Magalies Water to Waterberg Scoping Report

IMPLEMENTATION READY STUDY (IRS) FINALIZATION : LPR004 : MAGALIES WATER TO WATERBERG

SCOPING REPORT

PREPARED BY: PREPARED FOR:

APHANE CONSULTING CC DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS P.O. BOX 1065 DIRECTORATE: NATIONAL POLOKWANE RESOURCE PLANNING 0700 PRIVATE BAG X9506 TEL: (015) 295 6068 POLOKWANE FAX: (015) 291 5651 0700 EMAIL: [email protected]

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Table of Contents

1. PURPOSE ...... 4 2. OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE ECONOMIC INFORMATION ...... 4 2.1 Waterberg Mining Strategy ...... 4 2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Report ...... 6 3. REVIEW OF LOCAL STRATEGIC PLANNING ISSUES ...... 7 3.1 Waterberg District Municipality ...... 7 3.1.1 Waterberg District IDP ...... 7 3.1.2 Waterberg District LED Strategy ...... 7 3.2 Bela-Bela Local Municipality ...... 8 3.2.1 Bela-Bela LM IDP ...... 8 3.2.2 Bela-Bela LM LED Strategy...... 8 3.2.3 Bela-Bela WSDP ...... 9 3.3 Modimolle Local Municipality ...... 9 3.3.1 Modimolle LM IDP ...... 9 3.3.2 Modimolle LM LED Strategy ...... 10 3.3.3 Modimolle WSDP ...... 10 3.4 Mookgophong Local Municipality ...... 11 3.4.1 Mookgophong LM IDP ...... 11 3.4.2 Mookgophong LM LED Strategy ...... 11 3.4.3 Mookgopong WSDP ...... 11 4. OVERVIEW OF DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 12 4.1 Bela Bela LM ...... 12 4.2 Modimolle LM ...... 13 4.3 Mookgopong LM ...... 14 4.4 Total Population in the Project Area ...... 15 5. OTHER SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES ...... 16 5.1 Economic Production Structure ...... 16 5.2 Unemployment ...... 17 5.3 Income Distribution ...... 17 5.4 Education ...... 18 5.5 Housing Typologies ...... 18 5.6 Water Services ...... 19

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5.7 Sanitation Services...... 21 6. WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS ...... 22 6.1 Bela-Bela ...... 22 6.2 Modimolle ...... 23 6.3 Mookgophong ...... 24 7. CONCLUSION ...... 26 ANNEXURE ONE ...... 22

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Diagram of the Springbok Flats Coalfied Figure 3.1: Strategic Thrusts in the Modimolle LED Strategy Figure 4.1: Population Distribution in the Project Area Figure 5.1: Water Level of Service Figure 2.2: Sanitation Level of Service

LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Demographic Analysis for Bela Bela LM, 2011 Table 4.2: Demographic Analysis of Modimolle LM, 2011 Table 4.3: Demographic Analysis for Mookgopong LM, 2011 Table 1.4: Total Planning Population in the Project Area

Table 2.1: Gross Value Added in the Project Area, R’m at Current Prices for 2011 Table 5.2: Employment Indicators in the Project Area, 2011 Table 5.3: Income Distribution in the Project Area Table 5.4: Education Levels of Adults in the Project Area, 2011 Table 5.5: Housing Typology in the Project Area, 2011 Table 5.6: Water Services in the Project Area, 2011 Table 5.7: Water Source per LM, 2011 Table 5.8: Household Sanitation Conditions in the Project Area, 2011

Table 6.1: Residential Water Needs in Bela Bela Table 6.2: Projected Water Demand Profile for Bela Bela LM Table 6.3: Residential Water Needs in Modimolle Table 6.4: Projected Water Demand Profile for Modimolle LM Table 6.5: Residential Water Needs in Mookgopong Table 6.6: Projected Water Demand Profile for Mookgopong LM Table 6.7: Projected Water Demand Profile for the Entire Project Area

Table 7.1: Total Planning Population in the Project Area Table 7.2: Projected Water Demand Profile for the Entire Project Area

Table 8.1: Water Service Level Analysis per LM, 2011 Table 8.2: Sanitation Service Level Analysis per LM, 2011 Table 8.3: Water Sources per LM in the Project Area, 2011

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1. PURPOSE

To provide strategic planning and socio-economic information for the Implementation Readiness Study of the Department of Water Affairs for the Magalies to Waterberg Project. An estimate of water demand will also be provided. Primary sources of information includes Statistics South Africa, official municipal development planning documents and economic performance analyses from reputable private sector data suppliers, such as Quantec. 2. OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE ECONOMIC INFORMATION 2.1 Waterberg Mining Strategy

The Waterberg District comprises six local municipalities, of which three1 are included in the Magalies to Waterberg Implementation Readiness Study (IRS).

The District commissioned a valuable Mining Sector Strategy in 2006 as a policy instrument through which leadership can be provided for mining development and investment.

Mining production already represents a major component of the District economy and there is considerable potential for new mining development, particularly for platinum and coal. Some potential also exists for small scale mining development, especially in terms of granite and construction materials. Local business development can be significantly improved within the mining supply chain. However, the primary mining activity areas are focused in the northern and eastern part of the District, which leaves the three local municipalities that are the focus of this report, with relatively small mining activities.

It should be pointed out that the Council for Geoscience has indicated significant occurrences of uranium in Bela Bela, but there are no indications of any interest to develop this resource at present.

The Springbok Flats Coalfield underlays the three local municipalities concerned. It has a saleable coal reserve of approximately 1700 million tons (Coal Reserves of RSA, 1982). The coal quality is higher in the north-eastern part of the coalfield towards Mokopane. Although the coal has relatively high uranium content and averages 85% vitrinite, it is also high in ash. During the 1970’s this coalfield was investigated as a source for direct liquefaction. This project was shelved in 1980 due to a variety of economic rather than technical or geological reasons. The main disadvantages of the Springbokflats Coalfield are deep and thin coal seams, low yields and bad roof conditions, all of which raise the cost of mining. (Department of Minerals and Energy, Coal Bulletin 113; 1999: 46).

There has recently been renewed interest in the coalbed methane potential of the Springbok Flats Coalfield. It is considered to be well-located as an energy source for new platinum mining activities to the north (Mokopane) and to the east (Burgersfort). Several CBM exploration applications have been submitted to the Department of Mineral Resources. A theoretical mine plan has also been prepared for the central part of the Springbok Flats Coalfield in the vicinity of Tuinplaas. The coal seam is relatively shallow in this area, compared to the depth of the rest of this coalfield.

