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Contemporary Roma/Gypsy Narratives

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Contemporary Roma/Gypsy Narratives Storying Dreams, Habits and the Past: Contemporary Roma/Gypsy Narratives A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Maria Subert December 2015 © 2015 Maria Subert. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Storying Dreams, Habits and the Past: Contemporary Roma/Gypsy Narratives by MARIA SUBERT has been approved for the School of Communication Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Raymie E. McKerrow Emeritus Professor of Communication Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT SUBERT, MARIA, Ph.D., December 2015, Communication Studies Storying Dreams, Habits and the Past: Contemporary Roma/Gypsy Narratives Director of Dissertation: Raymie E. McKerrow My dissertation seeks to explore the experiences, existing narratives, and the role of intertwined stories of the Roma/Gypsy community in Bódvalenke, in the economically and socially most underprivileged region of Hungary. Bódvalenke is a unique place, where contemporary painters of Roma/Gypsy origin have created large murals on the back walls of the houses in the frame of a permanent outdoor exhibition. In the visual storytelling of these murals about the Roma/Gypsy mythology, past and present uniquely work together, entwined with oral narratives and everyday stories in the village. My research examines the nature of storytelling in Bódvalenke in its many layers and performances, and analyzes its effects as well as probing the relationships between the stories told by the Romani people and stories circulated by others about Roma/Gypsy peoples in Hungary and Europe. iii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the villagers and artists who befriended me as an equal, shared with me their lives and did not exclude me for being an outsider. You taught me so much about your way of living free and being happy. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I was accepted to the Ohio University Communication Studies PhD program the same year as my son was admitted to a separate PhD program at Yale. So we started our PhD programs together. While my son and I pursued our doctoral studies, my daughter and husband stayed together in New York to support one another. During my four-year program, my daughter graduated from her undergraduate studies at Fordham University, moved to the University of California at Irvine, and completed a Master’s degree in dance and film. She will graduate when I do. Thus, I began graduate school with my son and close it out with my daughter. To accomplish this, our family of four had to live apart a great deal, and since we are so very close, this presented many difficulties and precipitated many sacrifices. For some time we were an Internet family. In the end, my husband lived alone to support his “distributed” family in pursuing their dreams. Here, at the completion of this long journey, I want to say how very proud I am of my family. Thank you for the sacrifices you have made to help me pursue my dream. I could not imagine ever finishing this degree without your love and support. As a non-traditional student who returned to school from a career in documentary media and who had to choose between living with my family full time or completing my PhD, I felt sometimes very alone and vulnerable on this journey. Therefore, besides the academic relationship with my dissertation committee, my personal relationship with them was crucial to my survival. I selected Dr. Devika Chawla based on her sensitive and artistic ethnographic research and her teaching of ethnography, which raised the bar very high for beginner ethnographers under her tutelage. I am thankful for everything she taught me. And I v would like to recognize my other committee member, Dr. Roger Aden, who continually challenged me to be a maximalist in the accuracy and morality of my research. His positive critique and advice improved my dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Jenny Nelson for embodying the “wise scholar” and for being a wonderful human being. She framed our relationship as dialogical and this was very important, given the often unidirectional, monologic world of academic discourse. Finally, but certainly not lastly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Dr. Raymie McKerrow, who was always there to advise me about both research and life in academia, encouraging me not to give up when I had no strength left to continue. His investment in this project ensured I would complete it, and his guidance, encouragement, and patience made all the difference. Working with him was an exceptional experience that I will always be proud of. I also wish to thank all the faculty members who have played essential roles in my growth as a communication scholar. Thank you for supporting me throughout this wonderful journey. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iiii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction and Review of Literature .............................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Roma/Gypsies in Hungary .......................................................................................... 3 Roma/Gypsies in Bódvalenke ................................................................................... 12 Purpose of Study ........................................................................................................... 19 Significance of Research .............................................................................................. 19 Review of Literature ..................................................................................................... 20 Gypsy Folklore and Anthropology ........................................................................... 21 Identity Research ...................................................................................................... 24 Roma Society as System ........................................................................................... 27 European Non-territorial Minority Research ............................................................ 28 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 31 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 31 Outline of the Dissertation ............................................................................................ 32 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framing ........................................................................................ 34 Narrative Theory ........................................................................................................... 34 Performance Theory ..................................................................................................... 45 Iconicity of the Nomads ............................................................................................ 48 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 3: Research Practices ........................................................................................... 51 Field Site ....................................................................................................................... 51 Research Participants .................................................................................................... 56 Semi-Structured Interview ............................................................................................ 58 vii Informal Conversation .................................................................................................. 60 Reflective Understanding ......................................................................................... 60 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 62 Oral Narrative ........................................................................................................... 66 Visual Narrative ........................................................................................................ 69 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Oral Narratives ................................................................................................ 80 Foreword to Chapter Four ............................................................................................. 80 Oral Narrative Genres in the Fresco Village ................................................................ 87 Hypothetical Narrative
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