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Cabala, Mysteries of State and Govern- Ment’ : the Politics of Publishing

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Cabala, Mysteries of State and Govern- Ment’ : the Politics of Publishing ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output Unlocking ’Cabala, Mysteries of State and Govern- ment’ : the politics of publishing https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40306/ Version: Full Version Citation: Smith, Samantha Rachel (2018) Unlocking ’Cabala, Mysteries of State and Government’ : the politics of publishing. [Thesis] (Unpub- lished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email Unlocking Cabala, Mysteries of State and Government: the Politics of Publishing. Samantha Rachel Smith PHD: English Birkbeck, University of London 1 The work presented in this thesis is all my own Signed: Samantha Smith 2 Abstract This thesis is a study of the volume of state letters Cabala, Mysteries of State and Government. It primarily focuses on the two volumes published in 1653/4, examining the political contexts of the individuals who write or receive the letters, in particular Anne Boleyn, Robert Devereux and George Villiers. The thesis situates the Cabala volumes within a number of their more significant contexts: modern scholarship; contemporary publications; provenance studies; and examines the role of the individuals in enhancing our current understanding of how seventeenth century readers were questioning and debating the political climate. Responding to work in the field of early modern letter writing and culture, the thesis demonstrates how two particular volumes of letters influenced contemporary historians and have become a foundational source of mainstream scholarship on the Tudors and Stuarts. Comprising five chapters, the thesis examines the different ways we can interpret the Cabala as a political document. The thesis takes two approaches: it is primarily a study of the Cabala volumes published in the 1650s which situate these volumes within Protectorate studies. Secondly it considers the reception of the books and in doing this the thesis covers all six Cabala volumes. The first three chapters focus on the seventeenth century. They examine individual letter writers, print publication and the political context prevailing when the Cabala was first published. The last two chapters broaden the timeframe to encompass the period from publication to the present day. Chapter four researches the ownership, accessibility and distribution of the Cabala and demonstrates the book’s role in our understanding of book history and how the Cabala still endures within the modern library. The final chapter focuses on how the Cabala is used in contemporary and modern scholarship in particular its role in the reception and acceptance of the iconic Tilbury speech of Elizabeth I. 3 Acknowledgements Firstly I would like to thank Dr Susan Wiseman for her support, advice and most of all for her patience throughout the thesis. I have been fortunate to have received a great deal of help from numerous libraries around the world especially with the contents of chapter four and I thank all the librarians who responded with so much detail. To my fellow traveller, Judith Hudson, I thank her for her continuing friendship and for keeping me sane. We did reach the end of the journey! I also want to thank Christine Pinder-Hussein at BNP Paribas, my “real” job, for all her support. A lot of this thesis was reviewed in my “box” at the Tower of London where I volunteer and I want to thank Christopher Skaife, Ravenmaster and Yeoman Warder, for his friendship and encouragement. And to Erin for keeping me company. Thanks also go to Andy Cowan, Sarah Redhead and Dr Lindsey Fitzharris whose support has been invaluable. Thanks in general to my friends Victoria Carrington, Moira Cameron, Karen Cowan, Darren Dadabhay, Colin Delvin, Laura McLaughlin, Emma Rainbow, David Stonier and Mique van Dijk for cheering me on from the side-lines. Finally I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Jacqueline Mildren, and my sister, Kathryn Stonier, and in memory of my two fathers, Michael Mildren and Peter Smith. Without my family none of this would be possible. 4 Contents Abbreviations 6 Notes 7 Introduction 8 Chapter One: ‘The Duke of Buckingham’s private cabinet unlocked’: The 1653 Cabala, the evil favourite and the coming of the Protectorate. 37 Chapter Two: ‘Creating Lives’: The Rehabilitation of Anne Boleyn and the Letter from the Tower. 86 Chapter Three: ‘Cannot Princes erre? Cannot subjects receive wrong?’: The Monarchical Right of Kings, the Malcontent and the Inheritance of Rebellion. 126 Chapter Four: Ownership, distribution and accessibility: tracking the Cabala. 170 Chapter Five: ‘A Rhapsody of Letters’: reconsidering the Cabala’s contribution to Tudor and Jacobean scholarship. 