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From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense' : the Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1988 From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England Karen L. Smith Adams Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the European History Commons, and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Smith Adams, Karen L., "From 'the help of grave and modest women' to 'the care of men of sense' : the transition from female midwifery to male obstetrics in early modern England" (1988). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3793. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5677 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Karen L. Smith Adams for the Master of Arts in History presented March 18, 1988. Title: From 'The Help of Grave and Modest Women' to 'The Care of Men of Sense': The Transition from Female Midwifery to Male Obstetrics in Early Modern England. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Ann Weikel, Chair Susan Karant-1~ \ \,, '''·· ... Michael Reardon Until the sixteenth century, childbirth in England was the exclusive domain of women and was orchestrated by the female midwife. By the end of the seventeenth century, / 2 university-educated and church-approved male physicians were systematically beginning to usurp the midwife's role in the lying-in room and to gradually assume authority and power over the process of childbirth. -
This Thesis Is Being Submitted in Partial Futfilment of the Degree of Phd by Prior Publication
The historical roles of minerol materials in folk medicine and the development of the materia medicu Christopher John DUFFIN This thesis is being submitted in partial futfilment of the requirements of the University of Kingston for the degree of PhD by prior publication January,2018 This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my wife, Yvonne Duffin (1950-2015), who appreciated and supported my consuming interest in the subject investigated in these pages. Abstract Mineral materials include rocks, minerals, fossils, earths, mineraloids, biogenic skeletal remains and synthetic stones. Each of these classes of material has enjoyed much popularity as supposedly therapeutic medicinal ingredients in the history of pharmacy; many have an unbroken record of use since ancient and classical times. The historical materia medica incorporates minerals that have been made use of in both medical folklore and academic analysis. This thesis presents a body of work which develops examples from each class of mineral material, tries to establish their identities, and explores the evolution of their therapeutic use against the backdrop of changing philosophies in the history of medicine. The most rudimentary use of mineral materials was in a magico-medicinal way as amulets wom for protection against harmful influences which might be expressed in the body as loss of health, and as prophylactics against specific diseases and poisons. Amulets were often worn as pendants, necklaces and rings, or appended to the clothing in some way. The humoral system of Greek medicine saw the health of the body as being a state of balance between the four humours. Humoral imbalance was corrected by, amongst other interventions, the application of medicinal simples or 'Galenicals', which were largely unmodified (other than by trituration) herbal, zoological and mineralogical materials. -
Becoming Human
Becoming Human Oxford Handbooks Online provided by RERO DOC Digital Library View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Becoming Human: From the Embryo to the Newborn Child Véronique Dasen The Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in the Classical World Print Publication Date: Dec 2013 Subject: Classical Studies, Domestic Life Online Publication Date: Dec 2013 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199781546.013.001 Abstract and Keywords Since antiquity, speculations on the emergence of human life and the status of the embryo have prompted intense debates. How does fetal matter grow into a human being? When does it have a soul? Was it treated as a potential person or as just an extension of the mother’s body? No general agreement existed, but there was a plurality of viewpoints according to different medical, philosophical, and legal perspectives and to gender. Neither aborted nor newborn babies had their own right to life before social recognition by the father about one week after delivery. The absence of legal provision on infanticide until the third century CE is consistent with the uncertainties of the human status of the unborn displayed in ancient literature. Various written and iconographic sources, however, reflect the possible perception of the unborn child as a living being, worthy of divine protection, and directly addressed. Keywords: Abortion, birthmark, Caesarean section, contraception, embryo, exposure, gynecology, infanticide, multiple births, twins, obstetrics, superfetation Introduction Since antiquity, speculations on the emergence of human life and the status of the embryo have prompted intense medical, philosophical, religious, and legal debates. -
