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World Civilizations: China I. China in the Classical Period: 1000 b.c.e – 500 c.e. 1. Time Line of Events: 1600-1100 b.c.e- Shang => 1100 b.c.e - Decimals created => 1029 b.c.e -Creation of Zhou Dynasty => 551 b.c.e - Confucius is born => 500 b.c.e. - Editing of 5 classics, Laozi (Daoism) => 478 b.c.e. - Death of Confucius => 450 b.c.e. - Development of Calendar => 400 b.c.e. – Crossbow used => 402-201 b.c.e. - Era of Warring State => 275 b.c.e. – Cast Iron Process => 221 b.c.e. - Qin begins, Great Wall Begun, Single Language => 220 b.c.e. - Ox Plow, Horse Collar, Water Mill => 202 b.c.e. – Fall of Qin => 202 b.c.e - Rise of Han => 141 – 87 b.c.e. – Wu Ti - Bureaucracy, Confucianism, Exams => 125 b.c.e. - Negative Numbers used => 86 b.c.e. - Crop Rotation used => 100 c.e. – Wheelbarrow invented => 100 c.e. – Buddhism Spreads in China => 105 c.e. – Paper invented => 200 c.e. – Silk Worms imported to China => 220 c.e. - Fall of Han => 250 c.e. – Earliest Algebra Book Written => 271 c.e. – Earliest Compass invented => 485 c.e. – Tsu Chung Chi accurately calculates pi => 220 c.e. - 589 c.e. – Era of Warring States 2. Old Stuff – Foundations A. Shang China - Developed around the Hwang Ho River - Controlled Northern China, with a strong military - Very little contact with the world and considered themselves to be the center of it (surprise! not) - Developed Ethnocentrism, considered China “All under Heaven” > Viewed all other civilizations as Barbaric - Traded with Mesopotamia only - Family extremely important, multiple generations in one household - Patriarchal Society - Ancestor Worship - Ideographic Symbols - Interested in Art and Music China 1 - **Little is known because historians threw in a lot of Mythology when telling the stories of the Shang** 3. Back to the Classics A. Zhou Dynasty - 1029 – 258 b.c.e. -Wu Wang ousts the Shang Dynasty by means of introducing the “Mandate of Heaven” - Ruled China for nearly 900 years - Called China the “Middle Kingdom” >continuity: ethnocentrism - Did not lead by a strict monarchy - Developed a Feudal state > Because the Empire was so big (transportation and communication were hard) , the king formed alliances with different regional princes and war lords > These regional princes and war lords looked over allotted area - Formation of Bureaucracy, which remained popular throughout China’s history - Manor System supported agricultural communities - Human Sacrificed Banned and the unification of Mandarin Chinese as the nation’s language were the major Cultural Changes - Confucius begins to write about ethics and politics - Downfall > Local leaders ignored central gov’t > Emperor becomes figure head > Warfare among rival lords for power Important People: Confucius- Confucius founded Confucianism which is a belief system NOT a religion. Confucianism did not gain full popularity until Han Dynasty. System emphasized respect. The Analects are the books of Confucian writing. Stressed the five relations ships, the most important being filial piety (father – son). The other relationships were ruler – subject, friend – friend, husband – wife, and elder brother – younger brother. Stressed how one should react in society and also promoted education. B. Qin Dynasty 221 – 202 b.c.e. - Short Lived - Mass Standardization of laws, currencies, weights, measures and systems of writing - Autocratic ruler, if anyone criticized the gov’t; they were killed - Society was Patriarchal - Strong economy based on agriculture China 2 - Conquered lands with Iron weapons - Rulers believed in legalism >Recap: Legalism beliefs were that people were born bad and needed to be taught to be good by means of a harsh, strict ruler - Ethnocentrism still prevalent - Downfall brought by the hands of unhappy, repressed peasants Important People: Shi Huangdi- Main Leader of the Qin Dynasty used Mandate of heaven and strong army to kick out all regional war lords. He believed in heavy unification. He brought all of the nobles to live in his house, so he could keep an eye on them. Officials were selected from non-aristocratic groups. Extended the territory south and he built the Great Wall of China. He burned books and attacked culture to prevent uprisings. Ironically, this led to his downfall. C. Han Dynasty 202 b.c.e. – 220 c.e. - New dynasty comes to power by means of Mandate of Heaven - Government is now a bureaucracy with civil service exams based on Confucian writings > Scholar Bureaucrats > Occasionally lower class recruited > Rulers greatly influenced by Bureaucrats - Confucianism is stressed in society - Trade Thrived along the silk road traded with India and Mediterranean - Buddhism spread - Emperors like Wu Ti extended the empire into central Asia - Huns constantly threatened to invade - Strong empires kept them out, but in