Digging Ditches in Early Medieval Europe*
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The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century. -
About Russian Beginnings
CK_5_TH_HG_P104_230.QXD 2/14/06 2:23 PM Page 209 At a Glance continued ◗ Ivan III (the Great) and Ivan IV (the Terrible) expanded Russian terri- tory and the authority of the czars. ◗ Peter the Great sought to modernize and westernize Russia in order to enable it to compete with European nations for trade, territory, and prestige. ◗ The desire to find a warm-water port was one factor that encouraged Russian expansion. ◗ Catherine the Great, while once interested in reforming certain abuses of Russian government, became as autocratic as her predecessors after a peasant revolt and the French Revolution. ◗ The lives of peasants worsened under Peter and Catherine. Teaching Idea What Teachers Need to Know You may want to teach section B, A. History and Culture “Geography,” before “History and Culture.” Byzantine Influence in Russia The rise of Russia is closely related to the history of the Byzantine Empire, which students in Core Knowledge schools should have encountered in Grades 3 and 4. For a thousand years after the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, the Eastern or Byzantine Empire continued to build on ancient Greek and Roman tra- ditions and culture. For example, Byzantine architects used the Roman dome to build magnificent churches, such as Hagia Sophia in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople (now called Istanbul). Byzantine artists also created beautiful mosaics and icons. Students in Core Knowledge schools should have studied Hagia Sophia and Byzantine mosaics as part of the art curriculum for Grade 3. However, they may not be acquainted with icons, which are special pictures of Jesus, Mary, and the saints. -
Roman Britain
Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall - History Vallum Hadriani - Historia “ Having completely transformed the soldiers, in royal fashion, he made for Britain, where he set right many things and - the rst to do so - drew a wall along a length of eighty miles to separate barbarians and Romans. (The Augustan History, Hadrian 11.1)” Although we have much epigraphic evidence from the Wall itself, the sole classical literary reference for Hadrian having built the Wall is the passage above, wrien by Aelius Spartianus towards the end of the 3rd century AD. The original concept of a continuous barrier across the Tyne-Solway isthmus, was devised by emperor Hadrian during his visit to Britain in 122AD. His visit had been prompted by the threat of renewed unrest with the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain, and the need was seen to separate this war-like race from the lowland tribes of Scotland, with whom they had allied against Rome during recent troubles. Components of The Wall Hadrian s Wall was a composite military barrier which, in its nal form, comprised six separate elements; 1. A stone wall fronted by a V-shaped ditch. 2. A number of purpose-built stone garrison forti cations; Forts, Milecastles and Turrets. 3. A large earthwork and ditch, built parallel with and to the south of the Wall, known as the Vallum. 4. A metalled road linking the garrison forts, the Roman Military Way . 5. A number of outpost forts built to the north of the Wall and linked to it by road. 6. A series of forts and lookout towers along the Cumbrian coast, the Western Sea Defences . -
The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions
Scholars Crossing History of Global Missions Center for Global Ministries 2009 The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions Don Fanning Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist Recommended Citation Fanning, Don, "The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions" (2009). History of Global Missions. 3. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Global Ministries at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in History of Global Missions by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Middle Ages 500-1000 1 3 The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions AD 500—1000 Introduction With the endorsement of the Emperor and obligatory church membership for all Roman citizens across the empire, Roman Christianity continued to change the nature of the Church, in stead of visa versa. The humble beginnings were soon forgotten in the luxurious halls and civil power of the highest courts and assemblies of the known world. Who needs spiritual power when you can have civil power? The transition from being the persecuted to the persecutor, from the powerless to the powerful with Imperial and divine authority brought with it the inevitable seeds of corruption. Some say that Christianity won the known world in the first five centuries, but a closer look may reveal that the world had won Christianity as well, and that, in much less time. The year 476 usually marks the end of the Christian Roman Empire in the West. -
Gloucestershire Castles
Gloucestershire Archives Take One Castle Gloucestershire Castles The first castles in Gloucestershire were built soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, the Normans had an urgent need to consolidate the land they had conquered and at the same time provide a secure political and military base to control the country. Castles were an ideal way to do this as not only did they secure newly won lands in military terms (acting as bases for troops and supply bases), they also served as a visible reminder to the local population of the ever-present power and threat of force of their new overlords. Early castles were usually one of three types; a ringwork, a motte or a motte & bailey; A Ringwork was a simple oval or circular earthwork formed of a ditch and bank. A motte was an artificially raised earthwork (made by piling up turf and soil) with a flat top on which was built a wooden tower or ‘keep’ and a protective palisade. A motte & bailey was a combination of a motte with a bailey or walled enclosure that usually but not always enclosed the motte. The keep was the strongest and securest part of a castle and was usually the main place of residence of the lord of the castle, although this changed over time. The name has a complex origin and stems from the Middle English term ‘kype’, meaning basket or cask, after the structure of the early keeps (which resembled tubes). The name ‘keep’ was only used from the 1500s onwards and the contemporary medieval term was ‘donjon’ (an apparent French corruption of the Latin dominarium) although turris, turris castri or magna turris (tower, castle tower and great tower respectively) were also used. -
