to the United States on August 12, 1898. Historical News Rock 1898 Year-IN-Review: National News High Court voids Louisiana Tries to U.S., Chippewa Fight Stop Black Voters! Battle in Northern Nebraska Railroad Tariffs! Minnesota! By Shimarie Witherspoon By Leif Young By Creadel Bradley Over the years, the southern area of Louisiana In the recent Supreme Court case, Smyth v. has been trying numerous ways to take rights The Battle Sugar Point or the Battle of Leech Lake was fought on Ames, it is argued that a railroad corporation away from the African Americans. October 5, 1898 between the 3rd U.S Infantry and members of the is a person within the means of the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians. This was a failed attempt to Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore These things consist of registration laws, apprehend Pillager Ojibwa Bugonaygeshig, whose name means cannot be deprived of property except literary tests and restriction fraud, meaning cold bug or hole in the day. through the due course of law, and that some people would lie and say things to limit States cannot set prices for transportation of the African American people. The main issue between the Ojibwa and Indian service officials was persons or property so low that it deprives the frequent arrest of tribal members on minor the charges and On the date of May 12th 1898 Louisiana the carrier of property without compensation. transporting them to federal court far from the reservation for amended the State Constitution stating that all trial. Frequently these charges involved the sale and consumption On March 7 1898, the Supreme Court voted voters must be able to read English in order to of alcohol on the reservation, which is banned by federal law. unanimously to abolish the maximum rate vote, without any consideration of the bill, and amending the contract clause and uneducated African Americans. Witnesses to criminal acts were also transported. Harvesting of limiting the governmental power to set dead and down timber by local logging companies also caused This enraged most African Americans because railroad and utility rates. considerable resentment. this crippled them in the electoral process. This The Court said that regulated industries are caused African Americans to try to learn how to Although the logging companies paid for the timber they entitled to earn a “fair return” on the “fair read. harvested, the value was often underestimated and payments value” of the enterprise. Under the new fair were frequently late. In addition some unscrupulous loggers Louisiana had a lot of schools that turned value rule a governmental authority was purposely set fire to healthy tress in order to damage them and African Americans away, this also putting a required to determine a “rate base.” It pass them off as dead timber. stop African Americans being able to vote. voided previous Nebraska railroad tariffs and A Pillager, Bugonaygeshing, was among those protesting the defined limits to set railroad and utility prices business practices of the logging companies on the reservation in early 1898. Howerver when he and Sha Boonday Shkong traveled to the nearby Indian village of Oninfum on September15, 1898, they were seized by U.S Deputy Marshal Robert Morrison and U.S. New York Annexes Indian Agent Arthur M. Tinker as witness to a bootlegging operation and were going to be transported to Duluth. Brooklyn, Queens By Ikea McGriff Boston Devastated Soon after landing at the village, two of the Pillagers who were involved in Bugonaygeshig's escape were recognized and arrested. The unofficial term for the expansion of New Bugonshaygeshing was unable to be found apparently having fled York City was created on January 1, 1898 and by Blizzard! was called The City of Greater New York. The prior to their arrival. consolidation of the existing city of New York with eastern Bronx, Brooklyn, most of By Keyon Thomas The soldiers made camp and began searching the surrounding Queens County, and Staten Island was One of the most devastated blizzards ever to hit the woods and neighboring village to arrests Pillagers with completed. East Coast raged for 36 hours. Called “The White outstanding warrants. None of those with arrest warrants were Hurricane,” the storm produced a combination of found. West of the Bronx River had been annexed blending snow, deep drifts, diving wind, and severe to the City and County of New York in 1874, cold on Sunday, March 11, 1888. The circumstances as to which side fired the first shot are disputed and was well known as the Annexed District. That night, a light rain began to fall across by both sides.