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My Lady Castlemaine 3XCY LjlDY CASTLEMJIINE <J c& Lady Castlemaine Being a Life of {Barbara 'Uilliers Countess of Castlemaine, afterwards Duchess of Cleveland :: By Philip W Sergeant, B.jl., Author of "The Empress Josephine, Napoleon's Enchantress," "'She Courtships of Catherine the Great," &c. With 19 Illustrations including a Photogravure Frontispiece DANA ESTES & CO. BOSTON Printed in Great Britain 5134844 PREFACE TT may perhaps be maintained that, if Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland, has not been written about in many books, it is for a good and sufficient reason, that she is not worth writing about. That is not an argument to be lightly decided. But certainly less interesting women have been the subjects of numerous books, worse women, less influential and less beautiful than this lady of the dark auburn hair and deep blue eyes. We know that Mr. G. K. Chesterton says that Charles II attracts him morally. (His words are " attracts us," but this must be the semi-editorial " we.") If King Charles can attract morally Mr. Chesterton, may not his favourite attract others ? Or let us be repelled, and as we view the lady acting " her part at Whitehall let us exclaim, How differ- ent from the Court of ... good King William III," if we like. Undoubtedly the career of Barbara Villiers furnishes a picture of one side at least of life in the Caroline of the life of unfalter- period ; pleasure unrestrained, ing unless through lack of cash and unrepentant. For Barbara did not die, like her great rival Louise de " Keroualle (according to Saint-Simon), very old, V 2082433 vi PREFACE " and like very penitent, very poor ; or, another rival, Hortense Mancini (according to Saint-Evre- " mond), seriously, with Christian indifference toward life." On the principle bumani nil a me alienum puto even the Duchess of Cleveland cannot be con- sidered of attention as unworthy ; but, being more extreme in type, therefore more interesting than the competing beauties of her day. A few words are necessary concerning the method of this book. The idea has been to let contemporaries tell the story as far as possible, and usually in their own language. This involves a plentiful use of in- verted but it to that thus a commas ; appears me more vivid and faithful presentation is made of the spirit or spirits of the times than if all the material had been transformed into Twentieth Century shape. What could bring the volcanic Barbara more clearly before our eyes than Pepys's tale, in chapter vn, of her departure from Whitehall Palace, after a threat to murder her child before Charles's eyes, making " ' ' " a with her mouth or Mrs. slighting puh ; Manley's, in chapter ix, of her fit after Churchill " had refused to lend her money, when her resent- ment burst out into a bleeding at her nose and breaking of her lace, without which aid, it is believed, her " vexation had killed her upon the spot ? Even the have their value as the Duchess mis-spellings ; when " tells Charles that this presiding of yours is so jenoros and obliging that I must be the werst wooman alive r ware I not sensible no S hart and soule is toucht ; my with this genoriste of yours." PREFACE vii Another point in the method adopted will, I fear, be unfavourably criticised by all except the general reader. Practically all the footnotes except those which can be read without a distraction of the at- tention from the thread of the narrative have been banished to the end of the book. Almost every reference to the pages of the authorities has been thus treated. Those readers, therefore, who do not care (for instance) on what page of what volume of the Historical MSS. Commission reports a certain letter is to be found, will not have their eyes irritated " by asterisks drawing attention to H.M.C. Rep. 15, App., Pt. 4." Those, on the other hand, who wish to verify a quotation or to read a passage which illustrates, without directly belonging to, the narrative may do so without more labour than is involved by turning to the Notes at the end of the book. As these Notes quote my sources of information, it is unnecessary here to make special acknowledgment of indebtedness to particular authorities. But it would be ungracious not to mention the authors of l the three previous biographies of Barbara Villiers the complete and careful Memoir by Mr. G. S. Steinman, privately printed in 1871, with Addenda in and l ^e attractive sketch in Mr. Allan 1874 %7% '> Fea's Some Beauties of the Seventeenth Century ; and the wholly admirable article by Mr. Thomas Seccombe in the Dictionary of National Biography. 