Achievement of the Waterberg District mining potential will require public investment in infrastructure improvements with specific reference to water provision and the upgrading of roads; in skills

1 Bela Bela, Modimolle and Mookgopong

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Figure 2.3: Diagram of the Springbok Flats Coalfied

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2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Report

The water quality monitoring report that is loaded onto the municipal website indicates that drinking water in Modimolle town was generally of an excellent quality throughout 2013, except for free residuals, which is rated as poor. The quality of drinking water in Mabaleng and Mabatlane is not quite as good, but the Municipality as a whole has achieved blue drop status. It holds position 7 on the Limpopo blue drop log for local municipalities.

It should be noted that Bela Bela LM is one position ahead of Modimolle at number 6 on the Provincial log with regard to municipal blue drop status. Despite this position, a blue drop site inspection at the Bela Bela WTW found inter alia that:

The overall appearance of the WTW requires attention (broken windows, leaking taps, no fire extinguishers) Buffers for the calibration of the PPPH meter had expired at the time of inspection; Jar test equipment was not functional at the time of the Bela Bela inspection, and flocculent formation tests are not undertaken to determine the coagulant dosing rate.

Mookgopong is in position 11 on the log and has been in the bottom part of the log for several years.

Drinking water quality management by Magalies Water, supplying water into the Bela Bela system via the Klipdrift WTW, was evaluated as part of the Modimolle assessment. The evaluation identified areas that require improvement, including ensuring representation from each municipality receiving water from Magalies Water during their water safety planning process. Communication with stakeholders and improved implementation of the incident Management Protocol also needs attention. Bela Bela should take note that the final water from the Klipdrift treatment plant does not currently comply with the SANS 241 microbiological requirements, and until such time that the plant is upgraded, the WSA and WSP should have systems in place to inform consumers of the risk. Emergency measures are also required to be undertaken to mitigate the risks to public health.

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3. REVIEW OF LOCAL STRATEGIC PLANNING ISSUES 3.1 Waterberg District Municipality

3.1.1 Waterberg District IDP

The Waterberg District vision statement according to the 2013/14 IDP is to be the energy hub and eco- tourism destination of Southern Africa. The mission statement is to invest in human capital to build a sustainable economy in the fields of energy, minerals and eco-tourism for the benefit of all local communities.

The IDP contains the conventional statements in its LED section regarding the creation of a sustainable and enabling environment for LED. Strategic LED projects include the resuscitation of the Economic Development Agency, reviewing the mining and tourism strategies, as well as SMME support. Strategic spatial objectives are to facilitate access to land. These strategic objectives and projects are too vague to provide any indication of specific water needs. From the detailed project list in the IDP it appears that the housing allocation of 260 units in Phagameng (Modimolle) could be the single development initiative with the greatest impact on water demand in the short term in the Magalies to Waterberg project area.

The IDP acknowledges that water is one of the scarcest resources in the District. The most important water-related challenges are listed as:

Huge extent of the current water services backlogs Water resources are limited and users aspire to higher levels of services, Ageing infrastructure and as result the infrastructure is being operated beyond its design life span (due to inadequate maintenance ) Infrastructure capacity does not meet the infrastructure demands due to rapid and unplanned growth Dysfunctional, small and local schemes require refurbishment and extension Increased water resource scarcity due to lack of water conservation and demand management Environment pollution due to WWTWs exceeding their design capacity High level of vandalism and engine/ cable theft cripples the operations and sustainability Shortage of skilled staff.

Priority water interventions are based on these challenges.

Bela Bela, Modimolle and Mookgopong towns are second-order settlements in the context of the spatial hierarchy of Waterberg District. Only Mokopane and Mahwelereng are first-order settlements. The three towns referred to above are all service centres within the District context. Bela Bela has an important tourism function as well, due to it hosting a popular Forever Resort.

3.1.2 Waterberg District LED Strategy

The Waterberg District LED Strategy has technically expired, having been compiled in 2007. It is currently being reviewed, but the outcome is not yet available. The emphasis on development in the three mining cluster areas of Lephalale, Mogalakwena and Thabazimbi that appears in the current IDP is also evident in the 2007 LED Strategy.

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Proposed development interventions that are more relevant to the Magalies – Waterberg project area relate to agriculture and agro-processing, including grape farming, bio-diesel production and meat processing. Proposals to promote the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, the Nylsvlei Nature Reserve and wildlife tourism are also relevant to the project area.

The current IDP states that the District does not have the financial resources to promote the proposed economic development projects. 3.2 Bela-Bela Local Municipality 3.2.1 Bela-Bela LM IDP

The vision statement contained in the 2013/14 IDP of Bela Bela LM is to be the prime agricultural hub and eco-tourism destination of choice. There is no indication of strategic development intervention proposals in the IDP, apart from a stated target to train 100 small, micro and medium enterprises. The stated strategy is to develop and maintain infrastructure in areas with economic potential and high levels of poverty.

3.2.2 Bela-Bela LM LED Strategy

The Bela Bela LED strategy was compiled in October 2008 and has technically expired. According to the 2013/2014 IDP, the LED strategy is currently under review, but no revision has yet been made available.

The 2008 LED strategy is based on four primary thrusts with several focus areas in each thrust as indicated below:

Commercial agriculture o Development of a meat cluster o Production of hides o Consolidate the game and hunting industry Emergency agriculture o Finalize water allocation to farmers at Rust de Winter o Support to the Tiisetso Chicken Project Tourism o Develop a comprehensive tourism strategy o Encourage establishments to apply and maintain star grading o Develop accurate intelligence o Explore possibility of specific niche markets Informal Sector o Develop a comprehensive policy on the informal sector o Establish forums for both the hawker and flea market groups o Develop business plan to access the budget from Waterberg DM o Produce commodities for the sport industry

The proposals with regard to commercial agriculture will have significant water requirements, but the other three sets of proposals are unlikely to require any substantial provision of water.