202 Conclusion 247 Bibliography 254 Appendix One: Letter Recipients from the Cabala (first edition) 274 Appendix Two: Letter Writers from the Cabala (first edition) 275 Appendix Three: Letters with dates from the Cabala (first edition) 277 Appendix Four: Letter Writers to the Duke of Buckingham from the Cabala (first edition) 282 Appendix Five: Cabala Copies by Location and Type 284 Appendix Six: Cabala copies by Region and Type and Category 290 Appendix Seven: Cabala Copies by Library 292 Appendix Eight: Cabala Owners 297 5 Abbreviations BL British Library HCJ House of Commons Journal HLJ House of Lords Journal ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography To differentiate between the different Cabala volumes these abbreviations have been used throughout the thesis: Cabala, Mysteries of State in Letters of the Great Ministers Cabala of K.James and K.Charles (1654) Scrinia Sacra: Secrets of Empire in Letters of Illustrious Scrinia Sacra Persons: A Supplement of the Cabala (1654) Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra Government (1654) Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and 1663 Cabala Government (1663) Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and 1691 Cabala Government (1691) Scrinia Ceciliana: Mysteries of State and Government in Scrinia Ceciliana Letters of the late Famous Lord Burghley (1663) 6 Notes For primary sources: place of publication London unless otherwise shown; no publishers for books published before 1900. 7 Introduction And now I think on it, I cannot a little wonder that whilst there are extant so many volumes of letters, and familiar epistles in the politer modern languages, Italian, Spanish and French, we should have so few tolerable ones of our own country now extant, who have adorned the part of elegancy, so proper and so becoming persons of nobility, quality and men of business, and education too, as well as lovers and courtiers of the fair sex. Sir Francis Bacon, Dr Donne and I hardly remember any else who have published any thing considerable, and they but gleanings; or cabal men, who have put things in a heap, without much choice or fruits, especially to the culture of the style or language, the genius of the nation being almost another thing than it was at that time.1 John Evelyn, writing to Lord Spencer in 1688, dismissed the popular genre of letter volumes as “things in a heap” which could tell the reader little about the history or culture of the nation. In particular he was referring to the volume of letters published by G.Bedell and T.Collins in 1653 entitled: Cabala, Mysteries of State in Letters of the great Ministers of K.James and K.Charles. A second volume was published six months later with subsequent editions in 1663 and 1691. 2 Challenging Evelyn’s statement, this thesis examines not just the popularity of these volumes but also their crucial contributions to how the Tudor and Stuart courts were represented in seventeenth century England and in canonical scholarship from John Hacket, in the mid seventeenth century, onwards. The thesis will demonstrate how this particular group of letter volumes influenced contemporary historians and 1 John Evelyn to Lord Spencer, 1688, Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, ed. by William Bray (London: Routledge and Son, 1906), p. 677. 2 Cabala, Mysteries of State in Letters of the Great Ministers of K. James and K. Charles (London: G. Bedell and T. Collins, 1653); Scrinia Sacra: Secrets of Empire in Letters of Illustrious Persons. A Supplement to the Cabala (London: Bedell and Collins, 1654) Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra, Mysteries of State and Government (London: Bedell and Collins, 1654); Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra, Mysteries of State and Government (London: Bedell and Collins, 1663); Scrinia Ceciliana, Mysteries of State and Government (London: Bedell and Collins, 1663); Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra, Mysteries of State and Government (London: Thomas Sawbridge and Matthew Gillyflower, 1691). This will be referred to as Cabala throughout the thesis when written about in general terms. When differentiating the 1654 volumes I will refer to the first edition as Cabala and the second edition as Scrinia Sacra. If I reference the combined volume of Cabala and Scrinia Sacra which was also published in 1654 this will be referred to as Cabala sive Scrinia Sacra. When referencing the two later editions, these will be referred to as 1663 Cabala and 1691 Cabala. Gabriel Bedell has different variations on his surname i.e. Bedel and Beadle but I have used Bedell throughout for consistency. I have also shown the printers’ names here because the 1691 edition changes printers. 8 became a foundational source of mainstream scholarship on the Tudors and Stuarts. The thesis will take as its primary focus the first two Cabala volumes published in the 1650s. The first three chapters will situate the Cabala of the 1650s within a particular timeframe, that of the Protectorate, and the chapters examine the meaning of the letters at this particular time. The 1663 and 1691 volumes are printed during different times which move the letters into a different field of study: the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution.
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