the end the Huns led to the downfall - The gov’t bureaucracy was highly skilled and contributed to the stability of the gov’t - New Technology such as paper, accurate sundial and calendars also appeared during this dynasty. - Society is patriarchal Important People: Wu Ti- Wu Ti was the ruler of Han China. His rule was considered the golden age of Han China. Known as the warrior king he expanded the empire and kept the Huns at bay. He was also extremely wise and very skilled in Confucian beliefs which Wu Ti promoted. D. Continuities throughout all of Classical China - Patriarchal Families China 3 - Ancestor Worship - Single Law Code - Unified Tax System - People governed tightly and unified - Not heavily militaristic - Gov’t promoted intellectual life (except Qin) - Gov’t active in Economy - Ethnocentrism - Gov’t sponsored public works E. Religions and Belief Systems in Classical China - Confucianism - Founded by Confucius stressed greatly in Han society (somewhat seen in Zhou). Rulers should be just and respect their subjects. People are to ALWAYS respect their superiors. Respect of tradition. Confucian views were secular. - Legalism - There was no clear founder. Legalism was seen mainly in Qin dynasty. Believed the best governments were ruled by force and that people were born evil and needed to be controlled. - Daoism - Daoism was founded by Laozi. They believed in Harmony and Yin & Yang. Had a very spiritual side and believed that everything would flow back to the normal stream of life and that there was no need for revolt. Basically, the believed in the saying, “Just go with the flow”. - Polytheism - It was still popular among the peasants. They worshipped many gods, ancestors, and greatly believed in Dragons…roar. F. Intellectual and Cultural Advances - Art was seen in society > Calligraphy > Poems > Pottery > Carved Jade > Paintings > Great Wall & Palaces < Confucianism did not approve of enormous temples - Many scientific advancements > Calculated motion of planets 1500 years before Copernicus > Medical Advancements > Anatomy studied > Idea of better hygiene = longer life G. Economy & Society - Luxury items such a silk, jewelry, leather goods, and furniture - Merchants not important and condoned by Confucius - 2% of the population was the landowning aristocracy, the rest were peasants - Men over women in society H. Classical China and the 6 themes of AP China 4 - Impact of Interaction - China views itself as Middle Kingdom, little diffusion through trade because they thought they didn’t need it - Relationship of Change and Continuity- Some changes were the formation of a bureaucracy, the rise of Confucianism, and the appearance of Buddhism. A few continuities were ethnocentrism and women’s status - Impact of Technology - Agricultural and medical advancements. Also iron weapons were seen. - Gender and Social Structure - Peasants were on bottom with landowning aristocracy on top. Women were below men. And there was a chance to rise up in class by means of civil service exams. - Cultural and Intellectual Developments - Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. Also there were many advancements in mathematics, for example the ideas of negative numbers and decimals. - Changed in functions and structures of state and attitude toward states and political ideas - Basically there was a huge change in politics. Zhou- Feudalism, Qin- Authoritarian, Han- Bureaucracy. II. China in the Post-Classical Period: 600 c.e – 1450 c.e. 1. Post-Classical China - After Han Dynasty China was broken up into three separate kingdoms - The Northern Zhou, The Chen, and The Northern Qi - Great wall divided among Dynasties - Stagnated Technology A. Sui Dynasty 589-618 Important People: Wendi- A Noble from Northern China, married his daughter off to the prince of the Northern Zhou Empire. Then Wendi set up alliances with many of the surrounding nomads and using all the force had accumulated took over and united all three Chinese kingdoms and formed the Sui Dynasty. - To secure alliances with nomadic tribes, Wendi showed no preference to the scholar-gentry and set up a bureaucracy filled with foreign war lords. - Did not support Confucianism - Strict Ruler - To win favour he lowered taxes and set up granaries to prevent famine - Wendi’s son Yangdi killed him for thrown (ouch) - Yangdi established a milder legal code, restored Confucian education, and brought back scholar-gentry dominated bureaucracy - He also promoted legal and education reforms - However, the idiot was very fond of luxury > Built extravagant palaces and canals > Built a new capital at Loyang > Wanted to make a part of had peasants carry trees to capital city - Peasant force extremely unhappy China 5 - Unsuccessful raids into Korea and nomadic invasion ended the dynasty
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