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3.2.3 Bela-Bela WSDP

The most recent Water Service Development Plan (WSDP) for Modimolle was compiled in 2012 with assistance from SALGA. The primary water source (3.3 Ml per day) is from Magalies Water, which is an external bulk water vendor. An additional 3.2 Ml per day is abstracted from local surface water stored in the Platrivier Dam and 1.5 Ml per day is abstracted from 4 sources of groundwater. This amounts to a total supply of 8 Ml per day. It should be noted that the Municipality is licensed to abstract on 1.4 Ml per day.

The operating cost of water supply (approximately R17 million per annum) exceeds the revenue derived from water sales, which amounts to R13 million.

Bulk water pipelines, as well as the water treatment works, are in urgent need of refurbishment, which is estimated to cost R5 million. No plans or budgets appear to have been prepared for this purpose yet.

Residential water demand is growing, especially from people who are currently serviced below RDP standards, as well as from new permanent residents in recently-developed eco-estates.

The WSDP lists 68 resorts, 1 mine, 1 wet industry, 190 dry industries and 45 schools.

Total water consumption is recorded as 8.3 Ml per day, of which 7.4 Ml is for residential consumption and 0.9 Ml for the wet industry. This reflects a shortfall in supply of 0.3 Ml per day. 3.3 Modimolle Local Municipality 3.3.1 Modimolle LM IDP

The vision statement contained in the 2013/14 IDP for Modimolle LM is also to be an eco-tourism destination of choice. The mission statement is to provide sustainable and affordable services to the community of Modimolle through the efficient administration of resources.

Weaknesses are listed as a high vacancy rate in critical positions and the shortage of bulk water (obtained from Magalies Water).

The service delivery objectives of the Municipality include the provision of reticulated water, and waterborne sewerage to all households by 2015, as well as the identification and development of alternative sources of water. Expanding the Donkerpoort Dam wall is specifically mentioned as a project with a budget of R70 million that is scheduled for 2015/16. There is a budget of R30 million for the Donkerpoort Raw Water Pipeline in 2015/16. Additional water storage in several places is also provided for.

The biggest LED projects in the IDP for 2014/15 are R4.8 million for an irrigated vegetable garden and the construction of market stalls at a cost of R1.8 million. The LED budget for 2015/16 contains two public- private partnership projects of R50 million for a place of safety and R26 million for an institution of higher learning.

The spatial component of the IDP provides for the development of 1,300 residential stands in Phagameng Ext 13, 650 stands in Alma and 300 stands in Vaalwater Extension 4.

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3.3.2 Modimolle LM LED Strategy

Strategic thrusts proposed in the Modimolle LED strategy (2009) are reflected in the figure below.

Figure 3.1: Strategic Thrusts in the Modimolle LED Strategy

Source: Modimolle LED Strategy, 2009

These proposed development thrusts are likely to have relatively low water requirements.

3.3.3 Modimolle WSDP

According to the 2012 Water Services Development Plan, compiled with assistance from SALGA, Modimolle LM uses 8.46 Ml of water per day. This is mostly abstracted (3.59 Ml/day) from 14 sources of groundwater. Surface water is also an important source, from which 2.47 Ml is extracted each day. Bulk purchases from an external source (Magalies Water) account for 2.4 Ml per day, which may be increased to 5.34 Ml per day.

The WSDP lists 2 wet industries, 337 businesses and 78 schools among the non-residential water consumers in Modimolle LM.

Important information on water consumption is not provided in the WSDP, which makes it impossible to evaluate the adequacy of the current bulk water supply. Modimolle had a 16% larger population than Bela Bela in 2011, which implies that residential water demand in Modimolle should be larger. By contrast, the current total water supply in Modimolle LM (8.46 Ml per day) is only slightly larger than the Bela Bela supply, which is 8 Ml per day.

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3.4 Mookgophong Local Municipality 3.4.1 Mookgophong LM IDP

The vision statement of Mookgopong LM as contained in the 2013/14 IDP is to strive for the creation of an economic hub built on tourism, agriculture and mining. The mission statement is to focus on delivering quality, equitable and sustainable services in a transparent and accountable manner.

Water-related challenges contained in the IDP refer to ageing infrastructure and insufficient bulk water availability. The basic services development strategy is to increase bulk water supply to 10Ml per day by 2030.

LED budget proposals are limited to the formulation of strategies and plans, the development of market stalls and the attraction of investors. These proposals do not appear to have any momentum yet and do not suggest substantial increases in water requirements beyond current consumption rates and shortages.

3.4.2 Mookgophong LM LED Strategy

The LED strategy for Mookgopong LM was compiled in April 2004 and was supposed to have a five year lifespan. Considerable changes in the institutional context for development have occurred since then. The statistics quoted in the strategy are from 1996 and 2001.

Broad recommendations are made to encourage development interventions in the agro-processing and tourism sectors.

3.4.3 Mookgopong WSDP

The 2012 Water Service Development Plan for Mookgopong LM reflects a total abstraction of 5.7 Ml per day, of which 4.9 Ml are obtained from groundwater and the remaining 0.8 Ml from surface water stored in the Welgevonden Dam. A new water treatment works with a capacity of 6 Ml/day is proposed at a cost of R23.2 million. Additional capital expenditure is needed to replace other parts of the existing water services infrastructure.

Two wet industries are listed, 516 businesses and 28 schools.

Residential water consumption is recorded as 6.7 Ml/day and industrial water consumption as 0.6 Ml/day, amounting to a total of 7.3 Ml/day. This implies a short fall of 1.6 Ml/day relative to total abstraction.

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4. OVERVIEW OF DEMOGRAPHICS 4.1 Bela Bela LM

Bela Bela LM has only 7 settlements, but a large number of farms as indicated in the table below.

Table 4.1: Demographic Analysis for Bela Bela LM, 2011 HH Planning HH Dec Pop Dec Settlement ID Form F F- Settlement Name Size Pop 2011 11 Classification 2011 2011 F9A23C002 Radium 409 1554 3.8 LSP 1616 F9A23G001 Bela-Bela 9099 34576 3.8 PGP 35959 F9A23C001 Pienaarsrivier 602 2288 3.8 MGP 2379 F9A23G004 Bela-Bela Plots 624 2371 3.8 PGP 2466 Bela-Bela F9A23G002 1667 6335 3.8 PGP 6772 Warmbaths F9A23G003 Bospoort Plots 279 1060 3.8 PGP 1103 F9FarmBel Farms Bela-Bela LM 4563 14419 3.16 Farms 14419 F9B31E001 Rapotokwane 631 2398 3.8 5th Order 2494 Total 17874 65001 67208

Census 2011 Total 18055 66477

Variance 0.99 0.98

Municipal Growth 2.75 p/a % Census 2001 52124

Source: DWA Form F for household numbers and Census 2011 for household size

Note:

LSP: Local Service Point PGP: Provincial Growth Point MGP: Municipal Growth Point 5th Order: Settlements are small, scattered and isolated settlements without any economic base of their own. This distinction is important, because the populations are growing faster at higher levels of the spatial hierarchy. At lower levels, some populations are actually declining.