Overcoming Borders
Authors: Matthias Maluck, Luise Zander Collected Information for students Topic: Overcoming Borders The Heritage Site, and especially the Danevirke, contains the issue of a border complex. Hedeby facilitated exchange between trading networks spanning the European continent, and – in conjunction with the Danevirke – controlled trading routes, the economy and the territory at the crossroads between the emerging Danish kingdom and the kingdoms and peoples of mainland Europe. The archaeological evidence highlights the significance of Hedeby and the Danevirke as an example of an urban trading centre connected with a large-scale defensive system in a border complex at the core of major trading routes over sea and land from the 8th to 11th centuries. Features of the natural landscape and man-made structures were combined intentionally to form a border complex at a natural bottleneck in the Viking Age between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Hedeby and the Danevirke represent a significant cultural, political and economic phase in the history of Northern Europe, reflecting the specific nature and the development of borders in connection with the formation of states in Viking-Age Europe between the eighth and eleventh centuries AD. This landscape is a unique case study for the development over centuries of the architecture of fortified boundaries in conjunction with trading centres which are strategically integrated into their natural environment. The defensive system of the Danevirke and the trading centre of Hedeby consists of a spatially linked complex of earthworks, walls and ditches, settlements, grave fields and a harbour across the Schleswig Isthmus on the Jutland Peninsula in Northern Europe from the first and early second millennia AD. -
Revisions for 2016 Catalog
Revisions for 2016 Catalog 1. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 56: Added 270CR – Replacement Rubber Tip 2. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 42: Door Protection Plates – changed 220S diamond tread to (diamond tread available on in US26 only) 3. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 25: added (compatible with 1-3/4” doors only) to 27N Fasteners 4. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 83: Changed 334V image 5. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 83: Changed 334V Fasteners bullets to read: • Two (2) #8 finish washers; • Two (2) 7-32 x 1-7/8” OHMS for 1-5/8” doors; • Two (2) 7-32 x 2” OHMS for 1-3/4” doors. 6. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 83: Added 334V Engraving: Available up to four characters. 7. October 3, 2016 – Trim – Page 83: Added 322V Engraving: Available up to four characters. 8. October 3, 2016 – Electrified Solutions: Added touchless actuators 2-659-03707 and 2-659- 3708 to page 76 9. October 3, 2016 – Electrified Solutions: Added touchless actuators 2-659-03707 and 2-659- 3708 images to page 53 10. October 4, 2016- General Information: Changed address under Montgomery DC from 200 County Court Lane, Montgomery, AL 36105 to 200 County Court, Montgomery, AL 36105 11. October 4, 2016 – Locks: changed last sentence on page 1 in the introductory paragraph 12. October 5, 2016 – T&W: removed all brass finishes (MIB) from product line and removed verbiage, “brass thresholds are supplied with brass screws.” Pages included: 2, 3 (General Information), 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 26, 29, 35 and 38 13. -
King's Rune Stones
29 Minoru Ozawa King’s Rune Stones A Catalogue with Some Remarks Minoru OZAWA For those who are interested in Danish history the Jelling dynasty from the second half of the 10th century to 1042 has had a special meaning. The successive 6 kings, i.e. Gorm the Old (–958), Harald Bluetooth (–987), Swein Forkbeard (–1014), Harald (–1018), Canute the Great (–1035), and Hardecnut (–1042), transformed a small Danish kingdom into one of the most influential states in Northern Europe in the 11th century.1 After Gorm and Harald made steadier the foundation of the kingdom the following kings expanded their stage of activty westward to gain booty with their army. In 1013 Swein conquered England to take the crown into his hand and, after his sudden death, his son Canute reconquered the kingdom to be the king of England in 1018 and king of Norway later in 1028. At the time the Jelling dynasty reigned over three kingdoms which surrounded the North Sea.2 While it is important to reevaluate the rule of the Jelling dynasty from the viewpoint of European political history, we should remember another important activity by the Danes: raising rune stones in memory of the dead. According to Sawyer’s catalogue, the corpus consisting of 200 rune stones is left to the present days as stones themselves or drawings in early modern age in the territory of medieval 1 Concerning the basic information of the Jelling dynasty, see Thorkild Ramskou, Normannertiden 600–1060. København 1962, pp. 415–; Aksel E. Christensen, Vikingetidens Danmark paa oldhistorisk baggrund. -
Tribal Cultural Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California