A Contribution to the Study of Palaeologan Magic
7 A Contribution to the Study of Palaeologan Magic RICHARD P. H. GREENHELD One of the most striking and encouraging things about the study of magic in the Palaeologanperiod, as compared to some of the earlier phases of Byzantine history, is the fact that there seems to be, relatively speaking, an abundance of riches here. The great advantage of this is that it enables us to gain, in some measure at least, an overview of the greatrange and variety that clearly existed in the Byzantine magical spectrum. We are not confined to isolated and indis- tinct pieces of evidence which, although fascinating and revealing in them- selves, are often incapable of doing more than providingthe basis for scholarly speculation. Such fragments may, of course, be usefully related to each other over time and space, but they lack, ingeneral, anything like a coherent or inclu- sive framework within which they may be placed and understood. This is not the case with the Palaeologan material which, although far from complete, is nevertheless sufficiently abundant to allow more general patterns to be ob- served in this particular historical context. It may therefore also be useful in helping us to see, if onlyby analogy, the earlier, more fragmentary material in a wider setting. The consequent disadvantage of such wealth, however, is that the constraints of space, in a paper such as this, mean that depth must inevi- tably be sacrificed for breadth and that the result cannot be a complete, thor- ough, or even detailed survey of all the available material. Nor is there room to venture, except in passing, into the vital and revealing area of the interpreta- tion and analysis of this material; the consideration of what it tells us about late Byzantine people, about their religious beliefs inparticular and about their outlook and society in general, must await subsequent study. -
Astral Magic in Babylonia Author(S): Erica Reiner Source: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol
Astral Magic in Babylonia Author(s): Erica Reiner Source: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 85, No. 4 (1995), pp. i-150 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1006642 Accessed: 17/01/2010 18:16 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=amps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. http://www.jstor.org Astral Magic in Babylonia TRANSAC'I'IONS of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphiafor Promoting Useful Knowledge VOLUME 85, Part 4, 1995 Astral Magic in Babylonia ERICA REINER THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Independence Square, Philadelphia 1995 Copyright ? 1995 by The American Philosophical Society. -
Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:3 (1989) P.421
AUBERT, JEAN-JACQUES, Threatened Wombs: Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:3 (1989) p.421 Threatened Wombs: Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic Jean-Jacques Aubert y PURPOSE is to present and discuss the ancient evidence for Mmagical practices and religious beliefs pertaining to the womb and its reproductive capacities, and the ways in which human and supernatural interventions were thought capable of interfering with the natural process of reproduction.1 Scattered information about these practices is found in the literary sources, supplemented by epigraphical, papyrological, and archaeological evidence. This material sheds light on various aspects of uterine magic but fails to provide a total picture; internal contradictions and inconsistencies are numerous. And as the evidence considered here comes from various parts of the Graeco-Roman world and ranges from the eighth century B.C. to the fifth century A.D., one would expect to meet some difficulty in integrating it into a homo geneous description of this phenomenon. The views of classical antiquity on how women were affected by natural and magical influences at the time of conception, pregnancy, and delivery belong to a very common and widespread set of pop ular beliefs, clothed in a pseudo-scientific form; they originated in Near Eastern and Egyptian cultures and were based on the observa tion and interpretation of natural phenomena. Although scarcely 1 Works cited by author's name: A. A. BARB, -Diva Matrix," JWarb 16 (1953) 193-238; H. D. BETz, ed., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation (Chicago/ London 1986); C. BONNER, Studies in Magical Amulets Chiefly Graeco-Egyptian (Ann Arbor 1950); A. -
Fossils As Drugs: Pharmaceutical Palaeontology
Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology Fossils as Drugs: pharmaceutical palaeontology pharmaceutical Drugs: as Fossils J. Duffin Christopher Christopher J. Duffin F e r ra nt i a Travaux scientifiques d u M u s é e n at i o n a l d'histoire naturelle L u xe m b o u r g www.mnhn.lu 54 2008 F e r r a n t i a 54 2008 2008 54 Ferrantia est une revue publiée à intervalles non réguliers par le Musée national d’histoire naturelle à Luxembourg. Elle fait suite, avec la même tomaison aux Travaux scienTifiques du Musée naTional d’hisToire naTurelle de luxeMbourg. Comité de rédaction: Eric Buttini Guy Colling Edmée Engel Thierry Helminger Marc Meyer Mise en page: Romain Bei Design: Thierry Helminger Prix du volume: 10 € Rédaction: Echange: Musée national d’histoire naturelle Exchange MNHN-SNL Rédaction Ferrantia c/o Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25, rue Münster 25, rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg L-2160 Luxembourg tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 tel +352 46 22 33 - 1 fax +352 46 38 48 fax +352 46 38 48 Internet: http://www.naturmusee.lu Internet: http://www.mnhnl.lu/biblio/exchange email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Page de couverture: 1. Two "Occhi di Serpe" mounted on a block fashioned into the form of a snake's head (John Woodward collection, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge). 2. The lynx voiding a lyncurium from mediaeval bestiaries. Bodleian Library MS Bodley 764 folio 11 recto. Reproduced by kind permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. -
Spices in Greek Mythology Marcel Detienne
EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES General Editor: John Mepham This is a new series of translations of important and influential works of European thought in the fields of philosophy and the human sciences. Other titles in the series: Sartre and Marxism Pietro Chiodi Society Against Nature Serge Moscovici SPICES IN GREEK The Human History of Nature MYTHOLOGY Serge Moscovici Galileo Studies Alexandre Koyrt MARCEL DETIENNE Translated from the French by JANET LLOYD With an introduction by J. -P. VERNANT Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, Contents New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex Copyright O 1972 in France as Les jardins d'Adonis by Gallimard Edition; English translation by Janet Lloyd 0 1977 by the Harvester Press, Limitcd. Afterword to the 1985 printing of the French edition is copyright 0 1985 Gallirnard, and is translated into English for Princeton University Press by Froma I. Zeitlin. Afterword translation Introdu~tzonby Jean-Plerre Vernant vii Q 1994 Princeton University Press. This publication is by arrangements with Editions Gallimard and Simon & Schuster, Ltd. Translator's Note xli All Rights Reserved Foreword 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chapter 1 The Perfumes of Arabia Detienne, Marcel. [Jardins d'Adonis. English] Chapter 2 The Spice Ox The gardens of Adonis: spices in Greek mythology I Marcel Chapter 3 From Myrrh to Lettuce Detienne; translated from the French by Janet Lloyd; with an introduction by 1.-P. Vernant. Chapter 4 The Misfortunes of Mint p. cm.-(Mythos: the PrincetoniBollingen series in world mythology) Chapter 5 The Seed of Adonis Originally published: Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1977. -
Exploring the Historical Connections Between Geology and Medicine
Men, methods and materials: exploring the historical connections between geology and medicine CHRISTOPHER J. DUFFIN1,2 1Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 2146 Church Hill Road, Sutton, Surrey SM3 8NF, UK cduffi[email protected] Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license Historical backdrop be spoken over beads of lapis lazuli, jasper and mal- achite, which were then threaded to form an amu- A conference entitled A History of Geology and letic necklace for a sick child (Erman 1901, p. 9). Medicine, convened by the History of Geology In the Greek and Roman schools there was some Group and held at Burlington House in November intrinsic interest in geological materials (as in the 2011, formed the basis of the first known volume work of Theophrastus, for example, in the third cen- dedicated to the historical links between medicine tury BC). The greater part of the written legacy pre- and geology (Duffin et al. 2013). Although the served for us, however, is associated with the meeting was somewhat exploratory in its approach, medicinal output of Greek and Roman healers, it was obvious that the themes encountered were including Galen of Pergamon (c. 130–c. 210) and worthy of further investigation, which led directly Pedanius Dioscorides (first century), and the eclec- to a second meeting in November 2014, the fruits tic writings of Pliny the Elder (23–79), replete of which form the core of the present volume. with contemporary Roman folklore. The humoral As independent disciplines, medicine and geol- theory of medicine was overlain by emerging ogy have markedly different origins, but their prac- notions of the Doctrine of Signatures, which saw tical applications intersect very early on in human geological materials being prescribed for various history. -
An Introduction to Lapidary Medicine