There is a significant discrepancy between the Census and the DWA population figures for Bela Bela LM for 2011. The DWA Form F estimate was 50,031, compared to 66,477 counted during Census 2011. Form F household counts are generally considered to be more accurate than its estimates of household size. When Form F household numbers for 2011 are used in conjunction with household sizes according to Census 2011, then a total population estimate of 65,000 people is produced. This includes a manual adjustment to add 1,700 households to the DWA estimate for Bela Bela town in order to remove the risk of undercounting by DWA. Farm population for Bela Bela was estimated at 6,970 which is significantly less than the Census estimate of almost 14,420. The average household size according to the Census of 3.7 persons was used for all settlements, except for farms, where household size is smaller.

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A 4% adjustment for internal and external migration produces a 2011 planning population estimate of 67,208 for Bela-Bela LM. This includes an upward adjustment of 0.4% in Bela-Bela town for business visitors and 2.5% for tourists. No provision was made for migration on farms. This planning population figure of 67,208 people for Bela Bela LM for 2011 is considered to be a more reliable estimate than the DWA Form F estimate of 50,031.

The Bela Bela population is expected to grow at a rate of 2.1% per year, at least for the next five years. This is indicative of some in-migration, including migration from neighbouring municipalities, such as Modimolle. Large-scale time-share and game resort developments may also be contributing to above- average population growth rates. 4.2 Modimolle LM

Modimolle LM has only 8 settlements, but a large number of farms as indicated in the table below.

Table 4.2: Demographic Analysis of Modimolle LM, 2011 HH Dec HH Size Settlement Planning ID Form F F- Settlement Name Pop Dec 11 2011 2011 Classification Pop 2011 F9A61A002 Diflymachineng 506 2226 4.4 PGP 2315 F9FarmMdm Farms Modimolle LM 2525 8711 3.45 Farms 8711 Kokanja Retirement F9A61A003 914 1828 2 PGP 1901 Village F9A42A001 Mabaleng 403 1773 4.4 LSP 1844 F9A42A002 Mabaleng Squatter 232 1021 4.4 LSP 1062 F9A42E001 Mabatlane 3603 13872 3.85 MGP 14426 F9A42E002 Mabatlane Squatter 550 2118 3.85 MGP 2202 F9A61A001 Modimolle 2623 7921 3.02 PGP 8468 F9A61A004 Phagameng 8053 35433 4.4 PGP 36851 Total 19409 74903 3.859208 77781 Census 2011 17524 68507 3.909324 Total Variance 1.107567 1.093368

Municipal -0.59099 Growth p/a % Census 2001 72810

Source: DWA Form F for household numbers and Census 2011 for household size

The Form F population estimate for Modimolle LM for 2011 is 76,643, but this is based on outdated estimates of household size. According to Census 2011, household sizes range from 2 for the Kokanye Retirement Village to 4.4 for Phagameng and Mabaleng. The average household size according to Stats SA for this municipality was 3.9 in 2011. This compares with the standard household size of 4 persons that was used by DWA to estimate the municipal population from household numbers in 2011.

When household sizes are revised in the DWA Form F database according to the household sizes from the Census, then the total base population estimate for Modimolle LM for 2011 changes to 74,903 from the original 76,643. The new variance is 9% more than the Census estimate, which supports the contention that (younger) people may be migrating to Bela Bela.

Census 2011 provides demographic information for farms, which was used to update the DWA estimate.

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The 4% adjustment for internal and external migration produces a 2011 planning population estimate of 77,781 for Modimolle LM. This includes an upward adjustment of 0.4% in Modimolle town for business visitors and 2.5% for tourists. No provision was made for migration on farms.

According to Statistics South Africa, the population of Modimolle LM has been shrinking at a rate of 0.6% per year over the past decade, from 72,810 in 2001 to 68,507 in 2011. This suggests that net out- migration is likely to be significant, which is probably related to urbanisation trends and transformation in the agriculture sector. The large population of retired people in Modimolle LM also contributes to low rates of population growth.

This rate of decline is unlikely to be sustained and a no-growth scenario is likely as the basis from which to project future population growth. A growth rate distinction will be made according to the settlement classification. This is consistent with national and provincial trends among young adults to move away from small, scattered rural settlements (fourth and fifth order) and to relocate to more urbanised areas. The result is a projected planning population of 77,711 people for Modimolle LM in 2015. 4.3 Mookgopong LM

Mookgopong has 9 settlements excluding farms, as indicated in the table below.

Table 4.3: Demographic Analysis for Mookgopong LM, 2011 HH Pop HH Settlement Planning ID Form F F- Settlement Name Dec Dec Size Classification Pop 2011 2011 11 2011 F9B51E016 Thusang 269 1022 3.8 4th Order 1063 F9B51E014 Roedtan 103 391 3.8 MGP 407 F9A61D002 Mookgophong 1574 5981 3.8 PGP 6394 F9A61D003 Mookgophong Phomolong 2323 8827 3.8 PGP 9180 F9FarmMoo Farms Mookgophong LM 3262 9721 2.98 Farms 9721 F9B51E017 Military Base 48 182 3.8 4th Order 190 F9A61D001 Mookgophong Naboomspruit 1981 7528 3.8 PGP 7829 F9A61D004 Phomolong Squatter 838 3184 3.8 PGP 3312 F9A50A001 Rietbokvalley 49 186 3.8 5th Order 194 F9B31J010 Zoetfontein 15 57 3.8 5th Order 59 Total 10462 37081 3.54 38349 Census 2011 Total 9917 35639 3.59 Variance 1.055 1.040

Municipal Growth p/a % 1.586

Census 2001 30760

Source: DWA Form F for household numbers and Census 2011 for household size

The average household size according to Stats SA for this municipality was 3.6 in 2011. This compares with the standard household size of 3.2 persons that was used by DWA to estimate the municipal population from household numbers in 2011.

