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Rewriting Reparations Rewriting Reparatio ns MASON THORNTON Iberian Expulsion The Alhambra Decree (July 31, 1492) Sephardi People 500 years ago lived in Spain and held prominent roles in society. An ethnically separate group of Jews, comparable to Ashkenazi Jews Speak ”Ladino” ◦ Spoken like Spanish (Latin Language), originally transcribed with Hebrew Alphabet ◦ “Gente” ◦ “Hijo” J 1 I.L·, \ S i lQI l •""i l"l,li EUROPE II' .!_ 11,;\'~~,,u.\. I• ., ·1 > i'. 4 ,., ), ✓ r.• (' ,i· ·t ~ GREENL AHO Sephardi -. """''""' T1aditionally .. Ashkenazi "" • -, DRCCNGO Jews • Traditionally ~s IN 00 N ESI A • M. ephardic • i,ed A< hkenaz, and Sephardi Spec,al Jewi,h G 11111 Mixed Spe . I roup -- • c,a and Sephard, • Traditionall,v "M.,zr ahi" , ii- / La ter Ashkena z: i • Later Mixed Later Sephardic Iberian Reparations Portugal started and Spain followed. Spain’s effect: 132,000+ Portuguese: 10,000+ Demographics DRE HILAND •30,000 Mexico •26,000 Colombia •14,000 Venezuela • Traditionally .Ashkmi!ZI. • Tt3dit,0r'l,aill:,- •Stphar(f.c • Mixtdl A,shli;e~:i 8nd Stphardi •7,000 Argentina • Spe<~I Jeru:5,h G.roup • Mi:ted Special and Sephardi • Traoditionally •Miziahi~ • Late-r Ashlenazi • LiltttMiK!'.'d •4,900 Israel Lilltt Stph3rdiC. •Of estimated 1.5 million Sephardic Jews Why do the demographics matter? Cultural Subsidy 8.95% • Sa €1 or dala de cient Vulnerabl13 • DefinitBly 0ndangernd 10.65 ¾ • S~\/Elr@ly endaingi:nBd • Critically @ndan.geroo 57 ..13 ¾ • Ex ·net SillCl2 1950 9.85%-' Application QUECHUA IN BOLIVIA STATE OF RONDONIA s ipa La Paz / @ Bolivia j 3ochabambao Sant~ Cruz Bolivia de la Sierra Peru In 2001, ~19.8% of 8,496,000 (2001)= 1,685,331 primary In 2001, ~16.8% of 26,260,000 (2001)= Quechua Speakers 4,400,000 primary Quechua Speakers In 2017, ~21.2% of 11,639,909 (2017)= 2,467,660 primary In 2017, ~10.1% of 32,170,000 (2017)= Quechua Speakers 3,800,000 primary Quechua Speakers = 600,000 person decrease of primary Quechua =782,382 increase of Quechua speakers(~41.42% increase) speakers(~13.63% decrease), compared to , compared to 3,143,909 person increase in population 5,910,000 person increase in population (~22.51% increase) (~37.00% increase) Bolivia Constitution Legislation boosters Varnes a aprender Mixteco Applicable to who? Central and South American countries Mexico leading the way with various new , . .,. - ,, programs. ' , i , II/ I I MA TIWELIKAN NAWATL Vamos a aprender n6huatl Creditos Education & Exposure Changing Reparations Economic boosts to literature and indigenous peoples’ education Allowing indigenous peoples to speak and move freely Economic motivators for speaking their native language Making languages official, recognized and mandatory in certain areas Adatto, Kiku. “Spain's Attempt to Atone for a 500-Year-Old Sin.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 21 Sept. 2019, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/spain-offers-citizenship-sephardic-jews/598258/. BBC News. “Spain Gets 127,000 Citizenship Applications from Sephardi Jews.” BBC News, BBC, 1 Oct. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49890620. Brennan, Bridget. “NSW Passes Unprecedented Laws to Revive Indigenous Languages.” ABC News, 11 Oct. 2017, www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-11/nsw-passes- unprecedented-laws-to-revive-indigenous-languages/9039746. “Bolivia from Google Maps.” Google Maps, Google Maps, 2020, www.google.com/maps/place/Bolivia/@-16.2256239,- 68.0473411,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x915edf8977bba295:0x1c9ec2bb0115edbf!8m2!3d-16.290154!4d-63.588653. Caselli, Irene. “Argentina's Sephardic Jews Mull Return to Spain after 524 Years.” BBC News, BBC, 24 Dec. 2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america- 38328490. “Chapter 5: The Expulsion.” History of a Tragedy: the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, by Pérez Joseph, University of Illinois Press, 2007, pp. 48–50. CIA. “The World Factbook: Bolivia.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- Work Cited factbook/geos/bl.html. Díaz-Mas Paloma, and George K Zucker. “Translator's Foreword.” Sephardim: the Jews from Spain, Chicago University Press, 2007, pp. xiii-x. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Sephardi.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2013, www.britannica.com/topic/Sephardi. Emilio Rosés Labrada, Jorge. “11. Language Revitalization: Maintenance and Revival.” Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization, vol. 12, no. 1, doi:10.1515/9783110896589.168 Endangered Language Alliance. “Ladino (Judeo-Spanish).” Endangered Language Alliance, 2012, elalliance.org/languages/jewish/ladino/. “Former Bolivian President Evo Morales.” Economist, www.economist.com/sites/default/files/images/articles/migrated/0409AM1.jpg. Google Maps. “Peru from Google Maps.” Google Maps, Google Maps, 2020, www.google.com/maps/place/Peru/@-9.1086065,- 84.0693563,5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x9105c850c05914f5:0xf29e011279210648!8m2!3d-9.189967!4d-75.015152. Hassan, Aisha. “Laws Helped Kill Indigenous Languages, Can They Save Them Now?” Quartz, Quartz, 28 Sept. 2018, qz.com/1406466/laws-helped-kill-indigenous- languages-can-they-also-save-them/. Hornberger, Nancy H., and Serafín M. Coronel-Molina. “Quechua Language Shift, Maintenance, and Revitalization in the Andes: the Case for Language Planning.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2004, no. 167, 2004, doi:10.1515/ijsl.2004.025. Jones, Sam. “132,000 Descendants of Expelled Jews Apply for Spanish Citizenship.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 2 Oct. 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/02/132000-sephardic-jews-apply-for-spanish-citizenship. Libman, Melanie. “500 Years after Inquisition, 10,000 Sephardi Jews Close Circle with Citizenships.” The Times of Israel, 31 July 2019, www.timesofisrael.com/500- years-after-inquisition-10000-sephardi-jews-close-circle-with-citizenships/. Mexico, Encuesta Intercensal 2015, and INEGI. “Panorama Sociodemográfico De México.” Panorama Sociodemográfico De México, INEGI, 2015, pp. 1–49. www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/panorama_sociodemografico_2015.pdf. Work Cited Norman, Jeremy. “Sultan Bayezid II Wellcomes Jewish Refugees from Spain8/1492.” Sultan Bayezid II Wellcomes Jewish Refugees from Spain : History of Information, 5 Dec. 2019, www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2346. Peru, Instituto nacional de estadistica e informatica, and Censos 2017. “CENSOS NACIONALES 2017: XII De Población, VII De Vivienda y III De Comunidades (cont.) Indígenas.” CENSOS NACIONALES 2017: XII De Población, VII De Vivienda y III De Comunidades Indígenas, Instituto Nacional De Estadistica e Informatica, 2017. www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1437/libro.pdf. Sesin, Carmen. “With Migration, Indigenous Languages Going Extinct.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 11 June 2015, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/migration-indigenous-languages-going-extinct-n52731. United Nations Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization . “Overview of Vitality of the World’s Languages.” UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, UNESCO, 2010, www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap. Wight, Emily. “What Can We Learn from Efforts to Save an Ancient South American Language?” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 18 Nov. 2014, www.theguardian.com/education/2014/nov/18/endangered-language-quechua-columbia-chile. World Bank. “Population of Bolivia.” Google Search, Google, 2020, www.google.com/search?safe=active&sxsrf=ALeKk02jpv9AYhNrYM54rsl5X hAUA6K39A%3A1585882944354&ei=QKeGXq2IFeOE_QbwyKOQAQ&q=pop ulation%2Bbolivia&oq=population%2Bbolivia&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzICC AAyAggAMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjIGCAAQFhAeMggIABAWEAoQHjIGCA AQFhAeMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjIGCAAQFhAeOgQIABBHOgQIIxAnOgUI ABCRAjoECAAQQzoFCAAQgwE6BwgAEIMBEEM6CAgAEIMBEJECShAIFxIMM TAtMTAwZzgwZzI4SgwIGBIIMTAtNGc0ZzJQhxVYiyNg_yNoAHACeACAAX6IAY oFkgEDNy4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy- Work Cited ab&ved=0ahUKEwitqLasosvoAhVjQt8KHXDkCBIQ4dUDCAw&uact=5. (cont.) World Bank. “Population of Peru.” Google Search, Google, 2020, www.google.com/search?q=peru%2Bpopulation&oq=peru%2Bpop&aqs=c hrome.0.69i59j69i57j0l3j69i60l3.2587j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8. Zaraysky, Susanna. “Travel - The Bosnians Who Speak Medieval Spanish.” BBC, BBC, 18 Oct. 2018, www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181017-the- bosnians-who-speak-medieval-spanish..
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