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Final Report Final Report DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SECTOR IN SRI LANKA DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SECTOR IN SRI LANKA FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT August 2017 August 2017 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Earth System Science Co., Ltd. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. 4R JR 17-036 DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SECTOR IN SRI LANKA FINAL REPORT August 2017 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Earth System Science Co., Ltd. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. SUMMARY 1. Disaster Situation in Sri Lanka Based on the records of disasters of the recent decade, the most frequent natural disaster in Sri Lanka is flood (37%) followed by strong wind, landslide and cyclone. The disaster causing most deaths and missing people is landslide (35%) followed by flood, lightning and strong wind. In percentage of affected, flood accounts for the highest percentage of affected followed by drought. Figure 1 Disaster record in recent decade in Sri Lanka Regarding the distribution of affected people by disaster, flood affected people was mainly distributed in plain area near the coast. The numbers of affected people in the south-western region, which is a high rainfall area, and the northern and eastern region, which is in the pathway of tropical depressions / cyclones, are large. On the other hand, sediment disaster occurrences are concentrated in the central area which is a high rainfall mountainous area. The people affected by drought are distributed all over the country except in the south-west region. Attention is called on the large numbers of affected people in the north-western, eastern region and southern region. In parts of the northern and eastern region, the numbers of people affected by both flood and drought are large. These regions face some problems of heavy rainfall in the rainy season and less rainfall in the dry season. Figure 2 Distribution of people affected by disaster. I 2. Legal System and Institution Structure in DRR Sector After the tsunami attack by the Sumatra Earthquake in 2004, Sri Lankan Government emphasized the need for a policy to strengthen national DRR systems and enacted Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act, No.13 of 2005 stipulating the comprehensive DRR framework. The Act aims to establish DRR organizational structure and to shift away from emergency response toward preparedness. Per the Disaster Management Act, National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) as a supreme decision-making body on DRR and Disaster Management Centre (DMC) as an implementing agency on DRR measures were established in 2005. Based on the Disaster Management Act, the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was formulated in 2013 and National Emergency Operation Plan (NEOP) is under formulation as of December 2016. 3. Efforts and Issues on Disaster Risk Reduction Based on discussion with relevant agencies, existing issues and strategies / directions in each DRR sectors are summarized as follows; (1) Comprehensive Disaster Management . There is no unified database system on disaster records and disaster damages and losses. Basic data for disaster risk assessment is not sufficient. Local people are often not able to receive warning message from technical agencies. Mechanism and decision making process for warning and evacuation direction is not clear. Sri Lanka Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (SLCDMP) is under implementation to promote mainstreaming of DRR. There are a number of projects that have not been funded. Monitoring and evaluation mechanism should be improved. NCDM has not been functioned. Coordination mechanism between relevant agencies should be strengthened. There is no DRR strategy in local administration line. Local DRR planning and disaster response depend on national, districts and divisions. There is no mid- to long-term implementation plan for community awareness activities. Therefore, the activities seem to be ad-hoc. Due to lack of database system, manual and plans for disaster relief, prompt activities for relief and resettlement is difficult. National Natural Disaster Insurance Programme does not cover compensation for drought. (2) Flood Risk Reduction . Recognition of flood and drought risk in details using the latest natural and social data is urgently required. Sharing of roles and responsibilities on flood management among relevant agencies are not clearly described in the existing flood ordinance. The existing land development law is not enough to prevent unregulated development of wetland where flood risk is high. It is necessary to prepare basin plans for the basins other than CRIP’s priority projects in order to promote further investment. II . Many proposed projects in drainage master plan for Metropolitan Colombo area in 2003 have not yet been implemented. It is necessary to review the master plan to reflect such changes. There are cases that existing land use plan does not coincide with planned protected area from flood. It is necessary to update the land use plan considering flood risk area. Based on the enhanced hydrological monitoring systems, it is necessary to establish monitoring and flood warning system at basin level. (3) Sediment Disaster Risk Reduction . Estimated affected areas of debris flow are not shown on the hazard maps. Therefore, there is a difficulty on utilization of the hazard maps for land use planning. Legal basis of NBRO is unclear. Therefore, NBRO does not have legal authority to restrict improper developments. Implementation of slope protection for the main national roads and railways to strengthen core transportation system under emergency is required. Criteria of landslide warnings are still uniform in the entire country. Regional disaster characteristics are not reflected on the warnings. There are no building code and techniques on building materials considering landslide. (4) Drought Risk Reduction . It is necessary to gather the latest weather and hydrological data. Accurate assessment shall be scientifically conducted . It is urgent to formulate a new national drought strategy aimed at reducing drought risk, and to formulate a national drought risk reduction plan following it. A large-scale water diversion schemes is planned and implemented. However, these are mainly for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation, therefore, supply of drinking water to local residents is not definitely clarified . Emergency drought response is mainly at water supply by bowsers. Stable supply system has not been developed. Activities are being conducted towards a water-saving society by government agencies, donors, and NGOs, etc. However these activities are not unified at this moment. In many reservoirs in dry areas, sediments deposited in reservoirs are in place, and the water storage capacity and groundwater recharge function have declined. Systematic monitoring of surface water and groundwater in the drought area has not been implemented so far. (5) Hydro-Met Observation and Information Dissemination . Quantification and improvement of forecasting and warnings are required to decide starting evacuation at local level. Data sharing of observed hydro-met data among relevant agencies is inadequate. There is a difficulty on understanding of current hydro-met situation and warning dissemination. Insufficient development of legal framework and long-term strategy for hydro-met area. III 4. Roadmap for DRR As a conclusion of the Survey, a Roadmap for DRR in Sri Lanka was prepared. It is titled as “Safe and Resilient Sri Lanka”, which means to promote DRR investment both structural and nonstructural measures to secure safety in urban areas and important infrastructures and to build resilient society in rural areas. The Roadmap was prepared through discussion among relevant agencies and JICA considering consistency with the Global Targets and the four Priority Actions of Sendai Framework as well as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). DRR Efforts prioritizing on reducing Economic Losses Reducing mortality is the first priority in DRR. However, even if the mortality is reduced by the efforts of early warning and/or strengthening disaster response capacity, damages of infrastructures and economic losses cannot be reduced. Consequently, the society cannot escape from repeating disasters damages. From this viewpoint, the Roadmap gives higher priority on investment for reducing economic losses by natural disasters. It is also important to prioritize each DRR effort and to invest in suitable and adequate protective targets (mortality, infrastructure or economy) depending on the situation and disaster types in order to maximize the benefit with limited budget. Discretionary Investment considering Overall Balance In disaster countermeasures, the impact by initial investment is relatively high, but the impact curve gradually flattens as the investment amount increases. Therefore, investment should aim to meet a certain level where an optimum investment impact ratio is ensured, instead of aiming for the highest hazard level with complete countermeasures. Strengthening Local DRR Governance DRR strategy and plans based on the good governance are the foundation of entire DRR activities. In Sendai Framework, therefore, the target year of Global Target (e) “national and local DRR strategy and plan” is set by 2020. To establish practical and realistic DRR strategies and plans are the most urgent task to be achieved as soon as possible. Basin-based DRR Strategy Disaster often occurs beyond administration boundaries. Especially
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