©2009 Nichola Erin Harris ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE IDEA OF LAPIDARY MEDICINE: ITS CIRCULATION AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN ENGLAND: 1000-1750 by NICHOLA ERIN HARRIS A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of Rudolph M. Bell And approved by _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2009 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Idea of Lapidary Medicine: Its Circulation and Practical Applications in Medieval and Early Modern England, 1000-1750 By NICHOLA ERIN HARRIS Dissertation Director: Rudolph M. Bell This dissertation explores the transmission and circulation of ideas related to a rarely studied aspect of medieval and early modern medicine: the therapeutic application of gemstones. It traces the dissemination of ideas about the healing virtues of “stones” beginning with their Western origins in classical Greek and Roman texts to the manuscript culture of medieval Europe. Then the study continues with a close look at the development of lapidary theory in the print culture of early modern England, especially popular advice manuals. Finally, the dissertation examines the practice of lapidary medicine as it is recorded in a range of archival sources, such as wills and apothecary inventories, as well as in iconographic and archeological evidence found in portraits, woodcuts, and surviving examples of jewelry. The study demonstrates that lapidary theory was part of the orthodox medical tradition of early modern England and that ideas about lapidary healing circulated widely through the use of popular medical advice manuals. -
THE ROLE of MAGIC in the PAST Learned and Popular Magic, Popular Beliefs and Diversity of Attitudes
1 TTHE RROLE OF MMAGIC IN THE PPAST LEARNED AND POPULAR MAGIC, POPULAR BELIEFS AND DIVERSITY OF ATTITUDES Edited by BLANKA SZEGHYOVÁ PRO HISTORIA Bratislava 2005 Published with support of International Visegrad Fund www.visegradfund.org Copyright © 2005 by PRO HISTORIA Society and Historical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences All rights reserved © Emese Bálint, Milena Bartlová, Danijela Djurišič, Juraj Gembický, Markéta Holubová, Miloš Jesenský, Miroslav Kamenický, Elisabeth Klecker, Ingrid Kušniráková, Benedek Láng, Peti Lehel, Tünde Lengyelová, Olga Lukács, Milan Majtán, Irena Malec, Julia Mannherz, Katarína Nádaská, István Petrovics, Éva Pócs, Martina Sekulová, Jana Skladaná, Blanka Szeghyová, Márton Szentpéteri, György Endre Szőnyi English translations: Martin C. Styan, Blanka Szeghyová, Lajos Szikhart Cover: Astrologers and Geomancers, illustration to the Travels of Sir John Mandeville made for Wenceslas IV, ca 1410-1420 (by permission of The British Library Ms. ADD. 24189) Printed in Prešov, Slovakia by Kušnír ISBN 80-969366-3-8 1. Series published by PRO HISTORIA Society http://www.history.sav.sk/prohis.htm THE ROLE OF MAGIC IN THE PAST Learned and Popular Magic, Popular Beliefs and Diversity of Attitudes CONTENTS Introduction....................................................................................................................6 Research Problems of Magical Texts in Central Europe .............................................11 Benedek Láng The Magic of Image: Astrological, Alchemical and Magical Symbolism at -
Zeichentragende Artefakte Im Sakralen Raum Materiale Textkulturen
Zeichentragende Artefakte im sakralen Raum Materiale Textkulturen Schriftenreihe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 933 Herausgegeben von Ludger Lieb Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Jan Christian Gertz, Markus Hilgert, Hanna Liss, Bernd Schneidmüller, Melanie Trede und Christian Witschel Band 20 Zeichentragende Artefakte im sakralen Raum Zwischen Präsenz und UnSichtbarkeit Herausgegeben von Wilfried E. Keil, Sarah Kiyanrad, Christoffer Theis und Laura Willer ISBN 978-3-11-061945-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-061992-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-061996-6 ISSN 2198-6932 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018962512 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2018 Keil et al., publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Dieses Buch ist als Open-Access-Publikation verfügbar über www.degruyter.com. Einbandabbildung: Delhi, Quṭb-Komplex, Detail der Blendfassade der ersten Moschee, um 1200 (Foto: Daniel Redlinger). Satz: Jessica Dreschert, Berlin Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Vorwort Dieser Band vereint die Beiträge und Ergebnisse einer Tagung, die vom 23.-25. Februar 2015 im Zentrum für Altertumswissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidel- berg unter dem Titel „Präsenz und UnSichtbarkeit. Zeichentragende Artefakte im sakralen Raum / Presence and InVisibility. Sign-bearing Artefacts in Sacral Spaces“ stattfand. Organisiert wurde sie von den MitarbeiterInnen des Teilprojekts A03 „Mate- rialität und Präsenz magischer Zeichen zwischen Antike und Mittelalter‟, Sarah Kiyanrad, Laura Willer und Christoffer Theis, sowie des Teilprojekts A05 „Schrift und Schriftzeichen am und im mittelalterlichen Kunstwerk‟, Wilfried E.