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Arctic Water Source Dynamics, Stream Habitat and Biodiversity in a Changing Climate: a Field-Based Investigation in Swedish Lappland

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Arctic Water Source Dynamics, Stream Habitat and Biodiversity in a Changing Climate: a Field-Based Investigation in Swedish Lappland Arctic water source dynamics, stream habitat and biodiversity in a changing climate: a field-based investigation in Swedish Lappland by Christopher Joseph Mellor A thesis submitted to the College of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham August 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The dynamic interaction between different water sources plays a key role in the structure and functioning of Arctic stream systems. Ice melt, snowmelt, groundwater and rainfall mix to produce a diverse range of physicochemical conditions. The heterogeneous habitat matrix created is home to a variety of cold stenothermic species. Recent trends in earth surface temperatures associated with global warming have co-in sided with a reduction in global glacier mass balance and a hastening in the onset of spring thaw. This field based study investigated the physicochemical habitat diversity within a glacierized Arctic catchment, Kårsavagge in Northern Sweden. Hydrological, meteorological and physicochemical data spanning 2007 to 2010 were collected with intensive collection during the summer melt seasons of 2008 and 2009. In conjunction with these data, macroinvertebrate and fish sampling was carried out during both of the intensive summer monitoring periods. The key focus of the sampling regime was to compare lateral and longitudinal habitat variability, investigate the extent to which this was linked to dynamic water source interactions by modeling contributions from identified sources and assess the impact of this physicochemical habitat template on the macroinvertebrate and fish communities in the light of predicted climate change. The key findings discussed within are (1) Lateral habitat and biological diversity was equivalent to that observed longitudinally. (2) The ARISE framework used for modeling different water source contributions is applicable to an Arctic scenario, however its utility decreases with increasing catchment size. (3) The key habitat variables structuring macroinvertebrate and fish distribution were concerned with mediating/ mitigating the extent of the glacial signal. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the potential impact of loss of this glacial signal on local biodiversity. Acknowledgements This research was funded by a studentship from the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham. A significant contribution was also made a scholarship from the Abisko Scientific Research Station (ANS) which covered bench fees and accommodation whilst in the field. I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr David Hannah and the now esteemed Prof. Alexander Milner for giving me the opportunity go and explore. They provided assistance; advice and a roof whenever needed, be it in the field or in Birmingham. I would also like to thank Dr Gillian Spicer for her invaluable advice and with all aspects of water chemistry analysis, Dr Ian boomer for handling the isotopes and Dr Andy Moss and Melanie Bickerton for their support during invertebrate identification. A big thank you must also go to the Staff and resident academics running the Abisko Scientific Research Station, especially Linnea Wanhatalo, Annika Kristoffersson and Dr Christer Jonasson. Without their facilities, kindness and know how this project would have been impossible. Dr Lee Brown and ANS are acknowledged for providing meteorological data for both years and Dr David Hannah and Professor Alexander Milner also get another mention for providing water temperature data from 2007 to 2008. I was also fortunate to have access to data collected in collaboration with Ross Armstrong and Stuart Daley (isotope) and Claire Perkins for which I am very grateful. Dr Claire Plant also deserves a mention here for her help and willingness to give guidance on any Abisko shaped problem. This was field based project and as such the creators of Gaffa tape need to get an honorable mention, but more so do the numerous people who mucked in and lent a hand. These included undergraduate field assistants from the University of Birmingham: Chris Smith, Chris Dilley, Luke Adams, Elizabeth Chesters, Ross Armstrong, Mike Forty, Claire Perkins, Liisa Prisk and Stuart Daley none of whom ever shirked a trip. Other Students at the field station were very generous both in their time and kit so a big thank you must go to Dr Eva Koller and Dr Nils Olannders from the University of Sheffield who lent me their helicopter on several occasions and Lucienne De Witte for going above and beyond the call of duty to retrieve a data logger. Many thanks to everyone who works down in Woolfson and tolerated me, and who with Mr H. Potter helped me survive Chironomidae identification. Special mentions to Jill Crossman and Ian Thornhill for keeping me entertained. The last denizen of the lab who I would like to thank is Richard Johnson who’s humour and technical Wizardry helped to keep the project afloat. My Parents are amazing. Thank you. Lastly to the woman who’s sharp little elbows have ushered and organized me to handing this in (even out in Sweden), supported me when I needed it and supplied me with novels that made me laugh when I wasn’t in the mood. Thanks Ruth. a Table of Contents Page number Chapter 1 - Introduction and aims ................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 - Literature review ......................................................................................... 4 2.1 Aquatic biota in the Arctic ......................................................................................... 6 2.1. i) Macroinvertebrates ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1. ii) Arctic charr ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Coldwater stream habitats ........................................................................................ 11 2.3 What determines the physico-chemical habitat within a stream? ............................ 16 2.3. i) Water temperature ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3. ii) Bed Stability ................................................................................................................ 18 2.3. iii) Water chemistry ......................................................................................................... 21 2.3. iv) Inputs and transformations ........................................................................................ 23 2.3. v) Bed sediment ............................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Water source ............................................................................................................ 27 2.4. i) Snowmelt (Rhithral) ..................................................................................................... 29 2.4. ii) Glacial melt (Kryal) .................................................................................................... 30 2.4. iii) Groundwater (krenal) ................................................................................................ 32 2.4. iv) Rainfall ....................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3 - Study area ................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Description of catchment ......................................................................................... 34 3.2 Catchment geology and soils ................................................................................... 41 3.3 Climate and vegetation ............................................................................................ 42 3.4 Current and future climate trends ............................................................................ 45 3.4. i) Glacial recession ......................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 4 - General Methods ....................................................................................... 52 i 4.1 Meteorological variables .......................................................................................... 52 4.2 Gauging stations ...................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Water column and streambed temperature .............................................................. 55 4.4 Stream discharge estimation .................................................................................... 55 4.4. i) Mass balance method..................................................................................................
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