When household sizes are revised in the DWA Form F database according to the census results, then the total base population estimate for Mookgopong LM for 2011 changes to 37,081 from the original 31,962. Census 2011 provides demographic information for farms, which was also used to update the DWA estimate. This result is more consistent with the census count than what the DWA Form F estimate currently is.

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A 4% adjustment for internal and external migration produces a 2011 planning population estimate of 38,349 for Mookgopong LM. This includes an upward adjustment of 0.4% in Mookgopong town for business visitors and 2.5% for tourists. No provision was made for migration on farms.

According to Statistics South Africa, the population of Mookgopong LM has been growing at a rate of 1.6% per year over the past decade, from 30,760 in 2001 to 35,639 in 2011. This suggests some in- migration, which could be related to transformations in the agriculture sector.

It is unlikely that this growth rate will be sustained until 2015. A growth rate of 1% per year is more likely, but it may be unevenly spread throughout the municipal area. A distinction in terms of population growth projections should be made according to the settlement classification. This is consistent with national and provincial trends among young adults to move away from small, scattered rural settlements (lower order) and to relocate to more urbanised areas.

The result is a projected planning population of 39,988 people for Mookgopong LM in 2015. 4.4 Total Population in the Project Area

The total planning population for the project area was estimated at more than 183,000 in 2011. It is expected to grow at a rate of approximately 1% per year to 191,000 in 2015 and 200,600 in 2020. The population sizes of Bela Bela and Modimolle municipalities will be broadly similar in 2020, but Mookgopong is much smaller. Modimolle LM currently has the largest population of the three.

Table 3.4: Total Planning Population in the Project Area Municipality Plng Pop 2011 Plng Pop 2015 Plng Pop 2020 Bela Bela 67208 73215 80835 Modimolle 77781 77711 77711 Mookgopong 38349 39988 42028 Total 183337 190914 200574 Pop Gro Rate 1% per year 1% per year Source: Projections by Glen Steyn and Associates

Although population growth in Bela Bela LM is 2.1% per year, the average population growth rate in the three municipalities together is dragged down by the much lower growth rates in the other two.

Population growth is most rapid in Bela Bela, but almost stagnant in Modimolle. The large concentration of retired people in Modimolle contributes to the low population growth rate.

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Figure 4.1: Population Distribution in the Project Area

Mookgopong 21% Bela Bela 37%

Modimolle 42%

Bela Bela Modimolle Mookgopong

5. OTHER SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES 5.1 Economic Production Structure

The economic value of production in the project area is relatively small at less than R7.9 billion (2011 prices). Modimolle is the larger of the three economies, by a small margin, but Mookgopong is considerably smaller than Modimolle and Bela Bela. The largest economic sector is finance and real estate, which is indicative of extensive land surface areas and high land values.

Government is the second most important sector, mostly because of the remuneration of officials, such as teachers. Trade and Catering is the third most important local sector. It includes all the tourism establishments, such as game lodges, that the project area is known for.

Although agriculture contributes only 4.9% to the value of production, this is a significantly larger share than the contribution of agriculture to the provincial economy, which is only 2.5%.

Table 4.1: Gross Value Added in the Project Area, R’m at Current Prices for 2011 Bela- Industry Modimolle Mookgophong Total % Bela Agriculture, forestry and fishing 135.2 156.0 91.4 382.6 4.9 Mining and quarrying 274.2 42.2 27.7 344.1 4.4 Manufacturing 49.7 157.3 70.2 277.3 3.5 Electricity, gas and water 147.6 143.5 33.1 324.2 4.1 Construction 256.9 133.6 36.5 426.9 5.4 Wholesale and retail trade, catering and 554.1 652.6 173.5 1380.2 17.5 accommodation Transport, storage and communication 222.7 406.9 191.7 821.4 10.4 Finance, insurance, real estate and 884.1 738.5 362.9 1985.5 25.2 business services Community, social and personal services 174.2 219.4 63.0 456.5 5.8 General government 452.9 766.0 263.6 1482.6 18.8 Total 3151.7 3416.0 1313.6 7881.2 100 Source: Quantec, 2014

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The structure of the three local economies is broadly similar, although Mookgopong has more value added in agriculture (7%) and in manufacturing (5.3%). Bela Bela has more mining (8.7%). Modimolle has more tourism-related facilities and government contributes a greater share to gross value added in the Municipality, mainly because it accommodates the administration for Waterberg District. 5.2 Unemployment Unemployment conditions in the three municipalities within the project area are very similar with an unemployment rate of approximately 22%, although Bela Bela is slightly better off and Mookgopong slightly worse. When discouraged work seekers are added, the weaker position of Mookgopong becomes even worse. However, unemployment conditions in the three project municipalities are still better than the provincial average. This is likely due to low population levels and the large agriculture sector in the project area.

Table 5.2: Employment Indicators in the Project Area, 2011 Employment status Mookgopong Modimolle Bela-Bela Total Employed 12 086 19 715 20 708 52 509 Unemployed 3 705 5 634 6 001 15 340 Strict Labour Force 15 791 25 349 26 709 67849 Strict Unemployment Rate % 23 22 22 22.6 Discouraged work-seeker 914 1 416 1 057 3387 Expanded Labour Force 16 705 26 765 27 766 71236 Expanded Unemployment Rate % 27.7 26.3 25.4 26.3 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011 5.3 Income Distribution

Household income distribution in the project area is relatively better than the average for Limpopo, with 41.6% of households in absolute poverty (annual incomes below R19,600 in 2011) compared to 55.5% for the entire Province. This confirms the finding above of a better employment situation in the project area compared to Limpopo Province.

Table 5.3: Income Distribution in the Project Area Income Category Mookgopong Modimolle Bela-Bela Total % No income 1145 1828 2319 5292 11.6 R 1 - R 4800 320 566 556 1442 3.2 R 4801 - R 9600 665 1275 1029 2969 6.5 R 9601 - R 19 600 2415 3292 3520 9227 20.3 R 19 601 - R 38 200 2464 4149 4425 11038 24.3 R 38 201 - R 76 400 1409 2796 2797 7002 15.4 R 76 401 - R 153 800 748 1814 1656 4218 9.3 R 153 801 - R 307 600 451 1158 1081 2690 5.9 R 307 601 - R 614 400 208 460 460 1128 2.5 R 614 001 - R 1 228 800 55 120 130 305 0.7 R 1 228 801 - R 2 457 600 18 37 43 98 0.2 R 2 457 601 or more 18 27 39 84 0.2 Total 9917 17524 18055 45496 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

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Households living on less than R19,600 per year are considered to be in extreme poverty and therefore indigent. Households with incomes above R76,400 per year are considered able to pay the full cost of their water consumption.