1 Since the above was written my attention has been called to a fourth biography, by Mr. Alfred Kalisch, included in The Lives of Twelve Bad Women. viii PREFACE " With regard to the title of this book, My Lady " Castlemaine was chosen in preference to others because it is so that the lady is always called by Samuel and he has more than Pepys ; (who surely right " Euripides to the name of the human ") has taught us how she may be looked upon with a kindly eye. PHILIP W. SERGEANT. November, 1911. CONTENTS PACK BARBARA VILLIERS . i BARBARA'S MARRIAGE . 22 AFFAIR OF THE BEDCHAMBER . , THE QUEEN'S . 45 THE CASTLEMAINE ASCENDANCY . : . 77 THE RIVALS . , . 95 POLITICS AND PLAGUE . 116 THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY . .132 THE DECLINING MISTRESS . ... 157 SUPPLANTED . 173 THE PORTSMOUTH SUPREMACY . .199 THE DUCHESS IN PARIS . 214 THE LAST YEARS OF CHARLES II . 241 "HlLARIA" . ... 26l IN Low WATER . ... 283 THE DUCHESS AND BEAU FEILDING . 292 LAST YEARS AND DEATH . 317 NOTES . ... 323 INDEX . ... 347 IX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland, in the character of Bellona. Frontispiece From the painting by Sir Peter Lely at Hampton Court. TO FACE PAGE " William Villiers, Second Viscount Grandison . * . 6 From an engraving after a painting by Van Dyck. Philip Stanhope, Second Earl of Chesterfield . .' 14 From an engraving by E. Scriven, after a painting by Sir Peter Lely. ''& Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine . 22 From an engraving by Faithorne. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of ' * Cleveland . , V . 32 From an engraving after a miniature by Samuel Cooper. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . ... 44 From a painting by Sir Peter Lely. Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II . -54 From a photograph by W. A. Mansell A* Co., after a painting in the National Portrait Gallery by Jacob Huysmans. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . 76 From an engraving by W. Sherwin. Frances Stewart . 94 From a a photograph by W. J. Roberts after painting by Sir Peter Lely at Goodwood, reproduced by permission of the Earl of March. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . 108 From an after a Sir engraving by J. Enghels picture by Peter Lely, the Charles Second . 152 From a photograph by W. A. Mansell & Co., after a painting by Mrs. Beale in the National Portrait Gallery. xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO FACE PACK Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlcmaine and Duchess of Cleveland . 156 From a photograph by Emery Walker, after a copy of a picture by Sir Peter Lely in the National Portrait Gallery. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . 5 > 174 From a mezzotint engraving after a painting by Sir Peter Lely. William Wycherley . 192 From a mezzotint engraving by I. Smith, after a painting by Sir Peter Lely. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of . Cleveland, and her daughter Lady Barbara . .214 From a mezzotint engraving, after a painting by H. Gascar. Henry Fitzroy, First Duke of Grafton . 248 From a mezzotint engraving by Beckett. The Earl of Castlemaine at the feet of Innocent XI . .268 From a contemporary work published in Rome. Robert Feilding . 292 From an engraving by M. Van der Gucht. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . ... 318 From a photograph by Emery Walker, after a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller in the National Portrait Gallery. MY LADY CASTLEMAINE ERRATA. " " For father read Page 49,1. 5. "grandfather." " 28th." 1. "in October" read on ,, 271, 10. for September " " hear" read Luttrell does not relate." 285, 1. 24. For we do not 1. Delete ,, 286, 12. interrogation-mark. here and in the History, to her who was at the time he wrote Duchess of Cleveland. The latter of the two passages has been quoted by almost every writer who has had occasion to allude to the Duchess. What Burnet says in the fragment will be less familiar to most " readers. It is brief and much to the point : Indeed, I never heard any commend her but for her beauty, which was very extraordinary and has been now of long continuance." (Her Grace was forty-two years of " age when Burnet wrote this.) In short, she was a woman of pleasure, and stuck at nothing that would xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO FACE PA OK Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . 156 From a photograph by Emery Walker, after a copy of a picture by Sir Peter Lely in the National Portrait Gallery. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland . !> ... 174 From a mezzotint engraving after a painting by Sir Peter Lely. William Wycherley . 192 From a mezzotint engraving by I. Smith, after a painting by Sir Peter Lely. Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of . Cleveland, and her daughter Lady Barbara .
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