Tribal Cultural Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California MAY 2019 PREPARED FOR Mateo Arts, LLC PREPARED BY SWCA Environmental Consultants This page intentionally left blank. Tribal Cultural Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California Prepared for Mateo Arts, LLC 1875 Century Park East, Suite 1750 Los Angeles, CA 90067 Attn: Daniel A. Abrams and Sammi Shaaya Prepared by Chris Millington, M.A., RPA and Trevor Gittelhough, M.A., RPA SWCA Environmental Consultants 51 West Dayton Street Pasadena, California 91105 (626) 240-0587 www.swca.com SWCA Project No. 055465.00 SWCA CRRD Report No. 19-224 May 2019 Keywords: CEQA; tribal cultural sensitivity assessment; City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning; Arts District; 2018 E Bay St, 2016 E Bay St, 2010 E Bay St, 2006 E Bay St, 2006 1/2 E Bay St, 1000 S Mateo St, 1000 1/4 S Mateo St, 1010 S Mateo St, 1012 S Mateo St, 2023 E Sacramento St, 2023 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2019 E Sacramento St, 2019 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2015 E Sacramento St, 2015 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2011 E Sacramento St, 2009 E Sacramento St, 2007 E Sacramento St, 2005 E Sacramento St, 2001 E Sacramento St, 1026 S Mateo St, 1024 S Mateo St, 1020 S Mateo St, 1018 S Mateo St, 1014 S Mateo St; Los Angeles; Hollywood quadrangle; Township 1 South, Range 13 West, Section 9 Tribal Cultural Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Purpose and Scope: Mateo Arts, LLC (the Applicant) retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct a tribal cultural resources sensitivity assessment in support of the proposed 1024 Mateo Street Project located in the city of Los Angeles, California, within the Arts District neighborhood. -
Introduction to 800 and Table 3
Introduction to 800 and Table 3 Version 1.3 December 2013 Learning Objectives The learner will: • Be familiar with the overall structure of the 800s • Be familiar with aids for building numbers in the 800s • Be familiar with circumstances in which Tables 3A, 3B, and 3C are used • Be able to build correct 800 numbers that use Tables 3A, 3B, and/or 3C • Be familiar with provisions for folk literature at 398.2 800 Literature: Scope In 800: • Literary texts • Works about literature • Anonymous classics Elsewhere: • Folk literature classed in 398.2 • Literature combined with other arts classed in 700, e.g., opera 782.1 800 Literature: Structure (1) 801-807 Standard subdivisions 808 Rhetoric (808.02-808.06 General topics in rhetoric; 808.1-808.7 Rhetoric in specific literary forms; comprehensive works in 808) 808.8 Collections of literary texts from more than two literatures 809 History, description, critical appraisal of more than two literatures 800 Literature: Structure (2) 810-890 Literatures of specific languages and language families 810 American literature in English 820-890 Follows pattern of Table 6 Languages (approximately) Aids to Number Building in 800 Literature Read the instructions in 800 schedule and at the beginning of Tables 3A and 3B Review extensive Manual notes for Table 3A-C and 800 Consult flow charts for Table 3A and 3B Consult Table of Mappings: DDC 000-990 to Table 3C—3 Arts and literature dealing with specific themes and subjects Table 3A Table 3A. Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors Table 3A —1 -
W Orld Heritage in Denmark and Greenland
Midway between the mounds are the two runic The church between the two mounds is built of calcareous In Denmark, the Heritage Agency of Denmark is responsible stones. The larger stone bears what is probably the tufa (travertine) around 1080-1100. A tower was added for submitting new proposals for inclusion on the World Heritage List. A special committee under UNESCO decides most significant inscription in the history of Denmark: in the 15th century. This church was preceded by three whether to include the proposed candidates on the list. World Heritage in Denmark and Greenland World The Jelling Monuments ‘King Harald bade this monument to be made in wooden churches. The first wooden church was 14 x 30 Being nominated for inclusion on the World Heritage memory of Gorm his father and Thyra his mother, metres somewhat bigger than the present one. It was List does not in itself imply any new form of protection, but it does provide additional recognition and status. that Harald who won for himself all Denmark and presumably built by Harald Bluetooth. It is believed that Norway and made the Danes Christian’. The message his father, King Gorm, was moved from the north mound A worldwide presentation of the cultural and natural is carved on three sides of the large stone. On one and buried in a chambered tomb in the exact place where heritage of mankind is given on UNESCO’s website at www.unesco.org. The world heritage of Greenland is of the sides there is also a carved image of Christ. The the nave and the chancel adjoin. -
Copyright Acknowledgement Booklet
Copyright Acknowledgement Booklet For the June 2012 exam series This booklet contains the acknowledgements for third-party copyright material used in OCR assessment materials for 14 – 19 Qualifications. www.ocr.org.uk About the Copyright Acknowledgement Booklet Prior to the June 2009 examination series, acknowledgements for third-party copyright material were printed on the back page of the relevant exam papers and associated assessment materials. For security purposes, from that series onwards, OCR has created this separate booklet to put all of the acknowledgements, rather than including them in the exam papers or associated assessment materials. The booklet is published after each examination series, as soon as the assessment materials become available to the public. It is available online from the OCR website at: www.ocr.org.uk/pastpapermaterials/pastpapers/index.aspx. The OCR Copyright Team can be contacted by post at 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, or by email at [email protected]. Where possible, OCR has sought and cleared permission to reproduce items of third-party owned copyright material. Every reasonable effort has been made by OCR to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, please contact the Copyright Team at the addresses above and OCR will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. How to find an acknowledgement Each acknowledgement is filed firstly by subject and then under the unit number of the exam paper in which the copyright material appears. Where an exam paper has more than one document associated with it, each document is identified with its separate acknowledgements.