Almost 19% of households in the project area can afford to pay the full cost of services considering that their annual incomes are above R76,400 per year. Only 14% of households in the Province fall into this category.

The relative income distribution situation within the project area is best in Modimolle and worst in Mookgopong.

5.4 Education The education situation in the project area is better than the average for Limpopo, particularly at the lower end of the education spectrum. Less than 11% of adults in the project area have never been to school, compared to 17.3% of adults in Limpopo. Higher levels of education are consistent with higher levels of employment and higher levels of household income distribution.

Table 5.4: Education Levels of Adults in the Project Area, 2011 Education Level Mookgopong Modimolle Bela-Bela Total % No schooling 2 808 4 308 3 984 11 100 10.6 Some Primary 4 620 9 643 7 540 21 803 20.8 Some secondary 8 568 13 703 14 387 36 658 35.0 Grade 12 / Std 10 / Form 5 5 401 8 898 10 754 25 053 23.9 Post Matric 1 952 3 934 4 322 10 208 9.7 Total 23 349 40 486 40 987 104 822 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011 5.5 Housing Typologies Informal dwelling in the project area in total is worse than the average for Limpopo, with 3.2% of households in backyard shacks compared to 2.3% for the Province and 7.9% of households in squatter settlements, compared to 2.9 on average for Limpopo. Within the project area the informal dwelling situation is worst in Bela Bela.

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Table 5.5: Housing Typology in the Project Area, 2011 Bela- Type of main dwelling Mookgopong Modimolle Total % Bela House or brick/concrete block structure on a 8330 14383 13841 36554 80.3 separate stand or yard or on a farm Traditional dwelling/hut/structure 109 82 109 300 0.7 Flat or apartment in a block of flats 118 201 285 604 1.3 Cluster house in complex 26 44 109 179 0.4 Townhouse (semi-detached house in a complex) 44 106 111 261 0.6 Semi-detached house 49 27 72 148 0.3 House/flat/room in backyard 158 222 387 767 1.7 Informal dwelling (shack; in backyard) 347 494 627 1468 3.2 Informal dwelling (shack; not in backyard; e.g. in an 514 1484 1595 3593 7.9 informal/squatter settlement or on a farm) Room/flatlet on a property or larger 131 344 782 1257 2.8 dwelling/servants quarters/granny flat Caravan/tent 23 51 48 122 0.3 Other 68 86 89 243 0.5 Total 9917 17524 18055 45496 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011 5.6 Water Services

Households in the project area are generally well serviced with regards to water. Only 5.4% of households have to walk further than 200 meters to collect water from a communal tap, compared to 13.2% on average for Limpopo. An additional 3.3% of households in the project area have no access to piped water, compared to 14% for Limpopo. Almost 40% of households in the project area have piped water inside their dwellings, compared to only 18.4% in Limpopo. A more detailed analysis of water service levels per LM in the project area is provided in Annexure One. Mookgopong has the highest service levels at the top end of the spectrum and Bela Bela is the worst at the bottom end.

Table 5.6: Water Services in the Project Area, 2011 Bela- Piped Water Mookgopong Modimolle Total % Bela Piped (tap) water inside dwelling/institution 4123 6264 7573 17960 39.5 Piped (tap) water inside yard 4943 8794 7767 21504 47.3 Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance less 316 936 793 2045 4.5 than 200m from dwelling/institution Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance 101 462 597 1160 2.5 between 200m and 500m from dwelling/institution Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance between 500m and 1000m (1km) from dwelling 121 255 369 745 1.6 /institution Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance 56 171 371 598 1.3 greater than 1000m (1km) from dwelling/institution No access to piped (tap) water 256 642 585 1483 3.3 Total 9917 17524 18055 45495 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

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Only 1.3% of households have to rely on stagnant water or streams as their primary source of water. The comparative statistic for Limpopo Province is 10%. Almost 73% of households are connected to a water scheme, compared to only 62.7% of households in Limpopo.

Figure 5.1: Water Level of Service 50 50

50 43 45 42 42

40 36 35

15 7.6 10 5.1 2.8 3.7 5 3.2 2.6

0 Full Yard Below RDP None

Bela Bela Modimolle Mgopong

Table 5.7: Water Source per LM, 2011 Bela- Source of water Mookgopong Modimolle Total % Bela Regional/local water scheme (operated by municipality or other water services 6 581 13 791 12 729 33 101 72.8 provider) Borehole 2 722 2 331 4 565 9 618 21.1 Spring 19 53 18 90 0.2 Rain water tank 30 35 41 106 0.2 Dam/pool/stagnant water 142 145 154 441 1.0 River/stream 70 34 38 142 0.3 Water vendor 20 72 183 275 0.6 Water tanker 265 689 172 1126 2.5 Other 68 374 154 596 1.3 Total 9 917 17 524 18 055 45 495 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

Conditions in Mookgopong are the worst among the three municipalities in the project area. See table 3 in Annexure One for additional details.

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5.7 Sanitation Services

Sanitation services are generally of a high standard in the project area. More than 74% of households have flush toilets, compared to only 21.8% on average for Limpopo. Only 3.2% of households have no toilet facilities, compared to 7.2% on average for the Province. Only 14.8% of households have pit toilets without ventilation and only 1.6% have to use bucket toilets. The comparative statistics for Limpopo are 52.9% of households who have to use pit toilets without ventilation but only 0.6% who have to use bucket toilets.

Table 5.8: Household Sanitation Conditions in the Project Area, 2011 Bela- Toilet facilities Mookgopong Modimolle Total % Bela None 526 527 432 1485 3.2 Flush toilet (connected to sewerage 6089 11582 12951 30622 66.8 system) Flush toilet (with septic tank) 527 1155 1664 3346 7.3 Chemical toilet 86 37 336 459 1.0 Pit toilet with ventilation (VIP) 313 443 531 1287 2.8 Pit toilet without ventilation 1917 2907 1945 6769 14.8 Bucket toilet 196 233 322 751 1.6 Other 263 640 233 1136 2.5 Total 9917 17524 18055 45855 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

Additional analysis at the municipal level is contained in Annexure One, Table 2. Mookgopong is the lowest sanitation service levels.

Figure 4.2: Sanitation Level of Service

78.9 80 72.1

70 66.9

60 52.9

30 21.8 19.3 20 16.6 10.8 7.2 10 5.3 1.8 1.3 2 0.6 2.4 3 0 Flush Pit no Vent Bucket None

Bela Mmolle Mgopong Limpopo

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6. WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS 6.1 Bela-Bela

Table 6.1: Residential Water Needs in Bela Bela Year Indicator Home Conn Yard Conn Communal Total Population 28227 28899 10081 67208 Level of service 0.42 0.43 0.15 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 120 55 25 2011 Total Consumption kl/day 3387.3 1589.5 252.0 5228.8 Provision for water losses- 15% 508.1 238.4 37.8 784.3 Total Residential Demand kl/day 3895.4 1827.9 289.8 6013.1 Population 56585 24251 8084 80835 Level of service 0.7 0.3 0.1 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 150 80 50 2020 Total Consumption kl/day 8487.7 1940.0 404.2 10831.9 Provision for water losses- 12% 1018.5 232.8 48.5 1299.8 Total Residential Demand kl/day 9506.2 2172.8 452.7 12131.7 Population 84430.8 9381.2 0 93812 Level of service 0.9 0.1 0 Consumption Rate l/p/day 160 100 60 2030 Total Consumption ml/day 13508.9 938.1 0.0 14447.0 Provision for water losses-10% 1350.9 93.8 0.0 1444.7 Total Residential Demand kl/day 14859.8 1031.9 0.0 15891.8 Source: Estimates by Glen Steyn and Associates from Census Information and DWA Parameters

Residential water demand in Bela Bela is estimated to have been slightly above 6Ml per day. In the event that actual water consumption per person at the three service levels are higher than the volumes assumed in the model, and if water wastage is more than 15%, all of which are likely, then residential water consumption will be higher. This implies that less than 2 Ml per day is available for all other needs, including industrial, business and institutional, because the current supply is 8 Ml per day as indicated in the WSDP.

Residential water demand is projected to grow to 12.1 Ml per day by 2020, assuming a population growth rate of approximately 2% per year and an improvement in the level of service, as well as an improvement in water loss management. An additional 4.2 Ml/day of water for residential consumption will therefore be required between now and 2020 just to cater for residential consumption needs.

By 2030 residential water demand is expected to increase to almost 16 Ml per day, which means that an additional 5.8 Ml/day will need to be provided for this purpose between 2020 and 2030.

Water demand for mining (coal and uranium) could emerge after 2020. It is recommended that provision for 10Ml per day should be made for this purpose between 2020 and 2025 and for 20Ml/day after 2025.

Water demand for other applications, including agriculture, industry, business and institutions, is unlikely to change significantly over the planning period. Water conservation measures should be encouraged in agriculture and for domestic water consumption.

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Table 6.2: Projected Water Demand Profile for Bela Bela LM Sector 2011 2020 2030 Residential 6.1 12.1 16 Mining 0 10 20 Industrial and Other 2.2 2.2 2.2 Total 8.3 24.3 38.2

6.2 Modimolle

Residential water demand in Modimolle LM was estimated at 6.6 Ml per day in 2011. It is projected to grow to 11.1 Ml per day in 2020 and to 13.2 Ml per day in 2030. This growth in demand is mainly due to improvements in level of service, because the population size is expected to remain stagnant.

Table 6.3: Residential Water Needs in Modimolle Year Indicator Home Conn Yard Conn Communal Total Population 28001 38891 10889 77781 Level of service 0.36 0.5 0.14 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 120 55 25 2011 Total Consumption kl/day 3360.1 2139.0 272.2 5771.4 Provision for water losses- 15% 504.0 320.8 40.8 865.7 Total Residential Demand kl/day 3864.2 2459.8 313.1 6637.1 Population 54398 19428 3886 77711 Level of service 0.7 0.25 0.05 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 150 80 50 2020 Total Consumption kl/day 8159.7 1554.2 194.3 9908.2 Provision for water losses- 12% 979.2 186.5 23.3 1189.0 Total Residential Demand kl/day 9138.8 1740.7 217.6 11097.1 Population 69939.9 7771.1 0 77711 Level of service 0.9 0.1 0 Consumption Rate l/p/day 160 100 60 2030 Total Consumption ml/day 11190.4 777.1 0.0 11967.5 Provision for water losses-10% 1119.0 77.7 0.0 1196.7 Total Residential Demand kl/day 12309.4 854.8 0.0 13164.2 Source: Estimates by Glen Steyn and Associates from Census Information and DWA Parameters

Table 6.4: Projected Water Demand Profile for Modimolle LM Sector 2011 2020 2030 Residential 6.64 11.1 13.2 Mining 0 0 0 Industrial and Other 1.83 2 2 Total 8.47 13.1 15.2

An additional 4.7 Ml/day of water will be required in Modimolle LM before 2020 and another 2.1 Ml/day by 2030, mainly for residential use. Water conservation measures should be encouraged in the commercial agriculture sector and to reduce wastage in the residential water supply network.

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6.3 Mookgophong

Residential water demand in Mookgopong is estimated to have been slightly above 3.5Ml per day in 2011, based on minimum per capita consumption estimates and assumed water losses of 15%. The WSDP records residential water consumption as 6.7 Ml/day for 2012, which is almost double the estimated quantity. This could be due to significantly higher levels of water consumption by individuals and/or due to higher water losses than 15%.

Residential water consumption is projected to grow to 6.2Ml per day by 2020 and to 7.9 Ml/day by 2030. These projections assume a population growth rate of approximately 1% per year and an improvement in the level of service. Water demand for other applications, including agriculture and industry, is unlikely to change significantly over the planning period.

Table 6.5: Residential Water Needs in Mookgopong Year Indicator Home Conn Yard Conn Communal Total Population 16107 19175 3068 38349 Level of service 0.42 0.5 0.08 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 120 55 25 2011 Total Consumption kl/day 1933 1055 77 3064 Provision for water losses- 15% 290 158 12 460 Total Residential Demand kl/day 2223 1213 88 3524 Population 31521 10507 0 42028 Level of service 0.75 0.25 0 1 Consumption Rate l/p/day 150 80 50 2020 Total Consumption kl/day 4728.2 840.6 0.0 5568.7 Provision for water losses- 12% 567.4 100.9 0.0 668.2 Total Residential Demand kl/day 5295.5 941.4 0.0 6237.0 Population 41783 4643 0 46425 Level of service 0.9 0.1 0 Consumption Rate l/p/day 160 100 60 2030 Total Consumption ml/day 6685.2 464.3 0.0 7149.5 Provision for water losses-10% 668.5 46.4 0.0 714.9 Total Residential Demand kl/day 7353.7 510.7 0.0 7864.4 Source: Estimates by Glen Steyn and Associates from Census Information and DWA Parameters

According to these projections, there is no need for additional bulk water provision until 2020, where after the current supply should be augmented with 1 Ml/day of new water.

Water conservation measures should be encouraged in agriculture and for domestic water consumption.

Table 6.6: Projected Water Demand Profile for Mookgopong LM Sector 2011 2020 2030 Residential 3.5 6.2 7.8 Mining 0 0 0 Industrial and Other 0.6 0.6 0.6 Total 4.1 6.8 8.4

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Projected water demand for the total project area (three local municipalities) is summarised in the table below.

Table 6.7: Projected Water Demand Profile for the Entire Project Area Sector 2011 2020 2030 Residential 16.2 29.4 37 Mining 0 10 20 Industrial and Other 4.63 4.8 4.8 Total 20.83 44.2 61.8

The projected additional bulk water requirement by 2020 is 18.8 Ml per day, with another 18.9 Ml/day required by 2030. Almost half of the additional water requirement is for residential needs and the other half is for mining. There is not a high level of certainty about the mining need at this stage yet, but some provision must be made for development, because the resource is attractive.

Modimolle is currently marginally ahead of Bela Bela LM in terms of its residential water needs, but Bela Bela could overtake to become the biggest residential water user before 2020.

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7. CONCLUSION

The purpose of this report is to provide strategic planning and socio-economic information for the Implementation Readiness Study of the Department of Water Affairs for the Magalies to Waterberg Project.

Various development policy and project documents for the three local municipalities in question were scrutinised. From this information the indication is that future developments in the mining sector in Bela Bela could have significant implications for water. This refers to uranium in general and to coal in the Tuinplaas area in particular. Water needs for mining are unlikely to arise until 2020.

As far as other sectors of the economy are concerned, there is no information to suggest significant increases in water demand until 2030.

Domestic demand for water is projected to increase rapidly, mainly due to urbanisation and rising water service levels.

Table 7.1: Total Planning Population in the Project Area Municipality Plng Pop 2011 Plng Pop 2015 Plng Pop 2020 Bela Bela 67208 73215 80835 Modimolle 77781 77711 77711 Mookgopong 38349 39988 42028 Total 183337 190914 200574 Pop Gro Rate 1% per year 1% per year Source: Projections by Glen Steyn and Associates

Population growth is most rapid in Bela Bela, but almost stagnant in Modimolle. The large concentration of retired people in Modimolle contributes to the low population growth rate.

Total residential demand for water is therefore expected to grow from 19.5 Ml/day in 2011 to almost 28 ml/day in 2020 and then to 37 Ml/day in 2030. Modimolle is currently marginally ahead of Bela Bela LM in terms of its residential water needs, but Bela Bela could overtake to become the biggest residential water user before 2020.

Table 7.2: Projected Water Demand Profile for the Entire Project Area Sector 2011 2020 2030 Residential 16.2 29.4 37 Mining 0 10 20 Industrial and Other 4.63 4.8 4.8 Total 20.83 44.2 61.8

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ANNEXURE ONE

Table 8.1: Water Service Level Analysis per LM, 2011 Piped Water Mookgopong % Modimolle % Bela-Bela % Piped (tap) water inside dwelling/institution 4 123 41.6 6 264 35.7 7 573 41.9 Piped (tap) water inside yard 4 943 49.8 8 794 50.2 7 767 43.0 Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance less than 200m from dwelling/institution 316 3.2 936 5.3 793 4.4 Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance between 200m and 500m from dwelling/institution 101 1.0 462 2.6 597 3.3 Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance between 500m and 1000m (1km) from dwelling 121 1.2 255 1.5 369 2.0 /institution Piped (tap) water on community stand: distance greater than 1000m (1km) from dwelling/institution 56 0.6 171 1.0 371 2.1 No access to piped (tap) water 256 2.6 642 3.7 585 3.2 Total 9 917 100 17 524 100 18 055 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

Table 8.2: Sanitation Service Level Analysis per LM, 2011 Toilet Facilities Mookgopong % Modimolle % Bela-Bela % None 526 5.3 527 3.0 432 2.4 Flush toilet (connected to sewerage system) 6 089 61.4 11 582 66.1 12 591 69.7 Flush toilet (with septic tank) 527 5.3 1 155 6.6 1 664 9.2 Chemical toilet 86 0.9 37 0.2 336 1.9 Pit toilet with ventilation (VIP) 313 3.2 443 2.5 531 2.9 Pit toilet without ventilation 1 917 19.3 2 907 16.6 1 945 10.8 Bucket toilet 196 2.0 233 1.3 322 1.8 Other 263 2.7 640 3.7 233 1.3 Total 9 917 100 17 524 100 18 055 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

Note: The bucket toilet system has been phased out in Bela Bela Local Municipality and in Modimolle Local Municipality.

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Table 8.3: Water Sources per LM in the Project Area, 2011 Source of water Mookgopong % Modimolle % Bela-Bela % Regional/local water scheme (operated by municipality or other water services provider) 6 581 66.4 13 791 78.7 12 729 70.5 Borehole 2 722 27.4 2 331 13.3 4 565 25.3 Spring 19 0.2 53 0.3 18 0.1 Rain water tank 30 0.3 35 0.2 41 0.2 Dam/pool/stagnant water 142 1.4 145 0.8 154 0.9 River/stream 70 0.7 34 0.2 38 0.2 Water vendor 20 0.2 72 0.4 183 1.0 Water tanker 265 2.7 689 3.9 172 1.0 Other 68 0.7 374 2.1 154 0.9 Total 9 917 100 17 524 100 18 055 100 Source: Statistics South Africa, Census 2011

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